The Collaboration Club
Frappier, Jon
As the first section of this Report demonstrated, the level of class struggle in the United States was much higher in the earlier stages of capitalist development than today. However, since the...
...They have become the ideological centers of collaboration serving to maintain and strengthen a form of unionism which does not threaten capitalism...
...Labor Fact Book 10 (New York: International Publishers, 1951), p. 106...
...The most flagrant example of this was the endorsement at the 1923 AFL convention of the B. & O. Plan...
...AAA was involved in 13,000 arbitration cases in 1975...
...See, Millis, op...
...in The Wagner Act...
...Any increase in the use of ratification votes for such Philadelphia construction workers storm anti-union building site in 1973.20 KHEEL'S UNION FRIENDS Uneven Kheel One of the key elements of collective bargaining is the use of mediators and arbitrators to serve as "neutral" third parties during labor-management disputes...
...The sophisticated labor-management intellectuals assert that the important contradiction is between democracy in society and The "Left"and Right of Collaborationism Two future trends in the labor bureaucracy are best represented by Lane Kirkland and William Winpisinger...
...In 1965, the Swiss-based Lebanese financier Edmond Safra called on Kheel to charter the new Republic National Bank of New York...
...9 INSTITUTIONS OF CONTROL The nature of labor-management relations today indicates that class collaboration has consolidated, and that the organizations where union officials meet with corporate leaders are an important forum of that collaboration...
...While the labor situation in Europe is not as uniform as the ICB official's quote suggests, the U.S...
...72-73...
...As bank chairman, Kheel showed that he was not above changing his stand on issues when business interests dictated...
...And union officials are clearly following the capitalists' lead...
...Also, they use strikes in a political context in Europe, not just on economic issues...
...Unemployment is the great suppressant of any leftist trend in the society...
...WAI President is Jerome M. Rosow, former Assistant Secretary of Labor and later Manager of Exxon's Public Affairs planning...
...Many key posts in the Carter administration, including the presidency, have been filled by Trilateral members...
...An NCP board of directors meeting might be mistaken for a contract negotiation session since union leaders are sitting with executives from companies with which they bargain - the current president of the Institute of Collective Bargaining (also see above) whose chairman is Frank Borman of Eastern Airlines where the Machinists union represents the mechanics...
...2 A worker who assembles dashboards at a Ford Plant declared that he had reached a dead end...
...Republic National was identified in Congressional hearings as having been the largest depository of South Vietnamese black market currency during the Vietnam War...
...Daniel Yankelovich - President, Yankelovich, Skelly and White...
...9. J. Weinstein, "Gompers and the Left," Studies On the Left, V. 5 #4, pp...
...document and recommend policies to satisfy the economy's capital investment needs from a productivity standpoint...
...p. 527...
...Congress of Industrial Organizations, The Drive Against Labor (Washington, D.C.: CIO), 1947, p. 34...
...New York Times, September 11, 1953...
...Labor Fact Book 11 (New York: International Publishers, 1953), p. 111...
...See also R. W. Fleming, "The Significance of the Wagner Act," in Labor and the New Deal, ed...
...A high school dropout and former auto mechanic, Winpisinger has served as IAM's general vice president and chief of staff since 1972...
...Collective Bargaining Today: Proceedings of the Collective Bargaining Forum - 1969 (The Bureau of National Affairs, Washington, D.C., 1970), p. vii...
...Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol...
...Ibid...
...Radosh, "Corporate Ideology," op...
...Italian unions offer the sharpest contrast to their U.S...
...Steamship Co...
...Tardiness has increased, making it even more difficult to start up the production lines promptly when a shift begins - after the foreman has scrambled around to replace missing workers...
...bid...
...III, (New York, International Publishers, 1964), p.p...
...It is difficult to imagine how a union leader could seriously consider this proposal but in 1973, I. W. Abel, President of the United Steelmakers of America, accepted a no-strike clause in the contract with the industry...
...34-35...
...He is mentioned most often as Meany's hand-picked successor, possibly by the end of the year...
...The second time around Kheel fought to get the issue passed...
...Bimba, op...
...If they have a disagreement they go on strike...
...Indicates organization is covered in accompanying article...
...They added that "in a democratic society there is no alternative to collective bargaining...
...William Z. Foster, Misleaders of Labor, (T.U.E.L., 1927), pp...
...Winpisinger doesn't lay out very clearly how things are going to move "leftward," but the Institute's Theodore Kheel does not sound alarmed...
...Since collective bargaining is the keystone of contract unionism and is a mechanism accepted by the large corporations to maintain class collaboration, it is not surprising that an organization like ICB was formed...
...4-5, July-August 1975...
...This intensifies the conflict between the members and the union because the leadership, under the demands of the contract, must discipline the workers back to the job...
...structure of labor laws, arbitration and contract enforcement is more developed than in the European counties...
...and this means that U.S...
...35-66...
...He acknowledges the unions have abandoned the unorganized workers, but argues this policy should be changed...
...Winpisinger speculated, "I think maybe we might see the emergence of a leftward movement [in the executive council...
...steel industry being squeezed, the big companies approached the United Steel Workers of America (USWA) during the 1971 contract negotiations with the problem of productivity...
...80-81.26 15...
...invasion had secured the island for such investments, the project has had a sordid history from the beginning...
...It publishes the monthly World of Work Report and original reports by its staff and other contributors...
...However, by the time Rockefeller reintroduced a $3.5 billion version of the bond issue in 1973, Kheel was seeking approval from the State Banking Department for a merger of his Republic National Bank and the Brooklyn-based Kings Lafayette Trust Co...
...9, No...
...316-331...
...cit...
...unions in Puerto Rico, and the American Institute for Free Labor Development in Argentina and the Dominican Republic...
...5. Ibid., p. 8. 6. Ibid., p. 11...
...20036 National Commission for Industrial Peace (NCIP) Washington, D.C...
...Keith Terpe (president of the Latin American division of the Seafarers union) added his name to the list of Punta Cana investors, which includes Joseph Kahn and Howard Pack, chairman and president of Seatrain Lines, which employs members of Terpe's union...
...cit., pp...
...In addition to $50,000 in legal fees in 1970, Kheel also received a directorship in the company and an option to purchase 200,000 shares of stock at $1 each (which he exercised...
...Europeans don't have contracts...
...3 The rebellion and despair are only partially caused by job boredom or the feeling of being stuck...
...cit., p. 70...
...According to many union officials and businessmen, 62 year old Theodore Kheel is a first-class mediator and "labor" lawyer...
...Harold L. Sheppard and Neal Herrick, Where Have All the Robots Gone...
...cit., p. 59...
...Both men view labor's involvement in the political economy differently, but both Winpisinger and Kirkland actively collaborate with management in numerous organizations...
...In addition to his board membership on the Work in America Institute (see above) and the only labor participant in the Conference Board's Labor Relations Forum, he is23 authoritarianism in the workplace...
...P. Foner, "Historical Materialism," Studies on the Left, V. 6 #2, pp...
...counterparts...
...The Commission was founded in 1973 under the guidance of David Rockefeller in response to the weakening of U.S...
...9 NCP objectives are to: - encourage labor-management collaboration...
...Sources include three Rockefeller-connected corporations (AT&T, Equitable Life Assurance Society and Exxon), John D. Rockefeller III, Rockefeller Brothers Fund, Ford Foundation, German Marshall Fund of the United States, AFL-CIO, International22 Association of Machinists, UAW, Department of Commerce, HEW, and Labor, and the National Center for Productivity and Quality of Working Life...
...Some 250 plant committees were created throughout the industry to develop time-saving devices, reduce breakdowns and delays, improve quality of steel and eliminate waste...
...6 This unresponsiveness and self-interest of the union bureaucracy has led to various forms of rebellion among the rank-and-file: "* The percentage of negotiated contracts involving Federal mediators which were rejected by the membership has risen sharply from 8.7 percent in 1964 to 14.2 percent in 1967, and remained over 10 percent throughout 1975.7 "* Over the past ten years, wildcat strikes which are not sanctioned by the union leadership continue at a high rate...
...Its board of directors represent the reform-wing of the capitalist system whose goal is to maintain the basic class relationships through the tactic of cooptation: - WAI Chairman is Clark Kerr, who was a labor mediator, University of California (Berkeley) Chancellor and presently is chairman of the Carnegie Council on Policy Studies in Higher Education...
...Kheel's close relationship with labor officials has helped him in his various capitalist ventures...
...cit., p. 348...
...imperialism...
...The antagonism between the rank and file and the union bureaucrats will certainly intensify...
...8. Collective Bargaining Forum, "Exploring Alternatives to the Strike," Monthly Labor Review, September 1973, pp...
...Kirkland is a former president of the Institute of Collective Bargaining, sits on the board of the Foundation of Automation and Employment, and is a token labor member, along with I. W. Abel and Leonard Woodcock, of the Trilateral Commission...
...Ibid...
...develop a better understanding of the concept of productivity (i.e., sell the idea to workers) and encourage better techniques for measuring productivity change (i.e., determining whether the workers are really cooperating...
...1945, p. 13...
...steel industry has created a contradictory situation through its investment in steel production overseas...
...On some days, notably Fridays and Mondays, the figure goes as high as 10 percent...
...The use of the ratification vote as a method of sounding out the wishes of the group [rank-and-file] will increase as the leaders attempt to protect themselves from the hostilities that are arising within union groups...
...Absenteeism has risen sharply...
...Ibid., p. 32...
...Kirkland has been George Meany's right-hand man since 1961, and has served as AFL-CIO's secretary-treasurer since 1969...
...2. For a detailed history of Wagner see, J. Joseph Huthmacher, Senator Robert F. Wagner and the Rise of Urban Liberalism (New York: Atheneum), 1968...
...These large steel companies oppose tariffs which would limit the importation of foreign- produced steel into the United States, since this action would provoke similar restrictions by countries in which they have investments...
...The next two years (1958-60) he was director of research and education at the International Union of Operating Engineers...
...The results were business-46%, law firms-12%, education- 17%, government-15%, and labor-3%.2 In addition, many corporations in their attempt to control the workforce and strengthen union collaboration have elevated the task of labor relations to the status of vice-presidency within the corporate structure...
...New York Times December 16, 1973 and January 30, 1977...
...steel companies want to remain competi- tive by forcing workers to speed up production, tie wages to productivity and accept layoffs...
...YANKEE'S LABOR IMPERIALIST Perhaps the best illustration of Kheel's contacts is provided by the 150,000 acre Punta Cana resort and plantation project in the Dominican Republic which he masterminded...
...For an additional account of labor's participation in the war effort see, Joel Seidman, American Labor from Defense to Reconversion (Chicago: Univ...
...Eventually, class struggle will intensify and demand a political solution...
...However, even a casual observer of the world situation can see U.S...
...WAI has developed an information retrieval system of current research for business and union officials...
...The labor movement is drifting to the right along with everybody else...
...cit., p. 580...
...4. Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service - Twenty-Eighth AnnualReport, Fiscal Year 1975, p. 37...
...The AFL-CIO has a very effective lobbying force in Washington, but their political activity is limited to lobbying, not the strike...
...Based in New York City, Kheel tried his hand at labor relations consulting after the war, but returned to government work with the city's labor relations division until joining the law firm in 1949...
...When some peasant families refused to move, "soldiers came from the palace" of President Balaguer to force them out...
...There are more arguments with foremen, more complaints about discipline and overtime, more grievances...
...New York, International Publishers, 1952), pp...
...As an outspoken critic of Meany, he will join the AFL-CIO's 35;member executive council and attempt to wrest control from the conservative building-trade unions...
...Americans sign contracts for three years...
...7 The concern of union leaders is based on the fact that alienated workers, regardless of age, are less loyal to their unions...
...Special Task Force to the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare, Work in America (MIT Press, Cambridge, 1973), p. 114...
...cit., p. 61...
...Green, op...
...These organizations carry on a tradition of collaboration that began with the National Civic Federation, and their primary function is to control the workforce...
...It is an important model for future labor-management relations...
...Steel Corp...
...Organized in 1969, four years after the U.S...
...Increasing productivity, especially during the current economic crisis, and convincing the union officials that they must share in this national responsibility...
...Bimba, op...
...for more on the current NLRB see National Journal December 19, 1970, pp...
...However, as radical as these statements may sound, Winpisinger is seeking solutions to these problems through collaboration with the ruling class...
...Meanwhile, these organizations have researched and collected data on every aspect of the working class...
...Kirkland usually lets Meany do the talking, but his own public statements do not deviate significantly from his boss's reactionary positions...
...hegemony over the major capitalist nations...
...KIRKLAND Lane Kirkland has been in the labor bureaucracy for the past 30 years without even coming up through the union...
...It was such policies of collaboration with the industrialists that provided the focus for Ed Sadlowski's rank-and-file support in his recent bid for the union presidency...
...from the Georgetown School of Foreign Service...
...Professor, NYU, New School...
...cit., pp...
...One of Kirkland's jobs is to administer the bureaucracy's $23 million assets...
...Institute of Collective Bargaining (ICB)* 49 East 68th St., NY, NY 10021 Work in America Institute (WAI)* 700 White Plains Road, Scarsdale, NY 10583 REFERENCES HISTORY 1. V. 1. Lenin, "Differences In the European Labor Movement," Against Revisionism, In Defense of Marxism, (Moscow, Progress Publishers...
...5) national manpower policies - to examine policies in the U.S...
...Wall Streetjournol, May 25, 1973...
...ranging from the steelworkers' Fightback and the Teamsters' Professional Drivers Council (PROD) to left caucuses involved in local grievance demands and strikes...
...STATE AND LABOR RELATIONS 1. Harry A. Millis and Emily Clark Brown, From the Wagner Act to Taft-Hartley (Chicago: Univ...
...After Ten Years, ed...
...James Green, "Fighting on Two Fronts: Working Class Militancy in the 1940's," Radical America, op...
...121-22.21 purposes will injure the collective bargaining process"" 3 (Emphasis added...
...In a 1970 survey, more than two-thirds of the union members polled felt their leaders were not dedicated to the tasks of the labor movement...
...Many of these issues are not addressed by the union representatives in the collective bargaining sessions with management, since the negotiations tend to restrict the focus to wages, pensions and insurance, duration of contract, and vacations...
...Industrial Relations Research Association (IRRA) 7114 Social Science Building, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisc., 53706 Founded in 1947, the IRRA now has about 4,000 members from unions, business, government and academia...
...4) employee/management cooperation - to recognize that employees contribute important know-how and ingenuity to increase output, reduce waste, maintain product quality, and improve morale...
...In its own words, WAI aims to serve all elements of American industrial society by bringing together representatives from management, labor and government in a non-adversary setting to consider their common goals...
...330-331...
...WORK IN AMERICA INSTITUTE Whereas the ICB addresses issues directly related to the maintenance of contract unionism, the Work in America Institute (WAI) is concerned with developing sophisticated responses to the interrelated crises of worker alienation and stagnating productivity...
...Josephson, op...
...Perlman, op...
...From then until he resigned in 1975, Kheel was chairman of the bank's board...
...357-368...
...54-55...
...Conference of Mayors, and the National Association of Cities 1620 I St., NW, Washington, DC 20006 An attempt by city government employers to work out peaceful relations with public employee unions...
...we are not seeking to destroy the system but to strengthen it...
...Bimba, op...
...Kirkland was acquainted with the Agency's covert operations through his membership in the American Institute for Free Labor Development...
...After conferring with AFL-CIO's Lane Kirkland, Kheel negotiated for the company the first industrialized home builder contract with the building trades union, the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and joiners...
...Matthew Josephson, Sidney Hillman: Statesman of American Labor (New York: Doubleday & Co...
...First, the speaker explained that the "practice of submitting negotiated agreements to the union members to be ratified by a majority vote is a uniquely U.S...
...But by the 1960's foreign steel production had been rebuilt, modernized and had penetrated world markets - eventually the United States itself.* With the U.S...
...Winpisinger says that the unions should be more involved in social and economic policy, including legislation...
...NACLA interview, February 1977...
...however, they were not enforceable by the courts...
...When a union member argued against the 'no-strike' clause the official warned that if it was dropped from the contract the union would lose the possibility of arbitration, and thus be forced to strike to settle even a minor grievance...
...Although labor officials sit on the board of trustees of many industrial relations schools, many more of the graduates go into the corporate hierarchy than into the unions...
...During 1973, 11 percent of all workers had job-related injuries or illnesses according to the Department of Labor...
...330-331...
...5. New York Times, May 12, 1975...
...cit., p. 98...
...98-99...
...Joseph Shister, "The Impact of the Taft-Hartley Act on Union Strength and Collective Bargaining," in The Taft-Hartley Act After Ten Years...
...Once the companies were assured there would be no strikes, they stopped stockpiling steel...
...80-81...
...After three days, when no peasant made the 140-mile trek to contest the claim, the court awarded a new deed to the man, Carlos Manuel Rodriguez...
...3. Ibid...
...A partner in the firm of Battle, Fowler, Stokes & Kheel, he has been a top labor troubleshooter and advisor for presidents Kennedy and Johnson...
...cit., p. 229...
...3. Ibid., pp...
...Rank-and-file, anti-leadership organizations are developing...
...Frank Fitzsimmons (Teamsters) with John F. O'Connell (Bechtel Corp...
...3. New York Times, April 2, 1972...
...After a short stint as a scientist with the Department of Navy, Kirkland enrolled and received a B.S...
...Foster, Misleaders, op...
...A government official at a recent labor-management conference stated it clearly: "We are saying to them [management] that it is right that you retain the right to make that final decision [to accept or reject the union's suggestions]-we're not saying that management should ever lose that right-what we are saying is that before that final decision is made, hear the views and concerns of the people involved in that working environment and base that final decision on the views and concerns of those people...
...In 1970, Fortune magazine summarized the situation from the management's perspective.18 For management, the truly dismaying evidence about new worker attitudes is found in job performance...
...WAI serves as a clearinghouse for information relating to these issues...
...9. Keyserling, op...
...We have to convince our members, even those with annual earnings in the $20,000 range, that they should not be saving their contempt for those beneath them but for the 4 percent of the population that owns 70 percent of the wealth...
...Kirkland is more vocal on international issues, and his hawkish anti-communism allies him with the Pentagon on the Soviet threat...
...Nelson Lichtenstein, "Defending the No-Strike Pledge: CIO Politics During World War II," Radical America, op...
...Rayback, op...
...Many received nothing...
...ICB conducts annual collective bargaining forums, and the proceedings were published for 1969, 1970 and 1971...
...And with the current economic crisis, which has intensified the attack on labor, contract unionism, protected and legislated by the State, will continue to provide the cover for the exploitation of the working class...
...cit., p. 57...
...There is more turnover...
...Paul Hoffman, Lions in the Street (Saturday Review Press, N.Y., 1973...
...The following look at one of the better known labor mediators should demonstrate that, while these "neutrals" may be friends of union officials, they cannot be considered impartial in the overall labor-capital struggle...
...You either conform and become deader each day, or you rebel, or you quit...
...Good expose of the political attack on labor behind the Taft-Hartley Act...
...Fortune, January 1975, pp...
...Eviction of the peasants began almost immediately, and the most any family received in compensation was $50-$70...
...cit., pp...
...6. R. Radosh, The Development of the Corporate Ideology of Jamestown Labor-Management Committee City Hall, Jamestown, NY 14701 Jamestown, a factory city of 40,000, has a history of militant labor struggle...
...Moreover, even labor's cooperation does not insure its success...
...influence and power weakening...
...Radosh, "Corporate Ideology," op...
...Headquartered in Scarsdale, N.Y., with an office in Washington, D.C., WAI's work is focused on the following areas: 1) quality of working life - to explore opportunity, recognition, participation, and reward for employees so as to emphasize their involvement and their contribution to their employers...
...He considers council allies to be Jerry Wurf (American Federation of State, County & Municipal Employees), A. F. Grospiron (Oil, Chemical & Atomic Workers), Glenn E. Watts (Communication Workers of America), and Douglas Fraser (United Auto Workers) if their re-affiliation with the AFL-CIO materializes...
...to have some reason for being a director...
...WORKERS TODAY The industrial worker, whether in the mines, the steel mill, the rubber plant or on the assembly line in Detroit, is today expressing dissatisfaction with the workplace...
...Since today's dominant labor leadership is collaborationist and staunchly anti-communist, their commitment will be to strengthening capitalism...
...After pointing out that radicals are infiltrating the unions, he identified the contradiction faced by the union officials who have lost contact with the workers...
...IV, pp...
...Frederick R. Livingston - Senior Partner, Keye, Schoder, Fierman, Hays and Handler...
...His training as a class collaborationist makes him a logical replacement for Meany...
...Harry Braverman in Labor and Monopoly Capital expresses the condition by explaining that...
...The court then placed a classified ad in the newspaper asking if anyone cared to challenge the claim...
...8. Warren R. Van Tine, The Making of the Labor Bureaucrat, (University of Massachusetts, 1973), pp...
...Several years later, when Stirling Homex went bankrupt and five company officers were convicted of a $40 million stock fraud scheme, Kheel was somehow able to steer clear of indictment...
...Moreover, "[A] clear understanding existed that the committees would not discuss issues which were in conflict with the collective bargaining agreement...
...For the union bureaucrats (which included I. W. Abel) participating in that ICB meeting, that advice makes a lot of sense - rank-and-file steel workers are not allowed to vote on their contract...
...and members are rebelling against what they consider "unresponsive" and "irrelevant" union leadership.' 8 NATIONAL CENTER FOR PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY OF WORKING LIFE When inflation started to rise in 1970, President Nixon created the National Commission on Productivity...
...Ibid., p. 347...
...They have collaborated not only with corporate officials but also the CIA's covert operations against progressive labor movements in other countries...
...Millis, op...
...Workers in past generations were not happy about the quality of their working life, but their concerns focused more on the right to unionize, demands for a decent wage and defense against the arbitrary power of the boss...
...invention...
...cit., p. 351...
...Ibid., p. 572...
...Labor-Management Relations Service of the National League of Cities, U.S...
...One consequence of this collaboration is that unions allow introduction of cost-saving technology which causes layoffs "* Controlling worker discontent, which indicates distrust of the leadership and sabotages productivity, is a common concern of both union and corporate officials...
...Since the key factor to implementation is agreement from management, such organizations as the Profit Sharing Research Foundation provide data which demonstrate that overall profits are significantly higher for companies which have the plan...
...KHEEL THE CAPITALIST Kheel has another side to his life - he's a wheeler-dealer capitalist, sitting on the board of directors of Athlone Industries, M.S...
...2757-2770, Business Week, November 8, 1976...
...He wants the defense budget cut and says the unions' traditional bread-and-butter goals are not sufficient when faced with the power of the multinational corporations...
...Irving Bluestone - Vice-President and Director, General Motors Dept., United Auto Workers...
...The rank-and-file are told by the union that these arbitrators should be accepted as impartial judges...
...multinational corporations will have more difficulty extracting the high level of profits necessary to maintain a higher standard of living for the U.S...
...Whatever hopes steelworkers may have had regarding Abel's concern for their welfare vanished in 1973, when he gained the approval of all the local union presidents for the Experimental Negotiating Agreement (ENA...
...This was the first real test for USWA President I. W. Abel, who had won the 1965 election because of his attack on the "tuxedo unionism" of David McDonald...
...1 Apparently the ICB has been convinced...
...INSTITUTE OF COLLECTIVE BARGAINNING In 1968, in the midst of serious labor disputes, the Institute of Collective Bargaining (ICB) was formed by leaders of labor and management...
...Collier and Horowitz, The Rockefellers, (New York, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1976),_pp...
...There are several reasons why the contradiction was not resolved at an earlier historical juncture: 1) the lack of necessary working class ideology and political leadership, 2) the extensive repression of the worker's movement by the bourgeoisie, and 3) the ability of capitalists to partially meet labor's demands for wage increases due to tremendously increased industrial productivity resulting from the Technological Revolution and to the creation of super-profits from the overseas investments of imperialism (monopoly capitalism...
...These programs are important in the cooptive and class collaboration process, because management must be convinced that their new practices will in fact increase productivity and union bureaucrats want to be reassured that these developments will not weaken their control over rank-and-file workers...
...In the newly-formed Committee on the Present Danger, Kirkland helps plan a new militarism with former CIA director William Colby, John Connally, investment banker and former Treasury Secretary Douglas Dillon and retired Admi;ral Elmo Zumwalt...
...142-143...
...cit., p. 68...
...The B. & O. (Baltimore and Ohio Railroad) Plan was an agreement in which the union purchased recognition from the railroad employers by supplying efficiency engineers who "with the authority of the union behind them, speed up production, eliminate waste, reduce the cost of production and eliminate undesirable workers and union working rules that hamper efficiency in profit making...
...Foster, History of the CPUSA...
...William W. Winpisinger - President, International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers...
...Also on the list of investors is John T. Dunlop, former Harvard dean who directed Nixon's wage-price freeze and who later became Secretary of Labor...
...He's not a militant in the sense that he'll hit his head against the wall, or that he'll fit his actions into some ideology...
...New York Times, August 17, 1945...
...National Center for Productivity and Quality of Working Life, Recent Initiatives in Labor-Management Cooperation (Washington, D.C., 1976), p. 10...
...345-346...
...Winpisinger, newly elected president of the International Association of Machinists (IAM), represents a new reformist tendency within the labor movement...
...of Chicago Press), 1953...
...In addition, the Institute sponsors conferences and seminars, workerexchange programs in which small groups of blue or white collar workers are sent to corporations where new techniques are being practiced, and it co-sponsors with other organizations programs to train management and union officials in new techniques...
...6. Derek C. Bok and John T. Dunlop, Labor and the American Community (Simon and Schuster, New York, 1970), p. 21...
...For more on Landrum-Griffin see, James Youndahl, "Law, Democracy and Unions," New Politics, Vol...
...Another study revealed that diseases suffered by*' out of every 10 factory and farm workers appear to have been caused by work conditions.s Thus many rank-and-file workers do not identify with union leaders, nor do they feel that the leadership is responsive to their needs...
...New York Herald Tribune, December 16, 1960...
...and 72 percent felt their unions either lost their crusading spirit, relied more on compromise, or lagged behind other organizations on important social issues...
...cit., pp...
...7. Foner, op...
...Their goal is "industrial peace" achieved by coopting class struggle while increasing production...
...In 1948 he joined the research staff of the AFL and became assistant director of the federation's department of social security...
...cit., p. 33...
...stimulate and support business efforts to conduct programs for industry-wide productivity improvement...
...In explaining why he is a stockholder in all these companies, Kheel said he likes...
...Merchant Marine Academy and served as a ship's officer for Lykes Bros...
...since the workers are not destroyed as human beings but are simply utilized in inhuman ways, their critical, intelligent, conceptual facilities, no matter how deadened or diminished, always remain in some degree a threat to capital...
...Developing support for U.S...
...Trade union opposition has been a key factor in the government's reluctance to enact labor laws...
...Labor leaders since the turn of the century have supported the policies and actions of U:S...
...He is a militant member of the establishment because he is interested in collective bargaining, and collective bargaining is an establishment system...
...2. Philip S. Foner, "Labor Moves Into A New Century," History of the Labor Movement in the United States, Vol...
...National Center for Productivity and Quality of Working Life* 2000 M St., NW, Suite 3002, Washington, D.C...
...In the words of two ICB officers (Lane Kirkland, Secretary-Treasurer of AFL-CIO, and Elmer Klassen, Deputy Postmaster General and former President of American Can Co...
...However, since the fundamental contradiction between labor and capital has not been resolved, class struggle even after decades of repression and cooptation remains alive if not intense...
...Sources: Business Week (2/21/77), New York Times (2/9/77), Labor Relations Outlook, 1977 (The Conference Board, December 1976), Who's Who in America 1976-77, New York Times, January 11, 1977).24 i. W. Abel (United Steel Workers) with R. Heath Larry (U.S...
...The monopolized sector of the U.S...
...Very few workers are even aware of the existence of these organizations whose members' discussions affect the future of all working people...
...and Jerome Rosow (formerly Exxon), whose companies and union worked together on the Alaska pipeline...
...Profit-sharing plans become another method to raise workers' tolerance of the job conditions...
...11, No...
...by Louis G. Silverberg (Washington, D.C.: Bureau of National Affairs, Inc...
...Sidney Lens, The Crisis of American Labor, (N.Y., 1959), pp...
...in fact it was doubled over the past ten years at General Motors and at Ford, with the sharpest climb in the past year...
...8. Ibid., p. 205...
...Its purpose is to bring together management and the labor officials in order to review collective bargaining in specific industries and companies, and also to strengthen and defend the process from attacks by both small competitive capitalists and anti-class collaborationists within the labor movement...
...To establish its guidelines, it draws upon developments in the United States and abroad, where changing concepts of work are having a profound impact...
...196-98...
...Contract unionism and its leadership is thoroughly under the influence of bourgeois ideology (i.e., labor and capital are not in conflict, property is primary and thus capitalism is the best system, individual rights and competition are central, etc...
...by Milton Derber and Edwin Young (Madison: Univ...
...of Chicago Press), 1950, pp...
...cit., pp...
...UUNULUbIUN The review of these selected organizations is intended to introduce and alert the reader to the increasing activity in labor-management relations...
...For example, the New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations at Cornell University, one of the most prestigious and active schools in this field, did a survey of where their alumni went...
...Kheel also served the President as a special consultant on Equal Employment Opportunity and as a member of the Maritime Advisory Commission...
...Another tactic which is pushed within the ICB meetings is "alternatives to the strike...
...Marquand, (Great Britain, Longmans, Green, 1939), pp...
...Sources: The Vialoge Voice, November 1, 1973...
...3, April 1958...
...When urban riots erupted in the mid-1960's, President Johnson appointed Kheel to head the National Citizens' Committee for Community Relations...
...WAI is funded both by unions and corporations, with Rockefeller influence quite apparent...
...Over 90 percent of all collective bargaining contracts have arbitration clauses for the settlement of grievances...
...3) education and the world of work - building bridges from education to the world of work to improve the match between the entry worker and the job...
...It brings together leaders from North America, Japan and Western Europe to work out strategies for rebuilding a strong Western alliance...
...Ibid...
...AAA also created the Labor Management Institute to develop "new disputesettling techniques...
...Ibid...
...In other words, our major role was communica- tions...
...2 ' One important example of the labor-management committees already in operation is in the steel industry...
...Selig Perlman, "Labour and Capital in the USA, 1920-1937," Organized Labor in Four Continents...
...Specific issues discussed in such institites include: "* Institutionalizing collective bargaining as the primary mechanism of union-management collaboration...
...Brochure, Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, Washington, D.C...
...Worker Dissatisfaction in the '70s (The Free Press, New York, 1972...
...25-26...
...and United States Lines...
...Lens, op...
...For an excellent analysis of U.S...
...To accomplish this end, the Institute combines the talent, support and trust of management, labor, government and the foundations...
...WAI represents the thinking of the advanced sector of the bourgeoisie...
...LABOR-MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATIONS 1. Harry Braverman, Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century (Monthly Review Press, New York, 1974), p. 139...
...318-319...
...4. Ibid...
...332, 337...
...cit., p. 17...
...His important move came when Meany recruited him to be his executive assistant, a post Kirkland held until his selection in 1969 to the AFL-CIO's number two position, secretary-treasurer...
...Its ultimate goal is the solution of problems for the benefit of society as a whole...
...We found that one thing that seemed to be holding up the program was the workers' hostility to the word "productivity...
...5. Anthony Bimba, The History of the American Working Class, (New York, International Publishers, 1937), p. 226...
...bourgeoisie are turning again to Europe to learn from the experiments in co-determination, worker participation in decisions and job redesign...
...One example of their approach is to study the new "work-teams" at the SAAB and Volvo assembly plants in Sweden, and then send union members for on-the-job indoctrination...
...250-251...
...Joseph G. Rayback, A History of American Labor, (New York, 1966), pp...
...In the historical section of this Report, it was pointed out that sixty years ago certain industrialists and their academic advisors watched closely the developments in labor- management relations in Europe...
...71-72...
...Perhaps this is the tradeoff (arbitration in return for no-strike) the corporate negotiators want, but the union leadership does not have to accept it...
...Boyer and Morais, op...
...Today, through the WAI and similar organizations, many of the same U.S...
...Who's Who inAmerica, 1976-77...
...To them it meant more work and less jobs...
...First, the capitalist owns the means of production and thus controls the work place, and no union officials dispute this fundamental class relationship...
...3-14...
...Ibid., p. 129...
...Other investors include labor's top leaders: George Meany, Lane Kirkland, Edward Carlough (president of the sheetmetal workers) and Alexander Barkan (director of AFLCIO's lobbying unit, COPE...
...American Labor Leaders, 1914-1933, (Unpublished Dissertation, 1968), pp...
...Present-day inflation and unemployment are signs of this crisis for U.S...
...It publishes proceedings from semi-annual meetings and a quarterly newsletter...
...2006 Established by President Nixon in 1973, NCIP published its Report and Recommendations the following year...
...Labor Fact Book, op...
...Philip Foner, The Industrial Workers of the World, History of the Labor Movement Vol...
...1, Winter 1965...
...working class...
...During one conference discussion of the contract rejection problem, the Vice-President for Industrial Relations of Bendix Corp., after implying that union officials are not totally competent in obtaining ratification of negotiated contracts, added that, "much has already been said about the role that management can play in assisting unions to obtain ratification...
...Ibid., p. 14...
...2) productivity - to focus upon the human factors in the productivity equation, including the interaction of job security needs and managing the human costs of productivity change to enhance the effectiveness of corporations...
...without compromising current legislation, identify and recommend changes in government regulations which will improve productivity both in the private and public sectors...
...Interview with Institute of Collective Bargaining official, March 1977...
...Complaints about quality are up sharply...
...imperialism...
...The unions resist attempts to legislate what they can do, realizing this would also imply what they can not do...
...NCP has published a Directory of Labor-Management Committees citing 180 committees whose officers will help others begin the collaboration process...
...National Center for Productivity and Quality of Working Life - 1976 AnnualReport, p. 31...
...Only organizations whose membership includes representatives of both labor and capital have been considered since the purpose has been to reveal the trend toward increasing class collaboration...
...Kheel also used his labor ties to help capital arrange financing from union funds...
...20427...
...cit., p. 80...
...Previous NACLA Reports have included articles on U.S...
...Robert D. Lilley - President, American Telephone & Telegraph...
...Labormanagement organizations analyze methods to pacify workers, such as employee stock ownership plans, job redesign, worker participation on the corporate board of directors (co-determination), etc...
...Primary concern in the early conferences other than specific industry case studies centered on the relationship of collective bargaining to resolution of conflict, public employees, the effect of the economy, labor legislation, media coverage, multinational corporations, rank-and-file rejection of contracts and alternatives to the strike...
...Kheel's first job was in the legal office of the New Deal's National Labor Relations Board, but when World War II broke out he transferred to the War Labor Board...
...During those three years you abide by the terms of the contract, and if you have any differences you submit them to arbitrators...
...Within these organizations, the cards are stacked in favor of business for several reasons...
...74-75...
...and other industrialized nations in terms of their implications for productivity and quality of working life...
...After attending Newbury College, he graduated from the U.S...
...foreign economic policy, specifically the need to protect the multinational corporation...
...When asked by NACLA about radical sounding statements made recently by ICB's new president, William Winpisinger, an ICB official responded by reaffirming that, the thing that distinguishes the American labor leadership from the European labor leadership is that they're non-revolutionary...
...12 Another session presented the arguments for dropping, the ratification process altogether...
...Ibid., p. 42...
...and Albert R. Verri, A Survey of Trade Union Members' Attitudes to Some Current Major Social Questions (Roosevelt University, Labor Education Division, Chicago, 1970), p. 5. 7. Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, op...
...There's no such thing as an enforcing labor contract like in the United States where you can go to the courts and get an injunction...
...7. Millis, op...
...2 Would anyone dispute that final decisions are based, in fact, on profits?25 Another reason for management's upper hand in these organizations is their monopoly on the expertise...
...June 18, 1972...
...11-31...
...The alternatives were clear: "There's only three ways out of here...
...to minimize counter-productive behavior...
...With an annual budget of over $1 million and a 250 member staff, AAA provides its union and corporate members with various services, including six specialized publications...
...549-559...
...Ibid.,p...
...However, ICB no longer publishes its proceedings but it continues to hold annual, as well as monthly, luncheons and conferences for labor and business leaders...
...After World War II when European and Japanese steel capacity had been devastated, the U.S...
...When Governor Rockefeller's $2.5 billion transportation bond was rejected by New York voters, Kheel was generally credited with the defeat...
...Boyer and Morais, op...
...But Abel chose collaboration with the ten basic steel companies and agreed to have the unions participate in productivity committees...
...labor during the war years see the entire issue, Radical America, Vol...
...Terpe was later indicted in Puerto Rico for misappropriation of union funds...
...As this process intensifies, the bourgeoisie will be forced to cut back its economic costs in order to maintain its profits, and already labor is being pressured to hold wages down...
...During this period he joined the National Organization of Masters, Mates, and Pilots of America...
...Union members, particularly, should know whom their elected officials are meeting with and what they are planning...
...One year later he sold it for $115,000 to Kheel's new corporation, CODDETREISA...
...One opinion poll indicates that 40 percent of the membership thinks the unions represent the wishes of a few leaders...
...They only strike on economic issues.'t ICB MEMBERS Chairman, Frank Borman - chairman, Eastern Airlines President, William Winpisinger - president, International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers Executive director, Theodore Kheel - partner, Battle, Fowler, Stokes & Kheel I. W. Abel - president, United Steelworkers of America Martin Davis - vice president, Gulf + Western Industries Frank Gallucci - vice president, Essex International Robert Georgine - president, Building and Construction Trades Dept., AFL-CIO Lane Kirkland - secretary-treasurer, AFL-CIO John O'Connell - vice president for labor relations, Bethlehem Steel Rex Reed - vice president for labor relations, AT&T Bayard Rustin - executive director, A. Philip Randolph Institute Jacob Sheinkman - secretary-treasurer, Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America Glenn Watts - president, Communication Workers of America D. Bruce Wiesley - vice-president, American Can Co...
...The quit rate at Ford last year was 25.2 percent...
...This committee represents an attempt to cut unemployment and build industrial peace...
...By Jon Frappier GUIDE TO SELECTED LABOR-MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATIONS American Arbitration Association (AAA) 140 West 51st St, NY, NY 10020 Formed in 1926, AAA is a membership organization which administers the settlement of labor and other disputes through its 22 regional offices...
...Kheel is well connected with the labor crisis management establishment, having served as head of the Institute of Collective Bargaining, as a director of the American Arbitration Association, and as president of the Urban League...
...When Stirling went public the stock skyrocketed to $51 per share...
...These factors gave rise to bourgeois social scientists theorizing about the "end of ideology," i.e., the end of class conflict and a new harmony of interests between the ruling class and workers...
...It stifles dissent on the campuses, among welfare mothers, in the factories and everywhere else...
...1952, p. 557...
...1970), p. 46...
...We changed the committee name to "Job Protection and Alan Wood Growth," and gave some special training to supervisory union and company people " 2 3 (Emphasis added...
...Foner, Vol lII, op...
...Ibid., p. 60...
...New York Times, December 4, 1945...
...Van Tine, op...
...They also are accepting binding arbitration and 'no-strike' clauses, which are issues the union officials hear articulated in numerous labor-management organizations...
...cit., pp...
...Gertrude G. Michelson - Senior Vice President, R. H. Macy...
...In Italy, all unions (including the public sector) have the right to strike (i.e., no legislation limits strike action...
...Thomas Donahue - Executive Assistant to George Meany, AFL-CIO...
...In 1968, for example, he and other investors organized Stirling Homex, a modular housing company...
...IV, No...
...Kheel is the largest stockholder in the Punta Cana resort...
...In this preliminary study, we focus on three organizations as the most revealing examples of labor- management collaboration: Institute of Collective Bargaining, Work in America Institute, and the National Center for Productivity & Quality of Working Life...
...First used in the 1974 contract, ENA included a no-strike clause and agreed that all unresolved grievances would be'handled by arbitration...
...cit., pp...
...John T. Harrigan, Vice-President for Operations, Alan Wood Steel Co., explained how his company dealt with the workers' concerns...
...UAW official and WAI director Irving Bluestone admits, "Just as management is beginning to ponder the new problems of discontent and frustration in the work force, so most unions join in finding new ways to meet these problems...
...Van Tine, op...
...It has reached the point where an average of 5 percent of G.M.'s hourly workers are missing from work without explanation every day...
...During the 1960s, the Italian unions accepted "truce" clauses in their collective agreements with management...
...An important aspect of NCP's initial work is the establishment and consolidation of various types of labor-management committees...
...Ray Siemiller, former President of the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers, in an effort to convince the businessmen at the ICB conference that collaboration was real, stated: "I doubt that there will ever be such a strike [creating a national emergency] because the American trade union movement is not engaged in class warfare...
...4 Not only are many workers dissatisfied with the results of these negotiations, but they are angered over the union neglect of issues such as health and safety...
...8 The extent of class collaboration is revealed by the position of a union local president during a recent membership meeting to discuss the upcoming contract negotiations with the company...
...1956, p. 266...
...cit., Part III...
...we were drawn together by a mutual belief in collective bargaining - a conviction that this process of joint and voluntary determination of group differences had proven its value in the work place as the most effective method of resolving disputes...
...In 1975, the phrase "quality of working life" was tacked on to the title to pacify the labor officials because government and business realized they could not accomplish their goal (increased productivity) unless the labor bureaucracy collaborated in the scheme...
...9. Interview with union members in Oakland, CA...
...Some assembly-line workers are so turned off, managers report with astonishment, that they just walk away in mid-shift and don't even come back to get their pay for the time they have worked...
...o19 The purpose and activities of contemporary labor- management organizations have not been adequately investigated...
...But today more workers are expressing and acting out their discontent with the job and how it's organized...
...During 1976, NCP arranged workshops around the country attended by several thousand labor and management leaders...
...When collective bargaining becomes the primary mechanism for defending workers' rights, when union leaders become pacified by $50,000-$100,000 salaries and centralized power, and when they do not identify with and fight for the working class, then they are collaborating with the ruling class...
...Richard O. Boyer and Herbert M. Morals, Labor's Untold Story (New York: United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America, 1955), pp...
...C. L. Dennis (Brotherhood of Railway, Airline and Steamship Employees) with F. E. Bennett (Union Pacific Railroad) and Edward Carlson (United Airlines...
...After the "hot autumn" strikes in 1969, Italian unions refused even temporarily to waive their strike weapon since this would be a "surrender to a class enemy...
...Robert Leiter, Labor Problems and Trade Unionism, (New York, Barnes and Noble, 1952), p. 134...
...and New York Times...
...18 Jack Barbash, The Practice of Unionism (New York: Harper & Bros...
...Ibid., p. 336...
...In response to the growing opposition, union officials are attempting to increase their power through such tactics as denying the membership the right to ratify (or reject) the contract, such as the Steelworkers' Experimental Negotiating Agreement...
...22 But the workers saw the company scheme as an excuse for speedups and layoffs...
...WINPISINGER "Wimp" Winpisinger has risen rapidly to the leadership of the nation's fifth largest union (936,000 members...
...and Josephson, op...
...Radosh, "Corporate Ideology," Studies On the Left, V. 6 #6, p. 62...
...Ibid., p. 36...
...2. Fortune, July 1970, p. 70...
...4. Quoted in Leon Keyserling, "Why the Wagner Act...
...cit., p. 37...
...Ibid., pp...
...They recognized the modern proletariat's discontent and try to devise methods to coopt it...
...In 1968, a man went to the courthouse in the provincial capital of Santiago and said he owned the land then occupied by peasant families but had lost his deed...
...Smelting & Mining Corp...
...A strong supporter of Richard Nixon and a good friend of Nelson Rockefeller, Kirkland was chosen as labor's representative for the Rockefeller Commission's whitewash of the CIA...
...136-142...
...Under the chairmanship of Vice-President Nelson Rockefeller, officials from labor, business and government have come together "to help improve the morale and quality of work of the American worker...
...of Wisconsin Press), 1957...
...This job dissatisfaction has also spread to the clerical work force whose routines have become increasingly boring and monotonous...
...Some of these organizations, like the Work In America Institute, serve as think tanks where major aspects of the labor-capital conflict are analyzed...
...He put together, for example, over $8 million from the Bakery and Confectionary Workers and the Lithographers Union welfare funds to help finance the Kheel-Gilbane housing development for 1,200 middle class homes in Panama in the 1960's...
...Many more organizational examples exist, from the plant committees to industrial relations schools, from the joint union-industry boards to national and international commissions...
...Work in America Institute brochure...
...steel industry was in a dominant position in the domestic and worldwide markets...
...The brutality of production controlled by outsiders and administered by managers takes many forms: the continuous violations of workers' health and safety, the insecurity of the job, the continual speed-ups of production and the squeeze on wages during this inflationary period - all contribute to the workers' current attitude...
...and Western Union...
...Other organizations assisting this plan include government agencies like the Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, university industrial relations schools, management associations and the Work in America Institute (see above...
...Industrial and Labor Relations Report, Fall 1976 (New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University), p. 24...
Vol. 11 • May 1977 • No. 5
