Surprises in the South Atlantic
Thursday night, April 1, President Reagan repeatedly tried to call President Leopoldo Galtieri of Argentina. On the third try, he managed to get the President's response, then spent 50 minutes...
...And the Administration's proposals for the budget and mission of the U.S...
...Legvold, "Soviet Stake," p. 169, cited in Sklar and Lawrence, Think Tanks...
...2. TELAM, 2200GMT, November 2, 1981, as cited in Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), November 4, 1981, p. B2...
...While the war put a convenient stop to this for both Thatcher and Galtieri, only Britain can be said to have reaped any rear political benefit-and even that may be short-lived...
...Robert M. Price, U.S...
...Now Thatcher and the Conservatives are riding a wave of new popularity Once the wartime patriotism fades, the toll however, in British casualties, along with the cost in material resources, is likely to be felt by broad sectors of the British public...
...3 1 It is also debatable just how Western access to resources in Africa is threatened by actual developments on that continent...
...The Soviet naval presence in the South Atlantic could play a role in their efforts to achieve these goals in the event of a war or major contingency...
...New York Times, June 6, 1982 and Financial Mail (Johannesburg), Ma5 28, 1982, p. 989...
...3 Viola's concern to recover the islands during his own brief tenure reflected the Argentine military's long-standing commitment to reassert 2 NACLA ReportMaylJune 1982 Argentine sovereignty...
...SATO In making its case, the Administration was articulating the long-standing perspective of various right-wing think tanks and strategists, who for years have tried to focus public attention on the South Atlantic region...
...The strategy behind this, it continued, is "to 4 4I NACLA ReportMaylJune 1982 5 pinch off the oil of the Middle East from the economic systems of the West and to disrupt and deny the mineral resources of Africa on which the Western industrial nations depend...
...and U.S...
...military presence and support for friendly regimes both in southern Africa and along the sea lanes from there to Europe and the Western Hemisphere...
...The Defense Department insists that the Soviets, not the United States, have made the South Atlantic an area of strategic concern...
...The Administration's arguments about Soviet threats to U.S...
...carrier-based aircraft greatly surpass the U.S.S.R.'s sea-based aircraft in range and firepower...
...52, 63...
...Cottrell, "Geopolitics and Maritime Power," The Washington Papers, Vol...
...LARS, April 9, 1982...
...Washington Post, May 9, 1982...
...base on British-owned Ascension Island, but in Sierra Leone and Nigeria, while its aircraft used facilities in Senegal and Zambia, under standard arrangements...
...VIII, no...
...Argentina is located in the South Atlantic region, an area that encompasses the southern part of the Atlantic Ocean and the countries on both its shores...
...The origins of the crisis, and the fact that the Administration did not foresee the consequences of its Argentine courtship, all thoroughly reveal the distorted picture one gets viewing the world through the Right's Cold War lenses...
...of California, 1978), p. 10...
...Jennifer Seymour Whitaker, "U.S...
...IX, no...
...On the other hand, would they be pushed aside if they cling to the United States and Europe, now seen as unregenerated colonialists...
...Weinberger said frankly: "This is not an area in which the terms of equivalence or parity or other such formulations have any meaning...
...If they were going to attempt to cut off the supply of Persian Gulf oil to the West it would be much easier to bomb the oil fields or block the Strait of Hormuz (the entrance to the Persian Gulf...
...Robert Legvold, "The Soviet Union's Strategic Stake in Africa," inJennifer Seymour Whitaker, ed., Africa and the United States: Vital Interests (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, New York University Press, 1978), p. 157, cited in Holly Sklar and Robert Lawrence, What the Think TanksAre Thinking: U.S...
...6. COHA's Washington Report on the Hemisphere, Vol...
...Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, FY 1982 Security Assistance Authorization, March 31, 1981, p. 15...
...His listeners were U.N...
...Press, 1981), pp...
...19-22...
...As the Graves testimony indicates, the specific argument with regard to South Atlantic security focuses on the huge quantities of Persian Gulf oil that travel the "Cape route" around the Cape of Good Hope at 34 IACLA Report 1960 Comparative Oil Traffic 1979 CIS and AR the tip of South Africa on the way to Europe and the Americas...
...9-10...
...Policy Toward Southern Africa in the 1980s (Boston: South End Press, forthcoming...
...To the United States, the concern for protection of sea lanes has had wider application than the South Atlantic...
...Policy Toward Africa," in Whitaker, ed., Africa and the United States, p. 229, both cited in Sklar and Lawrence, Think Tanks...
...The alleged need to defend their countries from external and internal Soviet communist aggression is a convenient argument to support their own claim to power and to appeal for Western support...
...Saul Landau and Craig Nelson, "The CIA Rides Again," TheNation, March 6, 1982, pp...
...Latin America Weekly Report (LA WR), November 13, 1981...
...Marine Corps is fifteen times as large as the Soviet naval infantry and can sustain operations for a month without resupply, compared with a week for the Soviet forces...
...Margaret Daly Hayes, "Security to the South: U.S...
...oil lobby would urge the Reagan Administration to press for a speedy resolution of the issue...
...Thatcher's Conservative Party was trailing in the polls, behind both the Labour Party and the new Social Democratic/Liberal coalition...
...Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Foreign Assistance Authorization 1982, response to questions, p. 465...
...persuasion: the Reagan Administration had showered praise on the avidly pro-West general during his November 1981 visit to Washington, thereby helping to pave the way for his seizure of power in a coup the next month...
...Three days before the invasion, the largest demonstration in Argentina since the military coup of 1976 resulted in 2,000 arrests and six injuries in violent clashes between workers and police...
...We also have to more fully examine South Africa, Argentina and the other regional states as autonomous actors, pursuing their own policies based on their own perceived interests...
...interests on the world's oceans are global in scope...
...Thomas G. Sanders, "Brazil's Foreign Policy in Africa," American University Field Staff Reports, No...
...Legvold, "Soviet Stake," pp...
...policy toward the South Atlantic...
...Washington Post, February 14, 1982...
...The Rockefeller Foundation Study Commission report argues that "in the long run any government coming to power in South Africa will be obliged for economic reasons to sell to the West...
...5 (May 1980), p. 170...
...oil companies had become interested in potential oil reserves in the region between the Argentine coast and the Malvinas/Falklands, Viola believed that the U.S...
...see also Hanks, Cape Route, p. 26...
...Michael MccGwire, "The Rationale for the Development of Soviet Seapower," United States Naval Institute Proceedings, Vol...
...Terence Smith, "Companies Resisting U.S...
...5-6 (AprilSeptember 1977), p. 340...
...But the military regime, and the economic and social elites it represents, are in a bind...
...Many demanded an end to the military government and the police moved in with tear gas and plastic bullets, beating and arresting protestors...
...and Henry Raymont, "Argentine Miscues," The New Republic, June 9, 1982, pp...
...See box) Nevertheless, the Administration is attempting to use the crisis to support its mammoth Navy buildup and its anti-Soviet worldview...
...plans for Central America led the Argentines to think that it was they who had leverage over the Reagan Administration, not the other way around.g South Atlantic Insecurity The reasons for the Reagan Administration's wooing of the Argentine junta go beyond the search for a surrogate in Central America, however...
...3. Henry Raymont, "Errors All Around," The New Republic, April 28, 1982, pp...
...To answer these questions, the following articles trace past and present U.S...
...But there can be little doubt that "national honor" and anticolonialism were not the only reasons for the Argentine occupation of the Malvinas/Falklands, and "national honor" and "defense against aggression" were not the only reasons for the firmness of the British response...
...Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Foreign Assistance Authorization 1982, March 19, 1981, p. 7. 16...
...Argentina had become what one Administration official would later call the "spear carrier" for U.S...
...But even with its reopening, most Persian Gulf oil still travels the Cape route, because the huge oil tankers built during the period the canal was closed remain more economical than the smaller vessels the canal can accommodate...
...4 Moreover, a January 24 commentary on the front page of La Prensa (a Buenos Aires newspaper with excellent connections to the military and the foreign minister) reported that the junta "understood" that the Reagan Administration would support Argentina's attempt to recover the islands, even if this involved "military action...
...Hill also testified before the House Subcommittee on Africa...
...In Britain, unemployment was at record post-war levels and the world oil glut had deflated North Sea oil earnings and battered the pound...
...First, basic geography would make it extremely difficult for the Soviet Navy (or Air Force) to block shipping, for they would have to travel even further than the British to reach the South Atlantic...
...Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Hemispheric Affairs, February 1, 1982...
...Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Foreign Assistance Authorization 1982, May 4, 1981, pp...
...On April 1, 1981 Gulf Oil President James Lee and Melvin Hill, president of Gulf Oil Exploration and Production Company, met with Vice President Bush to urge the Administration to revise its policy toward Angola...
...Ecumenical Delegation to Honduras, October 17-23, 1981...
...Under Secretary of StateJames Buckley explained that "Argentina's importance to U.S...
...MccGwire, "''Soviet-American Naval Arms Control," pp...
...Foreign Policy," New York Times, June 27, 1981...
...and Argentina," Boston Globe, October 8, 1981...
...Ironically, the regimes have followed the same broad "free market" economic recipes associated with University of Chicago professor Milton Friedman...
...Using the same argument, the South Africans have sought to interest successive U.S...
...41, p. 9; both cited in Price, Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa, p. 8. 31...
...Interventionism in the 1980s (Washington, D.C.: Institute for Policy Studies, 1981), p. 50...
...national security and foreign policy stems primarily from its strategic location alongside vital lines of communication in the South Atlantic and its natural resources...
...2 2 Similarly, a Rockefeller Foundation Study Commission on Southern Africa report, South Africa: Time Running Out, states that "American airlift and sealift capabilities far exceed those of the Soviets...
...Pravda, October 8, 1976, cited in Current Digest ofSoviet Press, Vol...
...Indeed, before becoming secretary of state, Haig proclaimed that as "one assesses the recent step-up of Soviet proxy activities in the third world, then one can only conclude that the era of the 'resource war' has arrived...
...But the Soviets do not have bases in southern Africa, not even in Angola, viewed as the most pro-Soviet state in the area...
...Interests in Latin America," International Security, Vol...
...The creation of the South Atlantic Treaty Organization, or SATO, modeled after the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), was seen as a way of resolving Britain's dispute with Argentina over the Malvinas/Falkland islands...
...But Legvold argues that "interrupting the flow of oil is an act of war and not something the Soviet Union is likely to treat as just another way to apply diplomatic or political pressures...
...House of Representatives, Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, Subcommittee on Mines and Mining, September 18, 1980, p. 5, cited in Michael T. Klare, Beyond the 'Vietnam Syndrome': U.S...
...Indeed, Gulf Oil, which had continued to operate without problems under the MPLA Angolan government, has for several years urged the United States to normalize relations with that country...
...Secretary Weinberger called him a "magnificent person...
...Robert J. Hanks, The Cape Route: Imperiled Western Lifeline (Cambridge, MA: Institute for Foreign Policy Analysis, 1981), pp...
...And even if the canal is widened, it will always be quite vulnerable to attack.' 2 Also important in this strategic region are the rich mineral resources of southern Africa...
...To anticipate the consequences of the Malvinas/Falklands crisis we have to take a deeper look at U.S...
...23 Furthermore, MccGwire and Legvold agree that the prime mission of the Soviet Navy remains "protection of the homeland" (and Soviet shipping routes), not interdicting Western shipping.24 MccGwire argues that if the Soviets are in general hardly a match for Western naval power, in the South Atlantic they are even less so...
...Gulf's Angola policy has angered right-wing groups who are urging their supporters to boycott Gulf products...
...When the surrender at Port Stanley was announced in Argentina, some 10,000 angry Argentines gathered in the Plaza de Mayo outside the Presidential Palace assailing the junta as traitors for surrendering...
...Washington Post, May 31, 1982...
...Soviet Threat: Take II The vision of a growing Soviet threat in the South Atlantic, whether advanced by the apartheid regime, military dictatorships or by U.S...
...See Moodie and Cottrell, "Geopolitics," p. 39...
...oil imports...
...In either case, the events precipitated by the initiation of a blockade would immediately render oil irrelevant...
...Of course, many in the Administration apparently envision a nuclear World War III, lasting months, or years...
...policy, seeking to counter U.S...
...1001-2...
...This expansion has been facilitated by enlargement of the Soviet blue water fleet and increased Soviet and Cuban presence in southern Africa...
...5. J. Iglesias Rouco, "The Foreign Offensive," La Prensa (Buenos Aires), January 24, 1982, as cited in FBIS, February 2, 1982, p. B1;John M. Goshko, "Did the U.S...
...2 "" This view is confirmed by Robert Legvold, Director of the Council on Foreign Relations Project on U.S.-Soviet Relations, who asserts that the Soviet ability to project power is "but a shadow of' that of the United States...
...9. Washington Post, May 2, 1981...
...3 3 The dubious nature of the Soviet threat argument has fed growing suspicions that behind the stated concern about "Soviet expansionism" is really an attempt to define for other peoples the kind of governments they should organize and the kind of economic development they should pursue...
...Los Angeles Times, February 5, 1982...
...5 This commentary was never disputed by Washington or by the U.S...
...supporters of these regimes, combines exaggeration of current Soviet strength with scenarios about future Soviet intentions that have dubious factual basis...
...Legvold, "Soviet Stake," p. 169, cited in Sklar and Lawrence, Think Tanks...
...policies in Central America...
...Michael Moodie and AlvinJ...
...Administrations in a political/military pact linking South Africa and the United States with Brazil, Argentina and other countries in Latin America's Southern Cone...
...Time Running Out, p. 450...
...strategic planning, a new theater in the revived Cold War, merely by focusing the attention of the Pentagon and the intelligence agencies-as well as the broader public-on the region in a way that years of right-wing agitation was never able to accomplish...
...In Argentina, the outpouring of popular support for the junta was massive and immediate, increasing the prestige of the armed forces...
...Moodie and Cottrell, "Geopolitics," p. 36...
...Whereas before the Malvinas/Falklands crisis the United States was said to have needed friendly ties with the Argentine junta to coordinate "security interests" which in many ways "coincide in the South Atlantic," now it is alleged that the potential for closer Soviet ties to the Argentine junta itself constitutes the threat to U.S...
...Assistant Secretary of State for Latin American Affairs Thomas O. Enders, testifying in support of the Administration's policy in El Salvador, argued: "If after Nicaragua, El Salvador is captured by a violent minority, who in Central America would not live in fear...
...What of Argentina's relations with South Africa, reported to have supplied missiles and other arms during the war?' Even if such an alliance should appeal to the Argentines, South Africa may yet decide the safer bet is to portray itself as the staunchest ally of the United States and Great Britain in the South Atlantic...
...The key role their government was play- ing in U.S...
...Soviet Threat: Take I Today, according to the Reagan Administration, the South Atlantic trade and communication routes are "increasingly vulnerable" to a Soviet threat...
...policy toward the South Atlantic and toward the states on both its shores, and examine the origins and development of direct ties between South Africa and the Southern Cone...
...Foreign Policy in Sub-Sq/aran Africa...
...Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Foreign Assistance Authorization 1982, response to questions submitted to Department of Defense, p. 465...
...See "Business Weighs In," Africa News, July 27, 1981...
...Now that the period of wartime unity is over, both Argentina and Britain must face the serious economic problems and political divisions made even deeper by the war in the South Atlantic...
...As president, he actively supported U.S.-sponsored covert operations to destabilize the Sandinista regime in Nicaragua, sent military advisors to Honduras and gave financial support as well as military training to the Salvadorean junta.' He was reported to have offered troops for a multilateral intervention force in Central America, to be organized with U.S...
...security.' Exactly how closer ties, through trade or even sale of Soviet arms, would threaten the United States, is never spelled out...
...Refugees and Human Rights in Honduras: Report of a U.S...
...Personal communication from Michael MccGwire, June 2, 1982...
...Oscar Camilion, foreign minister in the short-lived government of Galtieri's predecessor General Roberto Viola, has pointed out that he received a "sympathetic hearing" on Argentina's claims to the islands...
...Navy are equally global: the declared aim is not maritime equality but maritime superiority, as Weinberger explained: "American commerce and industry, access to vital resources and the sinews of the Western Alliance depend on our ability to control the seas...
...Unfettered access to such minerals as cobalt, chrome, uranium, gold, manganese and vanadium, it is argued, requires a U.S...
...But beyond the rhetoric, on both sides of the South Atlantic, is a realization of the advantages of mutual ties, especially in a world where Western powers such as the United States and Britain still wield leverage over weaker "free world" regimes they often view as political liabilities...
...LAWR, September 11, 1981...
...Combined with defeat on the battlefield this has created a highly fluid political situation, both within the armed forces and in the country as a whole...
...From the vantage point of Argentina, the crisis may lead to a more independent foreign policy, and a search for closer ties with either "pariah states" or nonaligned third world regimes...
...II, nos...
...References SURPRISES IN THE SOUTH ATLANTIC 1. New York Times, April 3, 1982...
...of the Army, had offered to send Argentine forces to El Salvador...
...The economic policies of both the Thatcher government and the post-1976 Argentine military regime were largely responsible for the depth of the economic crises and the consequent political discontent plaguing them both...
...Although the Soviet Navy has grown since World War II, Michael MccGwire, a retired British naval strategist and an expert on the Soviet Navy now at the Brookings Institution, points out that "over the past 20 years, it can be seen that the West has consistently built two or three times as many surface ships as the Soviet bloc, and the disparity is even greater when account is taken of ship size and capability...
...We can only speculate on the personal motivations of Argentine and British leaders for pursuing the war in the South Atlantic...
...The Soviets have expanded their power projection capabilities in the South Atlantic...
...a: V 0 U Final Arena of Confrontation May/Junel1982 78 NACLA Report the South Atlantic, the British armada was able to refuel and pick up supplies not only on the U.S...
...pressure through mutual support...
...Michael MccGwire, "Soviet-American Naval Arms Control," in George H. Quester, ed., Navies and Arms Control (New York: Praeger, 1980), p. 51...
...The Southern Cone is both a political and geographic entity, embracing the countries of southern South America: Argentina, Chile, Paraguay, Bolivia and Uruguay, all ruled by military dictatorships...
...4 Secretary of State Haig stated the Administration's view most clearly: "Soviet adventurism in the Horn [of Africa], in South Asia, in the Persian Gulf and in South West Africa appears to conform to a basic and ominous objective: to strike at countries on or near the vital resource lines of the Western World...
...87 (1981), p. 33...
...Embassy in Buenos Aires...
...But almost from the start Argentines distinguished their support for the taking of the islands from support for the junta...
...Their long-distance disagreement must have surprised both men, for each thought he had reason to find a sympathetic ear in his counterpart...
...See Map...
...II, no...
...2 7 Indeed University of California professor Robert Price argues that either the conflict giving rise to such an attempted obstruction of Cape Route shipping would be quickly resolved, in which case oil reserves in the West would be adequate, "or the conflict would be 'nuclearized,' in which case there would also be no need for the blockaded oil shipments, their destinations having ceased to exist...
...2 5 The presence of Soviet ships in international waters off the west African coast thus does not constitute a threat to Western interests in the view of MccGwire and other analysts...
...Fig, The South Atlantic Connection, p. 110...
...166-71, cited in Sklar and Lawrence, Think Tanks...
...CVI, no...
...relations-past and present-both with South Africa and with Argentina and its neighboring Southern Cone dictatorships...
...Knowing that U.S...
...One idea was to make the archipelago a SATO military base.' 9 Before the collapse of its empire in southern Africa, on the eastern shores of the South Atlantic, Portugal was also considered a potential participant.20 Completing the triangle, the military regimes in the Southern Cone have sounded the same note of the Soviet menace...
...We must have naval superiority...
...110-11...
...House of Representatives, Committee on Foreign Affairs, Foreign Assistance Legislation Fiscal Year 1982, March 19, 1981, p. 116...
...Thus, less than two months after coming to office, the Administration asked Congress to repeal the 1978 ban on military sales and assistance to Argentina, stating at the time that "the prohibitions have acted to frustrate serious dialog with the Argentinians regarding mutual strategic concerns...
...How long would it be before major strategic United States interests--the Panama Canal, sea lanes, oil supplies-were at risk...
...43 (1981), p. 2. 21...
...To what extent have they acted within the framework set by the United States as the leader of the "free world" and to what extent have they reacted against U.S...
...We need to understand the ups and downs of U.S...
...Reagan clearly assumed that Washington still had its traditional leverage on small powers in the third world...
...The Reagan Administration regards Argentina as a linchpin in overseeing the "vital" South Atlantic region...
...South Africa: Time Running Out (Berkeley: California Univ...
...Michael MccGwire, "Soviet Interests and Capabilities in the South Atlantic Region 1977-1990," unpublished ms., p. 61, passim...
...16 (May 4, 1982), p. 3. 7. New York Times, May 16, 1982...
...Even a study published by the Georgetown Center for Strategic and International Studies, which has close links with the Reagan Administration, concluded that concerns about a Soviet threat to oil or strategic mineral shipments through the South Atlantic "are exaggerated...
...Bases and Minerals Those who see a Soviet threat in the South Atlantic also argue that developments in Africa in the past decade have intensified that threat: the revolutionary governments in Angola, Mozambique and Guinea-Bissau not only aid 6 NACLA ReportMaylJune 1982 1 the Soviet threat to the sea lanes, by providing their Navy with bases along the west African coast, but further threaten Western access to the strategic resources on the African continent...
...Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Foreign Assistance Authorization for Fiscal Year 1982, May 4, 1981, p. 426...
...Meanwhile, little attention was given to the fact that on its way to battle in The First "Friedmanite" War...
...This route became especially important between 1967 and 1973, when the Suez Canal was closed...
...Ambassador Jeane Kirkpatrick, and Vernon Walters, the retired general and ex-CIA official serving as special advisor to Secretary of State Alexander Haig...
...Strategic Importance of the South Atlantic Ramon Genaro Diaz Bessone/CIS and IAR MaylJune 1982 56 NACLA Report At times Britain has been mentioned as a possible participant in such a pact, because of its historic ties to South Africa...
...objections...
...2 For his part, Galtieri thought Argentina had already revealed its intentions regarding the islands, without eliciting U.S...
...327-31, cited in Sklar and Lawrence, Think Tanks...
...The "sea lanes" (the routes favored by oceanic shipping due to a variety of geographic factors) are important, according to Graves, because "they carry more than 60% of European and more than 30% of U.S...
...In fact, the Administration has adopted a war strategy in which conventional, chemical, biological and nuclear weapons may be engaged simultaneously...
...Before the war both governments were facing mounting public protest...
...6 Galtieri had another reason to believe Washington would back the invasion, at least tacitly...
...Given their subordinate role in the world capitalist economy, can they really afford to make either choice...
...ABC News "World News Tonight," February 3, 1982...
...Defense against the Soviet threat, insisted Graves, means that the United States must "work increasingly closely with regional states such as Argentina...
...V (Summer 1980), p. 139...
...427-8...
...The Department asserted that "the Soviets have identified the importance of the South Atlantic for naval operations and have acquired access to naval support facilities in West Africa...
...Give Argentina a'Wink and a Nod...
...4. Latin America Regional Report: Southern Cone (LARS), September 4, 1981...
...12-13...
...Interestingly enough, South Africa has used almost identical rhetoric about a Soviet challenge to the South Atlantic in the course of a 15-year effort to establish its own independent ties to Latin American regimes...
...7 Even before assuming power, Galtieri, then head Secretary of State Haig and Foreign Minister Costa Mendez during Malvinas/Falklands mediation attempt...
...o General Ernest Graves, director of the Securi- ty Assistance Agency of the Department of Defense, testified in May 1981 that these lines of communication are major maritime supply routes to the United States and Europe as well as to Africa and Latin America...
...House of Representatives, Committee on Armed Services, Hearings on Military Posture, Part I, March 10, 1981, pp...
...and Daniel Waksman Schinca, "El Proyecto de La OTAS," Nueva Politica, Vol...
...The Economist, May 1, 1982...
...In Argentina, the worst economic crisis of the century combined record unemployment with the world's highest inflation rate, idling industry and severely eroding the standard of living...
...Since the Angolan Civil War [1975] the Soviets have maintained a naval force of approximately ten ships in the region...
...Herald (Buenos Aires), December 16, 1981, as cited in FBIS, December 18, 1981...
...8. Stephen Kinzer, "A Dramatic Thaw in Relations Between U.S...
...Falklands Irony While the Reagan Administration has used the existence of a Soviet threat in the South Atlantic as the justification for its policy in the area (and indeed everywhere else in the world), its definition of that threat has now taken an ironic twist...
...The regimes that emerged from the decades-long struggles against Portuguese rule in Mozambique (1975), Angola (1975) and from white minority rule in Zimbabwe (1979, formerly Rhodesia), have a clear interest in the continued export of their oil and mineral resources...
...National Interest and Global Strategy (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, Univ...
...2 9 The late Angolan President Neto asserted that Angola "has no intention of joining any military bloc," while an advisor to Mozambican President Machel said "we don't intend to become another Bulgaria here and we certainly don't want to get involved in bloc politics...
...On the third try, he managed to get the President's response, then spent 50 minutes trying to persuade him to call off the imminent invasion of the Malvinas/Falkland islands 1 . His efforts were in vain...
...David Fig, "The South Atlantic Connection: Growing Links Between South Africa and Latin America," in Britain and Latin America, an Annual Review of British-Latin American Relations, 1979 (London: Latin America Bureau, 1979), pp...
...support by the Organization of American States...
...Galtieri, in particular, should have been susceptible to U.S...
...The crisis has had the impact of making the South Atlantic, at least in U.S...
...The U.S...
...274-75...
Vol. 16 • May 1982 • No. 3
