HARVEST OF ANGER: Angro-imperalism in Mexico's Northwest
McCaughan, Ed. & Project, NACLA West Mexico & Baird, Peter
Introduction With the July 4th election of Jose Lopez Portillo as President of Mexico, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) enters its sixth decade of uninterrupted rule. The new president,...
...2) the current land occupations which left 100 peasants dead in 1975 and have revealed the Mexican government's decreasing ability to protect the interests of the bourgeoisie while simultaneously pacifying the popular classes...
...gas gun S&W 10-75 11 I1 161 S&W ,357-cal...
...For a time in the late fifties, when the bracero contracting system was taking thousands of farm workers into the United States, growers in the northwest instituted the "casta de los dos mil," caste of the 2,000...
...Modern techniques of vegetable farming require expensive fertilizers and chemicals to be sprayed over the hybrid varieties, an expense which only the large growers can afford...
...cit., p. 24...
...The week before last the UGOCM planted their strike flags in the four corners of one of my tomato fields and they didn't let anyone enter...
...This is still a much debated question in Mexico today, especially now that President Echeverria and his successors are comparing their agrarian and social reforms to those of Cardenas...
...The corporation, which has been in the area since 1953, offers the ejidatarios interest free credit, with the only stipulation being that they deliver the cotton to the company exclusively...
...Excelsior, March 21, I' tli...
...2 4 Wilson/Bustamante: The James K. Wilson Co...
...in 1965 also stimulated production in Mexico, for while there is an increasing tendency towards concentration within agriculture, it still remains relatively competitive and therefore particularly sensitive to labor costs...
...The Secretary of Agrarian Reform admitted that nearly one-fifth of all the lands distributed by the Revolution had been on paper only...
...The Agricultural Experimental Station of Sinaloa, for example, which was established in 1974 with state and grower funding, works closely with the University of California at Davis, a central research arm of California agribusiness...
...The discontent of the Yaquis and Mayos found a leader at this time in Teresa Urrea, an 18-year-old Yaqui-Mayo who led a five-year rebellion to drive the colonizing6 Emiliano Zapata companies from the northwest...
...collaborator.30 In June, Jimmy Wilson, a U.S...
...26 Despite the aggressiveness of the government's public declarations, it soon became apparent that if had bowed before the unified power of the bourgeoisie...
...Two events in the 60's significantly affected Mexico's vegetable deal: the U.S...
...agribusiness...
...Of these crops, cotton was then the most important employing over half, and 50,000 migrants harvested the nation's tomatoes...
...II "II "II "II of Interior "II II II II II II " I Commandant, Se- curity Forces Special Security Forces Min...
...But the day that we are united - then it will be different...
...At the same time, U.S...
...Noroeste, 2/2/76...
...Police Operations in Latin America," NACLA Report (January, 1972), pp...
...The current moves to unionize Mexico's farm workers is a crucial step toward such unification.26 UNIONIZATION Until recently, most growers have not worried much about the unionization of their workers, for about the only unions they had ever dealt with were either company unions or the government-controlled Confederation of Mexican Workers (CTM...
...but first it is helpful to briefly review the overall economic and political crisis which the current government is attempting to resolve...
...The growers also quickly reorganized themselves into a national organization - the UNAN, National Agricultural Union - to replace the bureaucratic national organization of growers which Echeverria had previously established...
...1 0 In some countries, the introductions are made by members of the U.S...
...These struggles have shown that significant political and economic gains can only be won by the rural workers when the dozens of isolated strikes, protests, land occupations and walkouts become one coordinated and class conscious movement...
...Ibid., January 19, 1974...
...revolvers S&W .38-cal...
...From a deposition in the court records of Case C69-177WTS, Polak, Winters & Co...
...efforts to strengthen the repressive capabilities of Third World police forces...
...de Marina 20,000 rds...
...The traditional governmentcontrolled campesino organization like the CNC (Confederacion Nacional Campesinos) and slightly more independent groups like the UGCOM (Union General de Campesinos y Obreros Mexicanos) were allowed to mobilize thousands of campesinos in a new wave of land invasions, particularly in Sinaloa, heart of the stubborn new agribusiness interests...
...Given the competitiveness of the U.S...
...These have been the key instruments within the Constitution which have allowed the landowners to "legally" monopolize all the best irrigated lands, and kept the campesinos waiting for years in the corridors of the bureaucracy...
...So the contract is limited to 20...
...GOEC CS Pepper Fog formula S&W 4-74 4-74 4-74 1-75 1-75 1-75 4-75 4-75 Indonesia Police " " " " " " " " II II II II II II II II II "It "It I I --SQty...
...When the price of cotton on the market was extremely high for a number of years, the bank was paying the ejido less than 2/3 of the market prices - with the bank officials raking off the top...
...According to local sources, Gonzalo Avila, one of the largest growers in the area, was found in 1974 with a warehouse full of marijuana...
...And what if one of these people under whose name the land is legally registered should demand that land...
...The capacity of a collectivization policy to reduce the massive unemployment and hunger for land, however, is extremely limited...
...Taking their lead from the campaign being waged against the native peoples of North America, the Diaz planners devised an agrarian policy to eradicate Indian land tenure and replace it with capitalist agriculture...
...revolvers S&W 6-75 " " 24 S&W #5 CN gas grenade S&W 7-751 Televisa,S.A.- 100 GOEC Mk.IV Chemical Mace S&W 7-751 for building 50 GOEC Mk.III Chemical Mace S&W 7-75 security 6 GOEC Mk.303A Star-tron viewer S&W 1-76 Sec...
...growers' publication, "While mechanical harvesting is not suddenly going to be dominant in the Mexican vegetable growing scene, growers are considering this possibility in the future, whether it be 10 years or 20 years from now...
...The local effect of the drug trade is devastating...
...Actually a fine crystal, it is mixed with other substances to produce an aerosol cloud...
...According to the Packer: The Sarachos are the only ones in Mexico who are gassing tomatoes in any volume...
...The Deardorffs play an active role in leadership of the Western Growers Association, the powerful organization of California and Arizona agribusiness which is currently trying to subvert organizing efforts of the United Farm Workers Union...
...magazines for pistols JA 4-75 " " 50,000 9mm...
...The DEA's commodity assistance program has been rising steadily - from $2.2 million in Fiscal Year 1973 to $12.5 million in FY 1974 - and now matches the discontinued OPS commodity program...
...of Interior- 5 S&W .357-cal...
...They came to have interests quite similar to the pre-revolutionary Diaz landowners, and formed a deepening alliance to protect their mutual class interests...
...But in the forty years since Cardenas, the rural bourgeoisie has developed into a powerful, modern capitalist class closely tied with industry, banking and commerce and with far greater influence within the government...
...So far, the battle to establish independent unions is still uphill...
...8. Rolando Cordero, "Los limites del reformismo: la crisis del capitalismo en Mixico," in Cuadernos Politicos, #2, October- December 1974, p. 57;Punto Cr'tico, #52, May 1976, p. 8. 9. Excelsior, January 25, 1976, and data provided by Anderson Clayton...
...competitors to pay higher wages, the Mexican growers will not give an inch, unless they are forced to...
...The stage was now set for foreign capitalists to remake Mexico...
...The workers, some of them in beat-up cars, most on trains and buses, move north each year up the coast for the vegetable harvest in Sinaloa and Sonora, and then on into the fall cotton harvest in Sonora and Baja California...
...arms manufacturers have sold over 35,000 handguns, 4,525,000 rounds of ammunition, 152,000 gas grenades and projectiles, 296 armored cars and 4,665 cannisters of MACE to police and prison agencies in the Third World...
...A worker at one of the largest packing sheds in Culiacan, who daily loads tons of tomatoes onto trucks for export to the U.S., explained, In the empaques you should earn about 20 dollars a week, but the patron only pays you 16 at the most...
...POLITICAL CRISIS: "CUANDO HAY HAMBRE, HAY REVOLUCION" The collectivization plans and the new rural credit laws which will finance them, in addition to addressing the problem of productivity also have been seen by the government as a response to the political crisis...
...These policies have accentuated the tendency toward large capitalist enterprises...
...capitalists, anxious to control Mexico's natural resources, provided the bulk of investment capital during these years...
...S&W riot-control equipment S&W 6-75 For tests by Army EL SALVADOR 8,000 rds...
...This fact too is part of the system, but could change with time...
...X., No...
...The left organizers also call for reforms in the Constitution and agrarian reform laws to limit the power of the large capitalist landowners and provide credit and decent prices for the farm production of ejidatarios...
...S&W rds...
...CN SR gas proj...
...mq l . iU.S...
...2) U.S...
...During the three years that followed, the rural and urban bourgeoisie, represented by two northern generals (Alvaro Obregon of Sonora and Venustiano Carranza of Coahuila) were able to gain the upper hand and eliminate both Villa and Zapata and severely weaken their movements...
...And one of the principal ways the new techniques are introduced is through the U.S...
...cartridge gal...
...JA 6-75 " " 750 FL #119 CN gas grenade JA 6-75 750 FL #519 CS gas grenade JA 6-75 " " 750 FL #115 CN gas grenade JA 6-75 " 750 FL #515 CS gas grenade JA 6-75 " 1000 N-17 gas mask (US Army surplus) JA 8-75 PARAGUAY 34 27 26 6 5 8 25 5 5 10 SAW .38-cal...
...AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY A California grower with investments in Mexican agri- culture recently remarked, "If you dropped me down blindfolded in the middle of the Culiacan Valley, then removed the blindfolds, I'd be hard pressed to say if I was in Sinaloa or California's Imperial Valley...
...Thus over the next two decades the State abandoned the ejido system, and instead spent billions of pesos of its resources (including massive foreign loans) to fortify large-scale privately-owned agriculture - a major part of this investment going to the already developing northwest region...
...I lil iliilllllllllll lillll ll l| lillllllillllllllllllll 450 YEARS OF CHICANO HISTORY An excellent new paperback book of 550 drawings and photos with brief introductions in English and Spanish...
...Food riots, uprisings and rebellions were a constant protest of the Mexican people throughout their history...
...The ejido land given out was some of the worst available, without irrigation or technical assistance for the peasants who received it...
...2 0 In such arrangements, so the thinking goes, all classes will share a common interest in maximizing production, and differences will become secondary...
...That same week, thirty U.S...
...revolvers GOEC Mk.IV Chemical Mace S&W #15 CN rubber ball gas S&W C38N-.38 pistol cases GOEC Mk.VIII Chemical Mace S&W .38-cal...
...Runaway Crops: The Big Tomato Deal The river valleys of the Mexican northwest today are much like the Salinas or Imperial valleys of California - wealthy centers of modern U.S...
...of Justice 2-75 " " 6-75 " " 7-75 Caracas police 8-75 Min...
...0095-59304 CONQUERORS FROM ACROSS THE SEAS Before the arrival of the first Spanish conquerors to the northwest in 1530, the Pacific coast area was the home of some thirty-six Indian groups of Nahuatl origin...
...According to the official of a government bank in Cualican, 20-40% of the state's total agricultural credit comes directly from foreign sources...
...The three pillars of this relationship were vegetables, sugar and cotton - all produced by the exploited labor of Mexican campesinos, financed in large part by U.S...
...The first real boom for the vegetable deal, as it is called in the industry, came as a result of the changes in the international economy provoked by World War II...
...ruling circles of this period some favored annexation of Mexico...
...S&W 7-74 " " 24 S&W Tru-flite Mk.II 12-gauge S&W 7-74 " barricade-piercing proj...
...S&W 7-74 Bermuda Police 2,000 rds...
...Each room will hold over 40 tons of tomatoes...
...Valley National extends some credit directly to the Mexican growers, either for agricultural operations or more likely for purchases of equipment and supplies in the U.S...
...Punto Crltico, #52, May, 1976, p. 8; R. Cordero, op...
...see below) The rest of this section will look more closely at the many-faceted relationship between production in Mexico and U.S...
...In 1948 Morelos peasant leader Ruben Jaramillo, who as a boy fought with Zapata, took up arms with his following of ejidatarios to protest the government policies...
...Many of these companies also have production throughout Arizona and California, with offices at key distribution points like Calexico, Fresno and Salinas...
...In the river valleys of Sinaloa they labored on early sugar plantations and mills, while under the Jesuits they were obliged to enter the mines or work on church lands without pay...
...S&W 1-75 Carabineros COLOMBIA 100 FL #201Z gas guns JA 3-74 National Police 100 FL #452 gas grenade launcher JA 3-74 . . . 2000 FL #455 gas cart...
...Assistance, pp...
...revolvers SAW .357-cal...
...revolvers S&W 9-74 Lebanese Police 500 S&W .38-cal...
...colonizing companies...
...The growing consensus, however, considers that the rapid advance of capitalist agriculture has made the rural proletariat the largest, the most exploited, and therefore the most important group to organize in the countryside...
...and, Michael Klare, War Without End: American Planning for the Next Vietnams (New York: Knopf, 1972), pp...
...A bucket holds about 100 tomatoesThat's $25.00 for the grower, the middleman, and the seller, and 25 cents for the picker...
...Under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), NACLA has acquired copies of all Export Licenses (Form DSP-5) issued by the State Department's Office of Munitions Control to four major U.S...
...The rural bourgeoisie called the bluff, however, and announced production would not be resumed until the problems were settled...
...2) The Western Growers Association, representing California and Arizona producers, is one of the most powerful grower organizations in the United States and a fierce opponent of the United Farm Workers Union...
...3132 over $100,000 in value...
...JA 3-75 Royal Tha'i Police 24 FL #452 gas grenade launcher JA 3-75 " II #I 1 GOEC Star-tron viewer S&W 2-75 ? 3500000 S&W pistol primers S&W 4-75 Bangkok Police 24 S&W 37mm...
...2) There are a number of modern, far-flung agribusiness corporations like Deardorff-Jackson of Oxnard, California (annual sales, $4 million) and Dixon Tom-A-Toe, a Georgia-based company (annual sales, $20 million...
...market and inflation which has greatly increased production costs...
...Hoping to strike fear into the obstinate growers, the government lashed out in press conferences at the latifundios and their "imperialist allies" who continue to monopolize the lands at the expense of the campesinos, subverting the "true goals of the Revolution...
...cit., p. 141...
...POLICE EXPORTS TO THE THIRD WORLD MUNITIONS SALES BY MAJOR U.S...
...of Nogales is one of the larger distributors, shipping well over 12 million pounds of vegetables a year and with annual sales of more than $5 million...
...20-25...
...Unionization is very dangerous to us," explained one of Sinaloa's largest tomato growers in a recent interview: We are not a factory that can stop its production and recuperate later...
...Who will supply the credit to a commune...
...S&W 11-75 #I I@ PAPUA - 102 FL #530 CN gas projectiles JA 4-74 Police PHILIPPINES 20 C-G V-150 Comnando armored cars C-G 5-75 Armed Forces 1 Javelin X222 nite viewing system FI 6-75 Manila Airport SINGAPORE 40,000 rds...
...There is debate within both the bourgeoisie and the Mexican left over whose interests the Echeverria administration actually represents...
...6 1958-1970: MONOPOLIZATION AND TIMID REFORMS The heightened monopolization and impoverishment caused by the postwar agrarian policies of Aleman once again threatened to disrupt the development of capitalist agriculture after 1958...
...Due to the rapid expansion of capitalist agriculture 96 percent of the population held no land whatsoever, yet 80 percent still lived in the countryside...
...The various coopted campesino groups which had joined together in one national organization, the Pacto Ocampo, renewed their invasions in a move apparently aimed at providing the government with an excuse for its aggressiveness...
...gas gun JA 6-75 " " 5 FL #4504 gren...
...And despite a Congressional ban on the use of Federal funds for such purposes, it is evident that some DEAlsupplied hardware is being used for non-drug programs...
...3.50 individuals, $5.00 institutions (includes postage...
...In recent years, for example, the 4000 employees of the Wilson/Bustamante multimillion dollar tomato-exporting operation in Sinaloa declared a strike protesting against both the U.S.-controlled company and its CTM union (see Section II above...
...Assistance to Foreign Police and Prisons, Report to Congress (Washington: General Accounting Office, 1976), pp...
...The object of this balancing game is nothing less than the maintenance of the capitalist system.II...
...quarts Min...
...As the Arizona Republic, which keeps close watch over events which may harm Arizona agribusiness interests reported: The speed and efficiency with which the growers' strike was organized and the substantial support it received from business and financial leaders of the country have obviously shaken those close to the party [PRI] hierarchy . . . Before the strike ended it created a reaction in at least a dozen Mexican states and produced a fresh flow of Mexican capital into Arizona, Texas and California.2s The immediate reaction of the government was to carry the bluff a step further, with the President calling the growers fascists attempting to undermine the country as similar forces had done in Chile...
...ANTILLES, con'd 110 FL #555 CS gas grenade F1 3-76 Curacao police 125 FL #514 CS gas grenade FI 3-76 " 400 FL #110 smoke grenade FI 3-76 35 FL #289 CN Federal Streamer FI 3-76 " " 40 qts...
...The profits of the Mexican tomato grower, like those of his partner in the United States, come directly from the low wages and high rate of exploitation they can force upon the disorganized and dependent, largely migrant workers...
...Past efforts to organize in Florida's fields have largely failed...
...7 But there is neither medical insurance nor a rural health plan which covers farm workers...
...cit., pp...
...Luger pistol cart...
...Southwest...
...It is now the largest food company in Mexico, employing over 4,000 workers and with annual sales of over $148 million and profits of $6.9 million in 1973.921 The seemingly unshakeable patience of the campesino has been pushed to the limit, and the words of four and half million landless peasants echo across the valleys of the northwest, off the hills of Zacatecas and through the rain forests of Chiapas: "We have waited sixty years for land that belongs to us, and we're tired of waiting...
...WHO GETS THE 454 YOU PAY FOR A POUND OF TOMATOES...
...The ejidatarios provide their lands and labor...
...The same laws which stripped the Church of its lands destroyed the legal basis for communal landholding by Indian communities...
...Congressmen, headed by extreme right-winger Larry McDonald, addressed a letter to President Ford warning that the land occupations were only one of many signs that Mexico was "going communist...
...gas guns S&W 4-74 Police 15,000 S&W #18 37mm...
...S&W S9-115FMC amio...
...The number of ejidos situated on lands sufficiently productive to be worth collectivizing is at present a small percent of the total...
...DEVELOPING A REVOLUTIONARY ALTERNATIVE Several new political parties and labor unions have made important strides in recent years towards the task of organizing peasants, farm workers and the unemployed in the countryside...
...revolvers S&W .22-cal...
...This Report, however, will focus on only two examples: one partnership which represents a family empire built up over decades since one of the early American "tomato pioneers" first ventured into the northwest, and another which represents the more recent appearance of modern corporate interests in the vegetable deal...
...This national organization, some of whose leaders come from the Mexican Communist Party, has defined a program which focuses on the independent unionization of farm workers...
...5. James D. Cockcroft, "Mexico," in Ronald H. Chilcoate and Joel C. Edelstein (eds...
...Consequently, ever since the switch to vine-ripe tomatoes, according to one expert, "there has been a tendency for the concentration of production and distribution of the produce into fewer but larger enterprises...
...The agricultural workforce in Florida totals about 169,000, the vast majority of whom are Black, with smaller numbers of Mexicans, Jamaicans, and other Caribbean and white workers...
...Within a general panorama the agricultural policies of the government have been good...
...The beginnings of the pole vine-ripe movement gave dealers here 25 customers for every one thay had during the mature green deal...
...Any land that is legally held under the Constitution will be respected...
...United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, Geneva, 1974...
...In most countries, OPS' efforts were concentrated on riot-control training, intelligencegathering systems, and rural counterinsurgency operations...
...Many strikers were arrested and others, including the brothers quoted above, fled to the mountains where they were given refuge by the Mayo Indians...
...The basic problem, however, has not been resolved, but has only been exacerbated by the conflict...
...and as seen above, the rural bourgeoisie and their labor-agents present a formidable opponent whose tactics range from blacklisting to arrests and assassinations of union organizers...
...Though small compared to the Fortune 500 giants, they have come to dominate fresh fruit and vegetable production throughout California, Arizona and now northwest Mexico...
...This is not to say that the peasants' demand for land is to be ignored...
...S&W 3-75 I# tI 25 S&W .357-cal...
...organizations have grown much closer over the years, as agricultural production on both sides of the border has come to form a more integrated system...
...The Charros of Agribusiness The most powerful weapon and sinister ally of the growers against any and all attempts of farm workers to organize themselves is sindicalismo blanco, or sell-out unionism...
...RA 12-gauge buckshot shells S&W 9mm...
...For all his efforts and risk, a grower harvesting a kilo of opium would likely receive no more than $300 from the buyer, probably his total annual cash income...
...SAW S38-115RN ammo...
...They used cheap labor and govern- ment assistance to produce cash crops like cotton, cacao, sugar cane, tobacco, henequen and vanilla for sale primarily to foreign markets...
...3,000 growers suddenly moved their hundreds of tractors from the fields and onto the highways and streets of the northwest capitals...
...But these policies also caused the worst recession in Mexico in the past 15 years, with production and employment dropping in important sectors of the economy...
...and (2) a renewed emphasis on collectivization of the ejidos...
...market faced by the Northwest Mexico winter vegetable industry comes from Florida, historically the leading U.S...
...long...
...Second, this imperialist-directed agriculture has caused the steady concentration of land and resources in the hands of a small rural bourgeoisie closely tied to U.S...
...Government and Diaz agreed to give each country free passage across the border to pursue the rebels...
...S&W 7-74 " . . 4,000 rds...
...Twenty-five dollars an acre...
...The rural bourgeoisie's intransigence and narrow vision of the current crisis has led to their confusion and mistrust regarding the position of the government vis a vis the land invasions...
...NACLA interview with Hector Gonzalez, Culiacin, January 1976...
...13 FINANCING THE TOMATO DEAL Production of winter vegetables, and particularly tomatoes, requires vast amounts of capital...
...News reports from Mexico indicate that every day there are more...
...protecting growers from enforcement of federal labor laws such as minimum wage, social security payments and housing etc...
...I'd prefer to build houses for them on my own property where they are subject to my rules," explained wealthly vegetable grower Hector Gonzalez...
...so my compaiieros and I have produced more...
...sniper rifle 1 Javelin #221 nite vision system Fl 4-75 " " 3 Colt M-16 auto...
...to strengthen its own cotton production, Mexico's cotton output has plummeted from 2.6 million bales in 1965 to a little over 1 million this year...
...S&W S38-158RN ammo...
...stance in the face of annexationist talk, but he was influenced by U.S...
...The voice was that of Miguel Angel Robles, one of the 400 campesinos-peasants and farm workers-who had occupied a piece of rich farm land in southern Sonora...
...banks with investments in agriculture, is the main bank through which the largest Sinaloa banks do business in the U.S., and it is used by the growers for their business operations on the border...
...The growers and their foreign friends also sent numerous delegations to Mexico City to negotiate with the President...
...Latin America: The Struggle with Dependency and Beyond, p. 277, Schenkman Publishing Co., Cambridge, 1974...
...Moving north from Durango and Zacatecas, they founded settlements and claimed all the land, its wealth and people for the Spanish crown...
...there was not enough capital for investment...
...They meet in their luxurious haciendas to discuss the most recent union struggle being waged in their tomato field or packing shed...
...while for those growers completely independent of the distributor financially, the take of the sale is about 69%.16 Only five or six growers, however, have become nearly self-financing, according to CAADES...
...Section I reviews the role of U.S...
...The struggle did not just emerge, then, in 1910...
...The North American growers and distributors have been among the principal agents through which capitalist production has expanded rapidly throughout the northwest...
...S&W S357-158JHP amno...
...break with Cuba was the best thing that happened to their business...
...In 196970, the first year the Mexican tomato crop surpassed Florida's, Mexican tomato workers were paid $2.44 a day while Florida's workers were getting $1.42 an hour ($1 1.50 a day), both low by any standard but in actuality a 60096 advantage to the Mexican industry.' However, by 1974 USDA reports show that the wage advantage in Mexico was diminishing, as Mexico's wage rate had increased 33% the previous year while Florida's had only increased 7...
...This is partially answered by a statement of a government official that "the [new] Rural Credit Law will avoid class struggle" in the countryside by creating rural industries in which the partners are "capitalists, ejidatarios, small property owners and even farm workers...
...What a sham...
...The real owners are gringos, North Americans...
...The Agricultural Census of 1930 showed that a group of 13,444 people monopolized 83% of all the lands in the private sector, while the number of landless campesinos had grown to 2.3 million...
...Overtime is forced and without extra pay...
...It's hard to maintain a level of struggle with campesinos if our only demand is for land, because once they get it or are promised it their level of political activity is reduced...
...FL: Federal Laboratories, Inc., Saltsburg, Pa., produces tear gas, other police equipment (a subsidiary of the Breeze Corp...
...17 Forced to compete with the more productive Florida growers, Mexican producers have quickly adopted the latest capitalist technology...
...There is also an advantage in the cheaper child labor which represents about 10% of the migrant work force...
...Its members grow about 75% of Mexico's export tomatoes and about 80% of all produce grown in Sinaloa...
...S&W S38-158 ammo...
...revolvers S&W .38-cal...
...revolvers S&N 10-74 " " 357 SAW .38-cal...
...Manufacturer & Product Exporter Date NETH...
...Throughout the countryside, but particularly in the northwest, thousands of campesinos have occupied more than 25,000 hectares of land belonging to large growers and cattlemen...
...TUNISIA 1,000 FL #518 CS gas grenades FI 9-74 Min...
...Embassy or military mission - thus in Bolivia, the S&W line of gas grenades was shown to local police officials by the U.S...
...Militant unions not only raise wages and demand improved social conditions which cost money...
...Manufacturer & Product Exporter Date Recipient Exporter Date RecipientQty...
...Most important, this is a history of a people's struggle for land and freedom from both foreign and domestic oppressors - a struggle which continues today in the irrigated plains and valleys of northwestern Mexico...
...revolvers rds...
...pistols FI 12-74 Police HQ 12,500 rds...
...From here we will only be removed to the cemetery...
...is full of Florida tomatoes, the inspection at the border is very tough, and much fruit is turned back with the excuse that it's below standard...
...The gringos have purchased less from us in order to maintain high prices in their country, and since they have a noose around our necks, they've paid us less, too...
...revolvers S&W .38-cal...
...The magnitude of the problem takes it out of the realm of simple economic solutions, and the government is aware of this, even if sectors of the bourgeoisie it represents are not...
...A number of -growers and distributors claim that the U.S...
...So Bustamante is not really the landowner...
...JA 2-75 100 FL #530 CS gas projectile JA 2-75 " " 165 SAW .38-cal...
...4 And a Congressional study team concluded that in Guatemala and the Dominican Republic the OPS program served only to identify the United States with government violence and repression...
...Government controls over imports of Mexican vegetables, and (2) rising labor militancy in the countryside which has pushed up wages and undercut Mexico's main competitive advantage over Florida...
...Bangor Punta Corp., Annual Report for 1969, p. 7. 17...
...The Bluebook, op...
...Michael Klare and Nancy Stein, "Police Terrorism in Latin America," NACLA Report (January, 1974), pp...
...In short, the aim of the land reform was to placate the landless peasants who had brought about the Revolution, without radically changing the form of agriculture that was crucial to the development of capitalism and the bourgeoisie in Mexico...
...These CTM charros, as the workers call these paid agents of the employers, are without a doubt the most formidable roadblock to potential organizing in the countryside, just as in the cities...
...17 TAr Trr 1 1 'a...
...military equipment is often used in Latin America for purposes other than drug control...
...1920-1934: A REVOLUTION FOR WHOM...
...Excelsior, December 30, 1975...
...Conard in The Packer, January 19, 1974...
...high by 50 ft...
...It discusses (1) the condition of peasants and farm workers in the northwest today, particularly the migrant workers who harvest the crops of Mexico's northwest and of the southwestern United States...
...Their histories have been interwoven, just as their futures will undoubtedly be...
...The Unmaking of the Mexican Revolution MASSACRE IN THE YAQUI VALLEY EL CHAPARRAL, Sonora, Mexico...
...Military 12 S&W #15 CS rubber-ball gas gren...
...88-102...
...The land invasions remain isolated, spontaneous actions, and as such can be repressed by the State if it is forced to do so...
...Growers complain that the minimum wage is automatically raised every two years, and that recent wage hikes are eating away at their profits...
...A prime example of a highly technified agribusiness company is the Canelos ranch, one of the largest vegetable producers in Culiacan...
...But leftist organizers that talked with NACLA in recent months believe that the very corruption and obvious class collaboration of the CTM labor bureaucrats will be their undoing - the CTM may speak in the name of the rural working class, but the working class does not follow their leadership...
...Further, a large group of farm workers recognize that U.S...
...2) outlawing debt peonage, thereby "freeing" the peons from the haciendas to sell their labor on the market...
...pistol ammo...
...They met fierce resistance from the Sinaloa Indians who eliminated more than one expedition, and it was over 100 years before their colonization was complete...
...There is no possibility the government will go communist," was the confident pronouncement of Al Whichtrich, the Chamber's executive vice president, recently named by Phillip Agee as a C.I.A...
...220 Night FI 4-75 Vision system 10 MIECO P-25A telephone scrambler FI 5-75 " 10 MIECO P-10 radio scrambler FI 5-75 COSTA RICA 24 GOEC Mk.VII Chemical Mace baton S&W 4-74 Costa Rica police 24 GOEC Mk.IV Chemical Mace S&W 4-74 " " " 6000 rds...
...Just as campesinos in the northwest look northward to the example being set by farm workers in the U.S., so does the strategy of militant unions and political organization in the U.S...
...Then the governor himself went and told the UGOCM, 'that's enough, boys, you don't have any right being here because the CTM already has a contract, so you'd better move along.' And so that's how we got rid of a problem...
...After three and a half decades of attacks on Cardenas' collectivization schemes as communist attempts to undermine the private sector, the government has concluded that, in fact, collectivization is necessary for the further development of capitalism in the countryside...
...But even with their leaders out of the picture, the mass support for the Plan de Ayala and the hunger for land was so strong that the Constitution drawn up in 1917 incorporated a program for land reform - timid in comparison to Zapata's program, but strong enough to entice the peasant armies to disband and go back to work...
...In the U.S...
...revolvers S&W 9mm.-cal...
...Disseminated by grenades, shells and sprayers of various kinds...
...Jesuits arrived from Spain in 1590 to establish missions which they surrounded with agricultural haciendas...
...Within the northwest stream, for example, over half of the migrants have worked the route five times or more...
...The heart of Zapata's plan was its demand for the expropriation of large landholdings and their distribution among the peasants in the form of ejidos - a system of communal land use based on the traditional land tenure of the Indian communities...
...During World War II U.S...
...The end of the bracero program in the U.S...
...25 per year for profit-making and government organizations ($48 for two years...
...If they're going to drown, they're going down screaming...
...revolvers S&W 3-76 11 I1 ABBREVIATIONS: amno...
...The most common arrangement is for the grower to put up his land and machinery, which along with labor and other production costs are counted as his cost inputs...
...Munitions List (as defined in Title 22, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 121...
...S&W 4-75 Bahamas Police BERMUDA 10,000 rds...
...Many of the workers move with their families, a trend that is on the rise as women and children are forced to work in order to supplement the family income...
...Retailer .18 Wholesaler .04 Distributor .03 Grower's Profits .02 Misc...
...In the long run, the success of the campesinos' struggle rests on their ability to unify with the rest of the working class, building workers' organizations which can defend and lead them in their struggle...
...This data on weapons exports has emerged from a NACLA study of the status of U.S...
...Rafael Lopez left behind 10 children, the oldest 15 years old...
...The Indian communities, which could show no legal titles to the land they lived on, were brutally swept away by the advancing colonizing companies...
...cannon for V-150 C-G 2-74 " " 1 Oerlikon 20mm...
...Most of these products come from the United States, and all the major valley towns of the northwest have their outlets for Dupont, Niagara, Bayer, etc...
...and, Michael Klare, "Operation Phoenix and the Failure of Pacification in Vietnam," Liberation (May, 1973), pp...
...6. For text of these and related measures, see: Comptroller of the United States, Stopping U.S...
...Harvest of Anger The Mexican Revolution, as we have seen, never resolved the class conflicts that brought it about...
...distributors and their Mexican growers reaped 50,000 migrant farm workers in northwest Mexico hand-stake and hand-pick tomatoes for U.S...
...Should a group of campesinos claim that a parcel of land is legitimately theirs, the grower possessing such a certificate resorts to the derecho de amparo...
...The Zapatistas and other revolutionaries supported Madero largely because his manifesto included a provision for the return of illegally seized lands to small proprietors...
...The government officially recognizes the existence of over 3 million landless campesinos without steady incomes, and nearly 25% of the total Mexican workforce is now under- or unemployed.' Collectivizing the Campo It was this crisis in productivity and employment - not a "remembering of the principles of the Revolution" as government spokesmen would have us believe - that first forced the Echeverria administration to give renewed attention to the countryside...
...Indeed, some of the most authoritarian Third World regimes - including those in South Korea, Indonesia, Singapore, Iran, and Brazil - are among the major importers of U.S...
...of Interior 650 FL gas mask filters FI 9-74 ZAIRE 500 S&W .38-cal...
...See the supplement on arms sales for documentation on use of U.S...
...revolver S&W 8-74 " " 30 S&W .38-cal...
...Collectivization now appears the only way to organize the countryside into capitalist structures into which public and private resources can be efficiently channeled, thereby increasing employment and investment...
...They'll try to suppress the organizing...
...2 2 66,000 petitions for lands were piled up on the desks of Agrarian Reform, waiting for the plodding bureaucracy to shuffle them to the next office...
...Manufacturer & Product VENEZUELA, con'd 12 S&W #1310 gas gun S&W 3-76 State Police, 300 S&W #1092 CS gas grenade S&W 3-76 Portuguesa 200 S&W #1182 37mm...
...While some cinder-block housing is provided by the growers for the permanent employees* the migrants either construct their own temporary camps out of cardboard, tin and tar-paper, or sleep outside in their cotton-picking bag or a tomato bin...
...FC .22-cal...
...I think that's what's going to be happening now a lot down there...
...S&W S357-158JHP ammo...
...As farm workers in the U.S...
...Through this network of organizations, the industry is increasingly able to coordinate production and pricing and chart a common strategy of opposition to unionization of farm workers in both Mexico and the United States...
...pistol S&W CS gas grenades S&W .38-cal...
...Police, Guadalajara 150 S&W .38-cal...
...Who was Lazaro Cardenas, this populist hero of millions of Mexico's poor, and headache of capitalists in the 1930's, and at what were his reforms aimed...
...For while the army and police have repressed many of the land occupations, the Echeverria government actually has moved with extreme caution throughout these explosive conflicts, combining selective repression with occasional land redistributions and large doses of "revolu- tionary" rhetoric...
...For farm workers, the decline has meant the loss of an estimated 500.000 jobs...
...Produces tearing, coughing, burning sensations on skin, nausea, and choking...
...241-69...
...FL CN gas formula qts...
...The only "concession" granted was that the growers would establish a fund to build factories in the mountain areas, thereby creating employment centers away from the rich valley lands that are the targets of the campesinos...
...9. Ibid., pp...
...Some of them will try to leave the area...
...wide by 16 ft...
...1 7 Students come from most U.S...
...24, 1975-"We don't want a fight, we're unarmed...
...s In addition to its manufacturing activities, S&W provides other services through the Law Enforcement Group...
...Chemical Mace: an aerosol mixture containing CN, kerosene, trichloro- trifluorethane, and 1-1-1-trichloroethane...
...and dispatched "Public Safety Advisors" to some 40 countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America...
...The bases for this policy were the laws of Colonization and Unused Lands...
...and finally the farm workers' drives towards unionization which have altered significantly the panorama of class conflict in the countryside...
...revolver S&W 12-74) Migraci6n 12 S&W #3 CS gas grenade S&W 6-75 U.S...
...The details of this conflict will be seen more clearly in the following sections on land invasions and unionization...
...Minlstry rds...
...of Defense Commercial & Indus trial Security CO National Pol ice 11 I1 I1 I1 I1 I1 I1 11 I1 11 11 I1 I1 I1 It 11 I1 11 11 11 11 I1 Qty...
...No, that can't happen...
...revolvers S&W .357-cal...
...arms supply firms - Smith & Wesson, Jonas Aircraft & Arms Co., Federal Laboratories, Inc., and the Cadillac-Gage Co...
...capital and technology, took the dominant position by the early 1970s, shipping 60 percent of the tomatoes marketed...
...The irrigation projects caused a land boom, attracting not only prominent members of the rural bourgeoisie, but also government officials, bureaucrats and businessmen who were usually more interested in speculation than production...
...revolver S&W 1-76 Armed Forces HQ 200 S&W .38-cal...
...2 3 Among the larger California growers with investments in Mexico and important posts within the WGA are the Deardorffs of Deardorff-Jackson and Hal Abatte of the Pacific Farms Co...
...Eighty-two-year-old Laurito Lopez bled to death in a ditch...
...revolvers S&W 11-75 " i, 20,000 rds...
...The early morning sky grew lighter, revealing miles of ploughed furrows crisscrossed with irrigation canals and dotted with packing sheds...
...CS: Ortho-chlorbenzalmalononitrile, sometimes known as "pepper gas...
...They Que pobres estamnos todos sin un pan para cominer porque nuestro pan lo gasta el patr6n en su placer...
...under the Bracero Program...
...A grower would help a worker get his bracero permit, providing he first picked a minimum of 2,000 kilos of cotton...
...Manufacturer & Product Exporter Date RecipientQty...
...S38-110-JHP ammo...
...In 1975, Mexico imported $940 million of "highly automated machinery and equipment," according to a government engineer, with which the country "runs the risk of increasing unemployment in the countryside...
...Spontaneous strikes and slowdowns are common in the fields and packing sheds, even though they often end in defeat...
...In 1971, Mexico imported $14 million of fertilizers...
...S&W: Smith & Wesson, Springfield, Mass., producers of handguns, am- munition, tear gas, and other police equipment (a subsidiary of the Bangor Punta Corp...
...The massacre of ten campesinos in the Yaqui Valley is not an isolated case...
...most powerful group in Mexico...
...ARMS FIRMS TO FOREIGN POLICE ORGANIZATIONS, 1973-1976 Compiled by NACLA from Export Licenses issued by the Office of Munitions Control, U.S...
...3229 The counter-offensive of the northwestern growers to land invasions and efforts at independent unionization will require a revolutionary program that links the efforts of workers and peasants in the countryside with the overall struggle of the Mexican proletariat...
...SECTION II 1. Fernando Rello and Rosa Elena Montes de Oca, "Acumulaci6n de capital en el campo mexicano," in Cuadernos Politicos (Mexico), #2, October-December 1974...
...plants are closing down due to the U.S...
...That is why we need a revolution, because we are ready, because we are tired of demogagy of the government and its charros...
...Peasants invaded tens of thousands of hectares in Zacatecas, Veracruz, Hidalgo, Chiapas, Tamaulipas, Sonora, Nuevo Leon, and Oaxaca...
...4 1 1111111 IIIIIIIII IV- I ICI IIII - -III...
...And in February 1976, the General Accounting Office (GAO) confirmed a 1975 NACLA report that the DEA agents were engaging in many of the same activities as their OPS predecessors.' The GAO also found that because of the similarity in the equipment used for narcotics control and regular police functions, it is almost impossible to prevent DEA-supplied hardware from being used in non-drug related operations...
...But the story is the same there...
...to Sinaloa in the 20's and quickly built a fiefdom centered around a traditional casa grande (plantation mansion), packing shed and company town named Campo Wilson...
...Congress, Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, Guatemala and the Dominican Republic Staff Memorandum, 92d Cong., 1st Sess., 1971...
...Elllsworth "Doc" Shaw, a former independent agricultural consultant from Arizona, runs the company's elaborate set-up of a laboratory and 36 greenhouses...
...Michael Klare, "The Reality Behind State of Siege," The Nation (December 10, 1973), pp...
...The WGA's magazine, The Packer, is perhaps the single most important source of information on the industry and publishes a yearly supplement on the northwest Mexico deal...
...Consequently, between 1936 and 1939 large tracts of land were expropriated in the irrigated districts of the Yaqui Valley in Sonora, the Laguna district and in Yucatan, and collective ejidos were established with government financing...
...The Packer, January 15, 1972...
...The de Saracho family, Deardorff-Jackson's partners in Culiacin, are among the largest growers in the area and representative of the modern agribusiness operations which now dominate vegetable production in the area...
...Government also played an important role in insuring that the right kind of leaders took over, using arms shipments, gunboats and diplomatic recognition when it deemed appropriate...
...CAADES in turn, along with other State associations, makes up the UNPH (National Union of Vegetable Producers) and the UNAN (National Agricultural Union), a recently formed organization of impressive political force...
...Before a recent restructuring of the government's rural banks, the two which extended credit to peasants serviced only 3% of the privately-owned peasant holdings, and extended credit to less than 10% of the nation's ejidatarios...
...The government-owned railroad offered the growers discount rates to ship carloads of workers up from the south, and open-air cattle trucks made daily runs to the mountains to recruit Indians...
...The more traditional landholders have tended to take immediate repressive action on their own, seeking neither the support of other sectors of the bourgeoisie nor the protection of the State...
...619-23...
...In the northwest, as throughout the new republic, the arable lands remained in the hands of the Church...
...workforce from 26 percent in 1869 to only 2.2 percent one hundred years later, and has led to predictions that, "It is possible to foresee a not too distant future in which this sector will be all but eliminated, with only a tiny remnant working as machine operators on mechanized farms...
...However, the price is set by the company, and the ejidatario explained that many of the peasants don't make enough money on the sale of their cotton to pay back the loans, and are left with only $2 or $3 at the end of the season...
...Consequently, the main sources of credit for the ejidatarios and peasants with private parcels have been (1) the State banks, and (2) the middle-men and foreign processing plants which finance the production in order to assure a cheap supply from the peasant...
...5. Raul Prieto in Excelsior, March 17, 1976...
...There are no roads, no electrification, no drinking water, few schools or health clinics and no steady jobs for the 700,000 inhabitants of this region, who are mostly subsistence farmers...
...As a result of a drop in world demand and price for cotton, and efforts by the U.S...
...Government gift of 5 helicopters and 3 light planes to Mexico for the purpose of drug control...
...The Yaquis and Mayos, in what is now Sonora, were predominantly semi-nomadic hunters, while the Sinaloas, Zawues and Ahomes in the present state of Sinaloa were agricultural, raising corn, beans, chile and cacao along the banks of the wide rivers...
...newspaper magnate Randolph Hearst alone possessed 7 million hectares in northern Mexico, an area roughly one-fifth the size of California...
...revolvers S&W 12-74 Gendarmerie Nat...
...cannon for V-150 C-G 2-74 HONDURAS 30 S&W .357-cal...
...against the corporations which prevail on both sides of the border...
...4) pursuing an open-door policy for foreign investments in all areas of the economy, including agriculture (direct foreign investment rose from $449 million million in 1940 to $1.6 billion in 1958);5 and (5) facilitating capital accumulation for the industrial sector by maintaining low farm wages and food prices and high prices for industrial goods...
...Data on companies from Dun and Bradstreet Million Dollar and Middle Market directories (1976), and The Bluebook, Fruit and Vegetable Credit and Marketing Service, Spring 1975...
...With the threat of a nationwide boycott of Coke, Minute Maid signed a contract in 1972 and under great pressure from the workers renewed it in 1975...
...they just shouted 'al ataque muchachos' and they attacked us...
...exports of vegetables dropped by about 5% that year...
...The three presidents that followed Cardenas - Avila Camacho, Miguel Aleman and Ruiz Cortinez - representing the interests of the aspiring Mexican bourgeoisie, jumped at the chance to take advantage of the favorable international situation...
...quently the British, French and U.S...
...From 1880-1910 the purchasing power of the proletariat dropped 50%.2 While the traditional haciendas extended their power even further during this time, the true beneficiaries of the agrarian policies of the Diaz dictatorship were the modern capitalist enterprises...
...A CAADES official in private admitted that "The present agricultural policies of Echeverrfa have been very beneficial to our sector, in that it has updated price guarantees, which has allowed the grower to make a considerable profit...
...Florida growers already operate in Jamaica and could easily expand there if their thin cost-margin over their Mexican competitors is challenged from below...
...agribusiness technology...
...interests in northwestern Mexico...
...moved into the coast of Sonora in 1951...
...But under Cardenas' successors the CTM began a sharp turn to the right and began to break strikes instead of leading them, although retaining a militant rhetoric of class struggle...
...FC #380-AP .380 M/C ammo...
...are unified around their mutual interests...
...At least a part of its land lies within the productive irrigation district, yet the collection of small wooden houses and shacks which form the center of the ejido reflect the poverty of the community...
...Thus by 1924 some 93 million hectares still remained under control of haciendas that the Revolution had vowed to break up...
...Although the State Department deleted all cost data from the documents supplied NACLA under the FOIA, it is possible to make some price calculations from other sources...
...FI 9-73 " " 6 FL #201Z 1.5"-cal...
...But before he could speak he was cut down by automatic rifle fire...
...This section describes the ongoing proletarianization of the Mexican peasant...
...Finally, they are highly political demands, because they challenge the traditional power of the CTM leadership, the cornerstone of the bourgeoisie's control over the workforce...
...According to an industry publication, The Packer, (Charles'] uncle, Constantino, came to Culiacan in 1918 to export tomatoes to the United States, and shortly thereafter, Harry Georgelos became associated in the venture with his brother...
...Others claim that, in fact, his economic policies have been most beneficial to the most monopolized sectors of the economy, and that his politics reflect nothing more than a "vanguard" vision within the bourgeoisie that sees certain social reforms as necessary for that class's survival...
...They drive the latest model U.S...
...The Yaqui rebellions became such a menace to the companies in the early 1890's that the U.S...
...Only when the "U.S...
...Furthermore, although Congress has called for restrictions on military aid and sales to repressive governments abroad, no mechanisms exist for Congressional oversight of commercial police sales...
...Judah Hill, Class Analysis, United States in the 1970's, pp...
...The principal causes, however, have been (1) increased production from Mexico's major competitor, Florida (due mainly to favorable weather), which led to stricter U.S...
...Outhouses are built on stilts over the open canals - the same canals which supply the workers drinking and bathing water...
...In Sinaloa, in 1975, 792 people, mostly children, died from diarrhea and dehydration...
...Ford and John Deere tractors plow up the earth, and crop dusters sweep down covering the fields with Niagara and Dow chemicals...
...CS gas proj...
...I fear there are many people who are ready to put their finger to the trigger...
...The average daily wage in the northwest is a little over $2.50 to $3.00 for those migrants who work part of the year on their own plots, and closer to $5 for the year-round workers...
...When it was over, ten people lay dead and dozens wounded amid the furrows of the El Chaparral ranch...
...There's an agreement signed that each of these people owes so much money to the company - their land is "mortgaged" to the company...
...Together, the two S&W schools have an annual enrollment of about 1,000 students, and as of 1975 could boast of a combined alumni of 4,000 police officers...
...The formerly Church-owned lands were quickly pur- chased by the hacendados, making this landed oligarchy the...
...FI 2-76 " " East Asia HONG KONG 1,000 GOEC Mk.IV Chemical Mace S&W 9-74 Hong Kong Police 5,000 S&W #17 LR 37mm...
...They shot him down like he was a dog," one survivor related later...
...Every year the bucket got bigger, but the price [piece rate wage] stayed the same, it didn't go up...
...THE ORIGINS OF POLICE ASSISTANCE The United States first began to supply arms and training to selected foreign police forces in 1954...
...revolvers S&W 12-75 Min...
...Early ripenng of all produce at high prices...
...While there is disagreement over what were the ultimate goals, most sources agree that one of the most important overall effects of Cardenas' reforms was to strengthen capitalist agriculture in the countryside by: (1) containing class conflict through fortifying the ejido system which provided a means of survival for thousands of peasants...
...Internal Aff...
...But an important percentage of the rural workforce, approximately 40% in Sinaloa, is still made up of ejidatarios whose plots of land either produce less than they need for survival or are rented out to large landowners...
...Order from the CHICANO COMMUNICATIONS CENTER, P.O...
...This Report, which is part of a NACLA book on Mexico to be published in 1977, will limit its scope to the agrarian aspects of Mexico's current crisis, and will focus exclusively on the northwest, which-we visited for several weeks earlier this year...
...As conditions worsen for farm workers and peasants, however, they also have begun a resurgent drive toward organization and defense of their standards of living and dignity - a movement which is intensifying daily...
...Cominpafieros del arado y los de toda herramienta: nomtis nos queda un camnino i agarrar un treinta-treinta ! Corrido Treinta-treinta28 have raised the consciousness of many workers, but have also shown the ultimate flaw of spontaneity...
...7. Nancy Stein, "Policing the Third World in the 1970's," in The Iron Fist and the Velvet Glove (Berkeley: Center for Research on Criminal Justice, 1975), pp...
...CN LR gas proj...
...revolvers S&W 2-76 Forces 200 S&W .38-cal...
...a detailed study of U.S...
...They maintain 12 rooms that are 14 ft...
...The application of the reform, though, would be something else altogether...
...the harvests we have just finished are better than in 1975...
...S&W 4-74 15,000 S&W #18 37mm...
...See Section III) A recent symbolic protest is that the workers now refuse to call their town Campo Wilson...
...The union enlisted 300,000 members, 70 percent peasants, but repression and lack of legal recognition from the Labor Ministry forced out most of the workers...
...Punto Critico, #44, January 1976...
...Likewise, we were greatly aided by the excellent work and collaboration of revolutionary organizers, journalists and researchers in Mexico...
...These "tomato pioneers," like American Fruit and Santiago Wilson, set up packing sheds in the coastal valleys of Sinaloa and Sonora, and financed Mexican growers to produce tomatos, peas, bell peppers, melons and cotton for sale to markets in Los Angeles and beyond...
...the government intervenes, forcing the campesinos to leave the land until the court can settle the dispute - twenty or thirty years later...
...Many others move further north to the border towns hoping to find work in the U.S.-owned assembly plants...
...Porfirio Diaz, his army suffering defeats from the approaching peasant forces, fled the country in 1911 for exile in France...
...The collectivization schemes are evidently more than mere government rhetoric...
...revolvers S&W 10-75 PANAMA 40,000 FC .38-cal...
...Hector Gonzalez, one of Sinaloa's largest tomato growers, claims that: The U.S...
...Their efforts have occasionally won specific wage and working condition demands, but rarely collective bargaining agreements...
...states and several foreign countries to take courses in such subjects as: Firearms and Non-Lethal Weaponry, Firearms Instructor, Advanced Combat Match Training, Automatic Weapons Seminar, Security School, and Night Surveillance Techniques.' 8 S&W also runs an Armorers School (for training in firearms repair and maintenance...
...05 Farm Workers (wages for planting, staking, irrigating, picking, packing, etc...
...Nearly 70% of these workers are on the road for at least seven months of the year, some specializing in one particular crop, but most moving from harvest to harvest, maximizing as they can the period of employment...
...According to Walter Holm, an old-timer with investments in Mexican production, the development of the THE WINTER VEGETABLE DEAL Since its beginnings in the early 1920s, Mexico's winter vegetable industry has been dominated by North American growers and distributors who began long-standing partnerships with Mexican producers...
...manufacturers of MACE), and the Lake Erie Chemical Co...
...8. Economic Research Service, Supplying U.S...
...6. Foreign Agricultural Service, Fruits and Vegetables-U.S...
...market for fresh vegetables was growing rapidly, reflectin$ the significant income increases in the U.S...
...because they want to get all the fruit packed that was picked that day...
...A young boy, son of don Fernando Felix, the general manager of the company, is also a land owner...
...firms also rely on the cooperation of prominent citizens who have influence with local government officials: hence in Iran, an executive of Polak, Winters wrote to the owner of a chain of sporting goods stores that "in view of your excellent government connections, I know that you will be interested in the possibilities presented by the Chemical MACE...
...FC: Federal Cartridge Co., Minneapolis, Minn...
...At the same time, OPS funnelled an estimated $150 million worth of arms, vehicles and other hardware to favored police forces abroad.' While the ostensible goal of OPS was to assist in the "professionalization" of Third World police forces, its real objective was to strengthen indigenous repressive capabilities...
...S&W S32-88RN ammo...
...This gave the companies power to dispossess entire villages by cutting off their water supply, provoking numerous rebellions...
...By 1890 the land boom was in full swing in the Yaqui Valley of Sonora, home of still unpacified Yaquis...
...One CNC spokesman claimed that the squatters who remained would no longer be recognized as members of the CNC, "until they have heeded our call to get off the lands...
...S&W 4-75 1,000 rds...
...cit., p. 196...
...And of the land that was distributed, Barra revealed that only 12.7 million hectares were actually cultivable 7 accounting for 70% of the value in sales...
...Excerpts from interviews with farm workers in Sinaloa reveal better than anything else the anti-union role of the CTM and the total disdain of the workers for the charro leaders: The federal government authorized a new minimum wage months ago, but Bustamante (the boss) is still not paying it...
...However, as will be seen, these North American companies have been central to the expansion of U.S...
...S&W S38-158RN amno...
...The Yaqui War would soon join with the fires of a dozen rebellions throughout the republic and become a single flame of revolution...
...In Nogales today, according to the Sinaloa State Confederation of Growers (CAADES), there are about 35 distributors who own their own production in partnership with a Mexican grower, and another 50 or so who either simply buy or who provide credit to independent growers...
...pistols S&W .357-cal...
...These organizations include in their programs the right of the campesino to the land, although this is seen as only a partial solution to their problems, since the exploitation of the peasant does not end with the possession of a plot of land...
...Such an effort would bring the vegetable growers into direct conflict with the United Farm Workers union, which has already begun organizing in Florida's nearby citrus groves...
...ZAMBIA 1 Javelin #221 nite vision system FI 12-74 Zambia Police 20 S&W .38-cal revolvers FI 2-75 1 Leatherwood-Remington #40X 7.62 FI 4-75 " cal...
...From the state of Morelos, where foreign-owned sugar companies like those of Sinaloa were driving agricultural communities off their land, Emiliano Zapata and hundreds of smaller peasant chiefs led their villages in revolt against the Diaz dictatorship...
...Manufacturer & Product Exporter Date Recipient Qty...
...were picked and shipped green...
...By 1957 60 percent of agricultural production was destined for export, with only 2% of the farms "* These figures are deceiving, though, as revealed by the current head of Agrarian Reform, Felix Barra...
...The Mexican Revolution, which cost over two million lives between 1910 and 1920, barely touched northwestern Mexico...
...Across the northern border U.S...
...At the same time it opened the Smith & Wesson Academy in Springfield...
...S&W S38-158RN ammo...
...The case of vegetable production is indicative...
...One who doesn't own any lands, why does he have 72 tractors worth millions and millions of pesos...
...These demands constitute the basis (though not the totality) for any successful strategy of liberation of the working class, as well as being -the issues around which workers are now organizing...
...Although no figures have been made public, S&W's preeminent role is acknowledged by its competitors and confirmed by the data presented below...
...S&W 12-74 Min...
...54-63...
...They're not going to have their lands taken away without making a stand...
...and (3) the current drives toward unionization of farm workers which, while less dramatic than the land occupations, have far greater long-range implications for the development of class struggle in the Mexican countryside...
...Deardorff-Jackson Deardorff-Jackson is a modern, extensive agricultural corporation with production in Mexico and southern California...
...The Mexican Workers Party (PMT), a mass-based revolutionary party strongly opposed to any association with the PRI, has been organizing regional committees in many parts of the republic since 1971, including Sonora and Sinaloa, and it has developed a strong base in Baja California...
...As the yean went by the bucket got bigger...
...8 While there will undoubtedly continue to be some resistance from reactionary sectors of the bourgeoisie to the notion of collectivization and increased government intervention, there are indications that for the most part the bourgeoisie has come to understand the need for such action...
...Beltran de Guzman, Hernan Cortez and a host of other Spanish conquerors and missionaries came to impose another economic system and culture based on forced labor and the sanctity of private property...
...The volume of Mexican tomatoes shipped through Nogales, for example, dropped from a peak of 674 million pounds in 1973 to 608 million in 1974, and down to 565 million in 1975.' The decrease in production is partly explained by the general international crisis of capitalism: recession which has restricted the U.S...
...But that's just not true...
...gallon gren...
...in light planes that elude police radar systems and fly over the border an estimated 200 times each day...
...revolvers S&W 7-74 Ethiopian Police 30,000 rds...
...Headed by Charles L. Smith, former supervisor of weapons training for the FBI, the Academy is described as providing "public and industrial security forces with expert training in riot control...
...CN LR gas proj...
...amnunition cal . = calibre cart...
...3. U.S...
...Less able than their more productive U.S...
...24* Other sectors of the bourgeoisie moved quickly to support the growers...
...Something had to be done to transform Mexican agriculture radically if it was to meet the needs of the international capitalist market for cheap raw materials and a malleable reserve army of labor...
...These growers often advance credit to groups of small producers who associate with them to use their equipment and packing sheds for a fee...
...Conditions were ripe for a "new relationship" between the dependent and imperialist bourgeoisies of Mexico and the U.S...
...revolvers JA 11-73 National Guard 210 S6W .38-cal...
...cartridges S&W .38-cal...
...or Mexican authorities...
...Farm Workers and the Migrant Stream As the number of landless workers has continued to rise, the size of Mexico's migrant work force has taken on ever greater dimensions, with millions of men, women, and children moving about the nation in constant flux...
...Markets," p. 21, USDA-ERS, document TVS-194, Washington, D.C., November 1974...
...Georgelos is like many of the people involved in the Mexican vegetable deal, no longer Greek, not quite Mexican, not quite American, but some interesting blend of multinational capitalist which the nature of the deal has produced over the years...
...4. Ibid...
...The delicate heroin poppies and marijuana plants are not grown in the irrigated valleys of the Pacific coast, but instead amid the highlands of the Sierra Madre mountains that stretch from Guerrero in the south to Sonora in the north - an area of nearly 23,000 square miles poorly suited for farming...
...Madero assumed the presidency...
...Relations between the Mexican and U.S...
...Information for the case studies compiled from The Packer, March 25, 1972, December 4, 1971, January 17, 1976...
...Only after a long struggle which included a work stoppage, for example, was the CIOAC able to gain recognition from the government controlled Board of Conciliation and Arbitration to organize workers in the El Fuerte and Culiacan valleys of Sinaloa...
...A primary aspect of the current crisis is a serious decline in agricultural productivity and a wave of peasant land occupations affecting thousands of acres of the country's most valuable lands - particularly in the northwestern states of Sinaloa and Sonora where U.S...
...See Section III) More than direct loans to growers, however, Valley National and other banks extend credit to the distributors and the chain stores who act as intermediaries...
...et al., op...
...Victor Orozco, in Punto Cr'tico, #44, January 1976...
...extreme poverty means few workers and their families can withstand a strike for longer than several days...
...They were seen by the "liberals" as backward elements of an old world which the free enterprise system would eradicate...
...mark SR = short-range...
...5, USDA, Washington, D.C., 1947...
...A columnist of the Mexican daily Excelsior concluded about this strategy, Convinced that the agricultural proletariat constitutes the increasingly decisive force in the rural area, the agrarian bourgeoisie is now pushing for a sell-out unionism capable of neutralizing the political risk represented by the approximately four million farm workers whose basic interests are not long in making themselves known...
...However, the resulting increase in production was not accompanied by stability as it always had been before, but by increasing disequilibrium internally and externally...
...I think there may be a chaotic situation for a while, but eventually someone will have to grow the vegetables...
...The strongest UGOCM unions operated in the areas of intensive capitalist agriculture: the Laguna region of northern Mexico, the Yaqui Valley and parts of Michoacan.9 The manipulation of Article 27 of the Constitution and the anti-worker programs of the Government since the 1940's had a profound effect on the development of class structure in all of Mexico...
...Noreste, January 31, 1976...
...Certainly not the banks, and the government would go broke trying to...
...revolvers SNW 10-74 " " 10 SAW .32-cal...
...of Interior SRI LANKA 320 S&W .38-cal...
...If you want to kill us, if that's what you came for, here we are...
...of Jamaica 100 S&W #21 37mm...
...Several of the distributors fly periodically to Sinaloa to personally inspect production and packing operations...
...In return the companies received one-third of the surveyed land free, plus an option to purchase the rest from the Government at low prices...
...Since the strike at Campo Wilson, such actions have become even more common in the fields and packing sheds of Sinaloa and the other northwestern states...
...Discounts on orders of 20 or more copies...
...FC .25-cal...
...Over the entryway of each school are four bold letters: FORD...
...The distributors are in constant telephone communication with their growers, ordering truckloads of produce to be U.S...
...It will have to choose a clear course of action soon...
...The Mexican banking system, both private and public, has not provided credit for the risky vegetable deal, and "the only private lenders with the financial capacity and the willingness to make these loans," according to one long-time industry man, "are the vegetable distributors mostly headquartered in Nogales, Arizona...
...6. ibid...
...S&W 4-75 " " JORDAN 2 S&W 9mm...
...Many families who cannot find work on the ranches can be seen by the hundreds, following the cotton trucks down the highway...
...One of the first U.S...
...Second-class postage paid at New York, NY...
...While the control of fprm workers by the system of growers and charros must not be underestimated, the general agricultural crisis has not only increased the level of exploitation of farm workers, but also forced the workers into more decisive action...
...FC .38-cal...
...2 1 Money, technology, fertilizers, chemicals, seeds, tractors, technicians - practically everything about the northwest vegetable deal is North American - except the workers...
...Traditionally the demands of the left opposition groups have focused more on the land question than on the unionization of the agrarian workers - this due largely to the strong peasant ideology of the Mexican Revolution...
...Another grower claimed it was to protest the government's "move toward communism," while another said it was an ideological defense of private property which was at stake...
...After meetings * In private conversations, however, it became clear that most growers did not seriously believe that the government was "going communist" nor that it wanted to undermine private property...
...Here we have the CTM which Is our best defense against the other associations that want to get in like the UGOCM, only that the CTM is a little less aggressive than the Teamsters with their ties to the mafia, you know...
...cars, send their children to the best U.S...
...Multiply this voice half a million times for every salaried farm worker in the northwest, and one begins to understand the potential for an organization that represents workers' demands for economic and political survival...
...7. Punto Critico (Mexico), #47, February 1976...
...Florida farm workers are specifically excluded from state collective bargaining laws, as well as from unemployment and workmen's compensation insurance...
...Until then, all Mexican tomatoes exported to the U.S...
...R. Cordero, op...
...deals with vegetable exports just like they do with braceros - they ignore them when its convenient and get tough when they have to...
...Barra told Mexico City dailies in 1976 that 15 million hectares supposedly distributed to campe- sinos, especially since 1958, were done so just on paper...
...28-42...
...Documents submitted by Polak, Winters & Co., a San Francisco based exporter, indicate that contact with foreign law enforcement officials is often facilitated by U.S...
...JA: Jonas Aircraft & Arms Co., New York, N.Y., exporters of police equipment...
...Insecticides, herbicides and fertilizers account for about 35% of the growing costs of vegetables in Mexico...
...from the workers' shacks built around the first big sugar mills grew the cities like Los Mochis...
...Production Costs (seeds, fertilizers, packaging, equipment repairs, etc...
...One California grower with interests in Mexico told NACLA, "What you gotta do with all these invasions is take a machine gun and kill about 500 of 'em...
...The bourgeois presidents from Carranza to Calles (1913-1934) became cattlemen, ranchers and industrialists themselves, especially in the northwest where agriculture was highly profitable...
...Of these nearly 90 companies, however, seven alone control over 50 percent of the produce moved through Nogales, according to an industry publication.12 * Among the largest of the distributors are two distinct types: (1) There are those local, independent distributors who were at the right place at the right time in the thirties and forties, got in on the ground floor of the industry and made a killing...
...Nosotros sufrimos todo, la explotaci6n y la guerra...
...launcher JA 6-75 " " 750 FL #560 Spedeheat CS gas proj...
...Conse...
...Conditio'ns in Florida are about ten times worse than in California," says the UFW's organizing director in Florida, Mack Lyons, himself a black field worker in California before joining the UFW.' The exploitation facing these workers was recently described by Ricardo Flores, a young Chicano tomato picker in Central Florida: 'When they first started the bucket was real small...
...agribusiness companies, also have strong investments in the region's commerce, industry and banking...
...capital...
...Excelsior, May 24, 1978...
...growers continue to do today...
...customs officials, then into the U.S...
...revolvers S&W 9mm...
...And, according to a former banker in Culiacan, in the case of a political scare, the growers quickly transfer their funds into the Arizona banks, as many have done during the recent peasant land occupations...
...During the 30's, according to some Sinaloans, Wilson played an important role in setting the pace of politics and agriculture in the region...
...From its fertile valleys and irrigated plains flow millions of dollars worth of vegetables, cotton, sugar and other valuable commodities that increase the wealth of U.S...
...One grower spokesman told the press the stoppage was a protest against an injust aggression by the authorities against the growers, action directed at seeking their extinction by the pulverization of the land tenancy...
...But once Madero assumed power he refused to disband the federal army or act on the agrarian question...
...Punto Cr(tico, #44, January 1976...
...S&W 9-75 " " " 2,000 S&W #3 CS grenades S&W 9-75 " " " 300 S&W #23 CS barricade-piercing S&W 9-75 " " " projectiles 140 GOEC Mk.IV Chemical Mace S&W 10-75 Prison Department 40 qt...
...agribusiness...
...The Mexican growers maintain very tight relations with three of the industry's principal association in the United States: (1) The West Mexico Vegetable Distributor's Association was formed with the help of CAADES in the forties and now most directly represents the specific interests of the northwest Mexico vegetable industry...
...But the "invaders" remain staunch, and the State may well be forced by the growers to resort to violent repression...
...between Echeverria and a delegation of the largest Sinaloa growers, the growers returned satisfied that they had won...
...S&W 10-74 " " KENYA 50 50 100 GOEC Mk.V Chemical Mace GOEC Mk.IV Chemical Mace GOEC Mk.V Chemical Mace S&W 4-74 S&W 4-74 S&W 12-74 Police MOROCCO 10,000 6 40000 513000 50000 1 60 60 rds...
...But most important, the Juarez Reform nationalized all the land administered by the Church and called for the strict separation of Church and State...
...Arizona Republic, December 15, 1975...
...Most striking among the de Saracho's operations are their gassing rooms where tons of tomatoes are covered with ethylene gas to speed the ripening process...
...S&W 6-75 Attach6, 12 S&W #17 37mm...
...A Sinaloa organizer for the CIOAC explained in an interview why the focus is on farm workers rather than the also important sector of ejidatarios and landless peasants: We consider agricultural workers important because of their growing numbers, because their relation to the means of production gives them economic leverage, and because their demands are closest to those of workers in the cities...
...Already, according to the USDA, Florida tomato growers have developed a semi-mechanical harvesting machine, but they are waiting for a "crisis" before bringing it into operation...
...The workers' understanding of the way this set-up works against them is leading to increased land invasions16 and union struggles...
...And packing is not only done in the sheds, but often right out in the hot fields where the vegetables are picked...
...1934-1940: THE EJIDO IS REVIVED Cardenas became President in 1934 when tensions between campesinos and large landholders were extremely high - raising fears of another armed conflict...
...A new S&W International Marketing Division was set up in Springfield, and a field office established in Western Germany...
...of Interior 8,000 rds...
...Advisors," NACLA Report (July-August, 1972), pp...
...2 0 A final mechanism for the transfer of agricultural technology is the relationship between research institutions...
...vegetable distributor whose Sinaloa holdings have been the target of land occupations, told NACLA: "The impact of the invasions so far has been more psychological than real...
...vegetable imports from Mexico rose from $36 million in 1964 to over $100 million by 1969, and finally a record $176 million in 1973.6 The phenomenally rapid growth of the vegetable deal during these years also created rather unstable market conditions, and many small producers went under due to rapid changes in market prices - resulting in a further concentration within the industry...
...and sabotaging collective bargaining by signing sweetheart contracts with the growers...
...revolvers S&W #1412 gas mask S&W .38-cal...
...10-75 Caracas police 10-75 fTerr.Fed.Delta L Amacuro police 12-75 Mi n.Communi cations 12-75 " " 12-75 Carabobo police 12-75 Monagas police 1-76 Milit.Intelligence 2-76 Monagas police 2-76 I 2-76 State Police,Laras 2-76 " " " 3-761 State Police, 3-76 Portuguesa w CA Recipient Qty...
...asked a veteran of many broken strikes...
...As another ejidatario recently complained in a press interview: Every year they rob us...
...As they are now operating, the financial institute or company which provides the credit makes all the decisions regarding production and sets the price at which the crop will be purchased...
...cit., p. 141...
...markets, technology and capital...
...More often than not, however, solutions were negotiated, expropriated lands were paid for, and individuals affected by the reforms were allowed to keep the best 100 hectares for themselves...
...Army and AID officials testified about the torture and executions in South Vietnamese police and prison facilities.' In Uruguay, government officials linked the U.S...
...For as it turned out, the presidents that followed Cardenas did everything they could to undo the agrarian reforms, break up the collective ejidos and return the commercial agricultural sector to its previous position of unrivaled dominance...
...Anderson Clayton has also expanded rapidly into the rest of Mexico's food industry and now produces shortening, cooking and salad oils, margarines, peanut butter, cake and cookie mixes, gelatin and custard desserts, candy, maple syrup, animal feeds, spices, soups, eggs and chickens...
...The following year Lombardo Toledano tried to unify industrial workers and peasants into the General Union of Mexican Workers and Peasants (UGOCM...
...We are tired of promises," declared the leader of one land occupation in Sonora, "of corrupt leaders and charros of the CNC, CCI and the UGOCM...
...S&W .38-cal...
...This history is complex, filled with violent upheavals and contradictory developments, but throughout it there have been certain uninterrupted trends consistent with the growth of capitalism in dependent nations...
...it also is trying to unite the struggle in the countryside by relating to the different demands of squatters, ejidatarios and the unemployed...
...Phillip Agee, Inside the Company, CIA Diary, Penguin Books, 1975...
...There the haciendas and huge foreign landholdings remained largely unchanged by either the ravages of war or the agrarian reforms that followed it...
...Their armies were made up of peons, plantation workers, dispossessed Indians and other landless campesinos...
...Well, right away we called our CTM delegate and we told him, 'Go and fix up this situation however you can because they're invading your territory.' He went right away to the state CTM office and together they went to see the governor...
...The Growers' Strike The reaction of the landowners often has varied from conflict to conflict in the past year, reflecting the different levels of development that still persist within the rural bourgeoisie...
...Union organizers were sent to Sonora and Sinaloa to affiliate rural workers into the industrial-based labor federation...
...Such U.S...
...Heroin and marijuana are now said to be Mexico's principal exports to the U.S., with a street value estimated at $20 billion a year.' As in the case of vegetables, the drugs are harvested in Mexico's northwestern states by poor peasants, but are financed and controlled by U.S...
...projectile LR = long-range qts...
...When trade with Revolutionary Cuba came to an abrupt halt in 1961, there was a big jump in Mexican exports of vegetables to the U.S...
...It took the ejidatarios three years to get payment for their cotton crop...
...Nearly 60% of the fresh vegetables consumed in the United States each winter come from Mexico's northwest, which, as this section shows, is today an appendage of U.S...
...revolver rds...
...Echeverria's government realized that something had to give if the entire countryside were not to break out in a thousand small rebellions...
...Ed McCaughan Typeset by Archetype Peter Baird Original Cover by Malaquras Montoya NACLA-West Mexico Project 2I...
...The U.S...
...a variant, called the Federal Streamer, is sold by Federal Laboratories...
...6, July-August 1976 Published monthly, except May-June and July-August when it is published bi-monthly, at 160 Claremont Ave., New York, NY 10027...
...colonizing companies which dispossessed millions of Indians from their lands at the end of the 19th century, creating in their wake the misery that sparked the Mexican Revolution...
...They are not, however, the billion-dollar multinational companies like Anderson Clayton and Del Monte which traditionally have been the focus of NACLA research, and their power and influence cannot be judged within the same context...
...In 1968, Smith & Wesson launched a major drive to increase foreign sales of its police equipment...
...purging and blacklisting anyone who leads a strike or tries to organize...
...2 For the small peasant producer "growing opium up here is neither a pleasant, nor a very profitable profession," wrote a reporter who visited the northwest highlands region in the late 1960's...
...The head of a Sinaloa grower association announced ominously to the press: "All is fair in war, and the war has begun...
...represent the government in all exports of fruits and vegetables...
...Thereafter, until their nationalization in the next century, U.S...
...S38-158RN ammo...
...From a letter in the court records of Polak, Winters vs...
...In 1972, the government reversed its policies - as others had done in the past - increasing public expenditures and liberalizing restrictions on the banks...
...CS gas proj...
...5. Economic Research Service, Effects of Changes in Use of Seasonal Workers on U.S.-Mexican Agricultural Trade and Balance of Payments, E.R.S.-Foreign 195, USDA, Washington D.C...
...A. B. Conard in The Packer, January 15, 1972...
...However, while in many cases the bureaucratic leaders convinced the campesinos to leave the lands and wait for a final resolution of their petition in the Tripartite Commissions, thousands refused to be removed...
...is the largest U.S...
...AICk5 Guided by the ideals of the French Revolution and the principles of laissez-faire capitalism, the Juarez government undertook a major reform of Mexican society...
...financier - be it a bank or a supermarket chain...
...All the Canelos tomatoes, which are shipped in partnership with the giant GAC financial corporation, are started in the Shaw-designed greenhouses where tightly controlled environment insures uniformity of size and color...
...6. Except where otherwise indicated, the data on migrant farm workers was provided by Mexican government officials...
...It's the same damn thing here as with those factories, just a different commodity...
...they also control the degree of exploitation by limiting the hours and intensity of farm work...
...S&W S&AW S&W S&AW S&AW S&AW S&AW S&AW SAW SAW S&W S&W S&W S&W 7-741 Technical Judicial 7-74) Police 9-74 Caracas police 11-74}1 Technical Judicial 11-74$ Police 2-75 Min...
...interests and their Mexican collaborators who reap most of the profits...
...2. Mexican-United States Agricultural Commission, The Fresh Vegetable Industry of Mexico and the United States, A Review of Wartime Developments, IAC Series, No...
...At the same time it encouraged immigration from abroad and the entry of foreign capital...
...the workers too must find that their strength and survival lies in such an international alliance...
...Another 10,000 foreign policemen received advanced training at IPA and other police schools in the United States...
...The number of landless campesinos employed in agriculture increased 60% between 1950 and 1960, from 2.3 million to over 3 million, while 85% of the peasants who did own some land barely survived...
...The aging dictator, seeing his empire threatened by the revolts, even resorted to selling large numbers of Yaqui Indians as slaves to the henequen plantation owners of the Yucatan Peninsula, but the rebellion could not be contained...
...The solvents help pene- trate the outer skin layers so that the CN affects the nerve end- ings directly...
...IMPORTS OF FRESH VEGETABLES FROM MEXICO TOMATOES ALL VEGETABLES MILLION MILLION MILLION MILLION YEAR POUNDS DOLLARS POUNDS DOLLARS 1962 233 $ 17 334 $ 26 1963 240 21 342 30 1964 246 27 338 36 1965 265 29 397 40 1966 359 52 524 67 1967 362 43 542 60 1968 387 47 619 68 1969 446 68 740 101 1970 641 95 1,001 137 1971 570 84 945 128 1972 582 88 1,002 135 1973 749 115 1,292 176 1974 591 64 1,108 107 source: USDA-Organizing in the Sunshine StateThe only significant competition for the U.S...
...revolvers S&W 10-74 " i 23,000 rds...
...S&W S9-100FMC ammo...
...S&W 37mm...
...FROM PEASANT TO PROLETARIAT The basis of wealth accumulated by the vegetable companies, the attraction which first lured U.S...
...revolvers S&W 12-74 150 FL Model-P armored vests JA 2475 " " 12 FL #201Z 1.5"-cal...
...Such items include firearms, ammunition, chemical agents, armored vehicles, and night vision devices, but exclude handcuffs, riot sticks, helmets, uniforms, and other non-military equipment...
...At four I climb up and ride with the pipgs and cattle until we arrive at the ranch several hours later...
...4 In recent years the U.S...
...S&W S32ACP-71MC ammo...
...Many are armed, admittedly with ancient 30-30's from the Revolution, but nonetheless determined to face a stand-off with the repressive forces...
...S&W .38-cal...
...pistols S&W 11-75 " 5 Saw revolvers S&W 1-76 LEBANON 2,000 S&W .38-cal...
...Significantly, it did not call for the abolition of private property, merely its regulation...
...in Venezuela, OPS installed a centralized riot-control command post in Caracas...
...While the constant migration makes for a rather unstable work force which is difficult to organize, a certain continuity is added by the fact that many workers follow the same pattern each year, often working for the same ranches season after season...
...The following figures illustrate the dramatic increase in the number of migrants - rural and urban - since 1930:6 Decade 1930-1940 1940-1950 1950-1960 1960-1970 1980 (estimate) Millions of Migrants 1.8 3.5 6.2 7.5 11.0 In 1970, five major commercial crops alone (cotton, coffee, tobacco, tomatoes and sugar) employed over 600,000 migrant workers in Mexico's five major migrant streams...
...The Sinaloa Dam, in the Valley of Culiacan, for example, opened up 65,000 hectares, most of it going to enlarge the handful of wealthy growers and their U.S...
...he calls himself simply a maquilero - one who rents the tractors...
...imperialism into the Mexican countryside, fostering the rise and predominance of capitalist agriculture which is guided by the needs of the international capitalist market rather than the needs of the Mexican people...
...revolvers S&W 12-74 Judicial Police 200 S&W .38-cal...
...The capitalist class in Mexico and the U.S...
...jumped from $33 million in 1965 to $95 million in 1966...
...3 esidoents in Culiacan, linaloa, claim that some of tme largest tomato growers are also deeply involved in the drug traffic, though this is difficult to prove since few investigations or arrests have been made...
...In Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Ldzaro Cdrdenas8 the United Sugar Company founded in 1886 was also expropriated and broken up to form a collective ejido of sugar producers...
...Since 1968, Bangor Punta has absorbed several other munitions firms into its S&W Law Enforcement Group, including the General Ordnance Equipment Co...
...6 BUT POLICE AID CONTINUES...
...If the gringos want to go home let them go...
...Box 8494, Emeryville, Ca...
...DuPont de Nemours & Co...
...Several thousand hectares in Sonora were immediately expropriated from some of the most obvious land monopolies and distributed to campesinos...
...But now things are worse for us than ever...
...Box 6086, Albuquerque, N.M...
...S&W Pepper Fog gas formula rds...
...gas gun JA 2-75 " " 100 FL #570 Spedeheat CS gas proj...
...and the Canelos family, Carlos Bennen and the Tamayos, Pacific Farm Co...
...The narcotics boom brought slick buyers sporting machineguns into the mountains where the peasants, drawn by the cash or intimidated by the guns, began to grow the new crops...
...And since the growers provide no food or cooking facilities, the women - who make up about 1/5 of the migrants - often set up temporary outdoor kitchens, supplementing their incomes by cooking and washing for the rest of the crew.20 Sinaloa labor camp...
...You go and buy tomatoes now, a tomato costs 25 cents...
...gas gun S&W 4-75 . . 127 S&W #210 37mm...
...As Echeverria's Secretary of Agriculture, Oscar Brauer, put it: "When there is hunger, there is revolution...
...Manufacturer & Product Exporter Date Recipient Exporter Date RecipientQty...
...It is also the story of how a bourgeois State emerged from that Revolution and fostered the development of capitalist agriculture, while at the same time trying to soften the social and economic inequalities that this kind of development necessarily creates...
...1940's: COUNTER-REFORM FOR U.S...
...Madero feared Zapata and traveled to Morelos to offer him a large hacienda in the state of Veracruz in exchange for withdrawing his campesino army...
...Imports from Mexico, USDA, Washington, D.C., 1975...
...There it is processed and sent to the U.S...
...role in arming, training and advising foreign police forces...
...producer of firearms and law enforcement equipment for the domestic market, and also the largest exporter of such products...
...The Reform had the effect of immobilizing Mexican capital in real estate...
...and Mexico.15 Mexican grower associations were established by the Government in the 30's, and they exist today on three levels throughout the country: regional, state and national...
...revolver S&W 3-76 Sao Paulo 10 Redfield #117001 rifle scope FI 4-76 Brazilian Army 350 GOEC Mk.V Chemical Mace FI 4-76 CHILE 500000 rds...
...With little credit and assistance from the government, the ejidos remained marginal to production, while the private sector increased in size and importance...
...5. U.S...
...Once we start that organizing," says the UFW's Lyons, "the companies will respond the way growers respond anywhere...
...More recently, the Justice Department set up the El Paso Intelligence Center in Texas to break the "Mexican connection...
...2 Dozens of land occupations, affecting several thousand hectares of the rich valley lands, remain unresolved throughout the northwest, and despite the growers' insistence that the government take action to remove the squatters, Echeverria's administration is clearly afraid of the consequences of using brute force...
...Bangor Punta...
...94622...
...The USDA also projected a 35% wage increase for the 1974-75 growing season in Mexico.' This trend toward higher labor costs in Mexico gives the Florida vegetable growers a greater incentive to keep their workers disorganized and non-unionized, since the growers in each region seek their advantages by squeezing labor costs...
...companies were very interested in investing in Mexican agriculture...
...The 1810 War of Independence moved the Mexican-born Spaniards and some Spanish-Indian mestizos to the top of the social pyramid, but it did little to change the harsh life of the Indians...
...however, he warned, "This depends on the laws affecting that sector" - a clear reference to the current conflict...
...See Smith & Wesson advertisement in Police Chief (October, 1975), pp...
...revolvers S&W .38-cal...
...12 FL #280 CN Federal Streamer FI 8-74' Bermuda prison 12 FL #211 Aerottol tear gas baton FI 8-74 system 36 FL #284 CN gas cart...
...That averages out to $72 per gun, which means that Smith & Wesson's total income from the 34,075 revolvers it sold during the 30-month period covered was approximately $2,453,400...
...The Packer, January 15, 1972...
...Deardorff-Jackson is a relative newcomer to the Nogales deal...
...corporate executives stationed abroad...
...The shortages also have forced Mexico to vastly increase food imports, particularly grains, leading to the first deficit in the nation's agricultural trade balance since 1935.'s The reduction in agricultural production also has brought increasing unemployment...
...But while many ejidatarios and small farmers were ruined by the decline in cotton production, Anderson Clayton, which still controls 30% of Mexico's cotton production, used its size and flexibility to switch quickly into other crops like safflower and soya...
...revolvers FI FI FI S&W 8-74 8-74 8-74 6-75 Imperial Iranian Ground Forces Imperial Guard ISRAEL 15 S&W .38-cal...
...pistols JA 12-75 National Police 1000 .45-cal...
...In the Dominican Republic, for instance, OPS trained and equipped the "Cascos Blancos" (white helmets), the hated riot corps...
...First is the expansion of U.S...
...The story of one ejido in northern Sinaloa illustrates the problems facing the ejidatarios in obtaining credit...
...Another proposal given attention in the press was the elimination of the infamous derecho de amparo - literally the "right to protection" - which Alemin had written into the Constitution in order to protect private landowners from expropriations...
...imperialism in creating a dependent rural bourgeoisie closely aligned with U.S...
...From here the vegetables are sent all over the U;S., but principally west of the Mississippi where most Mexican vegetables are purchased...
...GOEC...
...In a nearby village there was a burial and sadness, but not resignation...
...And as in the case of regular military sales, U.S...
...FC .38-cal...
...The northwest today is characterized by an increasing concentration of lands within the modern agricultural sector...
...understand only too well: Here it is the same [as in the United States] when they use the Teamsters to stop the Chavez union...
...Export agriculture was to be the base of the new agrarian policy, with the beneficiaries being the small group of landowners and capitalists, not the thousands of ejidatarios...
...but it was in the irrigated territories of the north where they perhaps had their most dramatic consequences...
...3) furthering monopolization of land and resources by ensuring that the new irrigated districts went to capitalist owners, not landless campesinos...
...The Party of Socialist Workers (PST), one of the left groups which supports President Echeverria as a left force within the PRI, has been active in the mobilization of thousands of cane and tobacco workers in Veracruz and Puebla over the past few years...
...newspapers: All aboard for Mexico...
...They've renamed it Estaci6n Bamoa...
...4. A.B...
...When the rural bourgeoisie made it clear that even to discuss modification of these provisions was akin to heresy, the government attempted to force the landowners into accepting minimal reforms...
...This practice is still very common, but beginning in the 1940's a new method of survival opened up...
...S&W S&W SAW S&W S&W S&W S&W S&W S&W 10-74 10-74 7-75 7-75 7-75 7-75 2-76 2-76 2-76 2-76 Paraguay police "It It It "II "II "I, "II "II "II II II II II II II It PERU 1,500 FL #115 CN gas grenades JA 12-75 Civil Guard 1,260 FL #515 CS gas grenades JA 12-75 " " TRINIDAD 50 FL #6003 gas mask FI 9-73 Trin/Tob police 2 F. #452 shotgun launchers FI 9-73 " " 50 FL #455 12-gauge laucher cart...
...A series of regional Tripartite Commissions of government, growers, and representatives of the Pacto Ocampo was immediately established to resolve the land disputes in different parts of the country...
...4. NACLA interview...
...The same process of capital accumulation which concentrated lands within the large corporate holdings also created a mass of landless workers forced to sell their labor-power to the corporations by which they were dispossessed...
...S&W S38-110JHP ammo...
...In spite of these abuses, however, the program to organize unions able to protect the basic rights of workers is moving forward...
...However, he explained, the government still has not removed the squatters, and he, like the other U.S...
...Consequently Charles was raised in a produce atmosphere between Nogales and Culiacan with his father, Harry...
...s The less the grower has to depend on the distributor for credit, the higher his profits...
...A special team of narcotics agents was assigned to the U.S...
...The distributor advances money for each stage of the production, takes a commission of about 10%, and the profits are divided more or less 50-50...
...agribusiness...
...for the sales of munitions to foreign police and prison agencies since 1973.* (This information is summarized in the table below...
...revolvers S&W 5-74 Jerusalem police 70 GOEC Mk.III Chemical Mace S&W 8-74 National Police 2,000 rds...
...de Transito del Guayas...
...ISBN No...
...For decades the rural bourgeoisie has grown and strengthened under the protection of the State...
...Many of these same workers cross over into California's Imperial Valley to harvest the winter asparagus crop, then on into Salinas for the early summer lettuce - often working for the same companies who own the tomatoes they picked in Sinaloa...
...prompted the deportation of more than 200,000 Mexican immigrant workers, greatly increasing the number of unemployed workers in the Mexican countryside...
...Manufacturer & Product Exporter Date Recipient THAILAND 20 C-G V-150 Commando armored cars C-G 10-73 Royal Thai Police 2,010 FL smoke grenades JA 10-74 " I1 I1 100 S&W .22 magnum revolvers JA 11-74 ? 200 FL #203 CN gas cart...
...5. Excelsior, 3/16/76...
...It is not willing to cede even a milimeter of its land and privileges in this most recent confrontation...
...revolvers S&W .357-cal...
...Together these different organizations help coordinate production and marketing on a regional and national level...
...This may be partially explained by a law prohibiting foreigners from owning land within 50 kilom- eters of the border or coastline, making it impossible for growers to mortgage their lands to U.S...
...vegetable market and the transportation and technological advances of the Florida industry, it is not an exaggeration to say that unionization could put the Mexican growers out of business - at least out of the lucrative business of selling on the U.S...
...S&W 12HV ammo...
...agricultural technology which has played an important role in Mexico is mechanization which, despite low wages in Mexico, is proceeding to displace workers at a rapid pace - 30,000 jobs a year according to a Mexican Government study...
...revolvers S&W 6-75 #I It 500000 rds...
...The 1974 act also contained a "sense of Congress" motion (Section 502B) calling for the termination or reduction of military aid to any government which "engages in a consistent pattern of gross violations on internationally recognized human rights...
...Ibid., September 27, 1975...
...brokers, bankers and agribusiness combines, and then sold to primarily North American consumers at inflated prices...
...The growers have also built a number of rural schools in conjunction with the Ford Motor Co...
...pro- ducer of winter vegetables...
...The chains advance large sums of capital in order to assure a constant, reliable supply of produce and to avoid going through an intermediary...
...pero toda la cosecha es para el bien de los amos...
...FI 8-74) 6 FL 1.5"-cal...
...The UGOCM, as mentioned before, continues to have an important base of workers and peasants who have precipitated many strikes in the tomatoes and other crops, despite a leadership which appears to be moving more and more into the sphere of the PRI-controlled organizations...
...Military Attachd...
...revolvers S&W 6-74 " " 10 S&W .22-cal...
...Congress voted in 1976 to require advance notice of all commercial arms sales of $7 million or more, but this will not affect police sales, which rarely exceed that amount...
...agribusiness in shaping both agricultural development and class relations in the Northwest...
...Sugar production in the northwest also boomed, especially after the 1959 Cuban Revolution and the subsequent U.S...
...In addition, by organizing the best ejidos into collectives, the government hopes to partially regain its quickly eroding base of social support among a sector of the campesinos - just as Echeverria sought to strengthen the government's base within the labor movement in recent years by granting a number of important wage hikes...
...On the other hand, when there is no Florida produce on the market, inspection is very lax and they let all the garbage go through.' 0 Within the limits placed on the industry by market factors, however, the distributor calls the shots...
...With the CTM the bourgeoisie has a majority," an independent union organizer explained, "and the government can vote in favor of the workers...
...Among other things, size uniformity is said to reduce labor costs considerably at harvest time...
...The effect on the government was substantial...
...submachine guns S&W 7-75 Royal Palace 6 S&W 9mm...
...during the war...
...the often violent confrontations left more than 100 people dead in 1975...
...Labor costs are one of the few factors the grower can partially control, given that the market price of the crop and the cost of inputs like chemicals and fertilizers are all determined in the United States...
...The manager of the new bank's Culiacan branch claimed in an interview that 80% of the bank's funds will be made available to ejidatarios arid peasants, reflecting the government's need to fortify agricultural production in the ejido sector...
...SOUTH KOREA 120 S&W .38-cal . revolvers 50 FL Federal Fogger gas generator 275 S&W .38-cal . revolvers 26,500 S&W .38-cal . cartridges 300 S&W .38-cal . revolvers 286000 S&W .38-cal . cartridges 2 GOEC Star-tron viewers 60 GOEC Mk.111 Chemical Mace 200000 WI .38-cal...
...How is this possible in a country which experienced the first peasant revolution of the century, and whose government even today echoes Emiliano Zapata's cry for "land and freedom...
...police Criminal Dept., Curacao airport -- i--------`-----Qty...
...7. Noroeste (Mexico), April 8, 1976...
...Come now...
...The problems of organizing migrant farm workers are numerous: because people move from crop to crop, the union must be national, not just regional...
...S&W S38-158RN amno...
...However, particularly since the fifties when industry's ability to absorb the growing work force began to decline, thousands of migrant farm workers have sought seasonal employment in developing rural areas like the northwest and in the United States...
...Cattle ranchers, police and soldiers assassinated more than 100 campesinos in different parts of the country, including the ten left dead in the bloody Sonora massacre of October...
...Field after field of tomatoes, cucumbers and peppers form a patchwork quilt stitched by endless miles of concrete canals...
...While cotton exports used to account for nearly 1/5 of Mexico's total exports, they now represent less than 2...
...One Culiacan grower estimated that as much as $2,000 to $3,000 per hectare is invested in production of tomatoes...
...Unlike the powerful rural bourgeoisie, however, the campesinos remain unorganized and isolated from their class allies...
...revolvers S&W .38-cal...
...The only person who can produce is the one who's got his money in it...
...The Indian communities that could not escape into the nearby Sierra Madre mountains after the conquest were forced into semi-slavery to produce for the Spanish overlords...
...Wages have not kept up with inflation, and their only hope lies in pressuring the patron for a little more...
...FL #289 gas dispensers RA #870P 12-gauge shotguns rds...
...While there were fewer than 200 collective ejidos remaining by the late sixties, according to President Echeverrfa's 1975 State of the Union address there are more than 3,000 ejidos now operating collectively, and another several thousand more scheduled for reorganization...
...3. Ibid., p. 67, and interview...
...Georgelos visited various experts in California and Florida, inspecting their gassing rooms, before designing the ones for de Saracho...
...are produced by peasants in the non-irrigated areas which were seriously affected first by droughts and then by flooding in the early years of the decade...
...Agricultural exports from Mexico to the U.S...
...3. James, Pearson, "Costs and Factors Affecting Production of Fresh Tomatoes, Peppers and Cucumbers in Florida and West Mexico for U.S...
...The sombreroed men and shawled women faced 125 heavily armed troops and police agents...
...The Mexican growers, like their counterparts in the U.S., while powerful and wealthy on many levels, lack the size and flexibility of the monopolies, and react even more violently to the threats posed by the rising militancy of rural workers...
...In Sonora, about 70% of the ejidos are rented, especially in the irrigated areas of Navajoa and the Valle del Yaqui, while estimates for the percentage of rented ejidos in Sinaloa range between 40% and 80%.3 In addition to the fact that most ejido lands are located outside the irrigation districts and that individual parcels are too small to take advantage of more productive farming techniques, a major obstacle to the productivity of the ejido sector has been lack of financial credit...
...See ibid., p. 56...
...As a result of these acquisitions, Smith & Wesson produces a full line of police equipment, including handguns, riot shotguns, chemical agents, clubs, helmets, gas masks, sirens, and such specialty items as the Breathalyzer (for testing alcohol intoxication), the Identi-Kit (for developing composite drawings of suspects), and the Star-tron night vision system (for nighttime surveillance...
...19-23...
...One need only recall the bitter struggle of California's growers to stop the unionization of Cesar Chavez' United Farm Workers to get a sense of the battles ahead...
...FL CS gas formula FI 3-76 " " 1 GOEC Pepper-Fogger gas generator FI 3-76 3 Javelin #223 nite vision system FL 3-76 " " NICARAGUA 189 S&W .38-cal...
...Furthermore, they argue, the true anti-worker nature of the government and of the labor unions it dominates has demonstrated to farm workers the need for unions that are truly militant and independent of the government...
...12 SMITH & WESSON The Smith & Wesson company (S&W) of Springfield, Mass...
...SAW 1-76 Navy VENEZUELA 75 25 200 1000 50 6 6 8 200 200 150000 50 750 24,000 591 100 30 400 10,000...
...They induced the Indians to work the lands of the Church, thus achieving their slow evangelization-pacification...
...0 Loading animal feed at Anderson Clayton's plant in Culiacan.22 challenges to industry in recent years...
...Grower Roberto Tamayo of the UNPH claims that 350,000 seasonal workers are used in the nation's total vegetable production...
...The irrigation systems, the farm equipment, the crop dusters, the packing sheds - all are the latest in U.S...
...origin, with Up-John and A. L. Castle the principal suppliers of vegetable seed and Anderson Clayton still dominant in cotton seeds...
...S&W 4-75 50 S&W .38-cal...
...2. Noroeste, 6/22/76...
...Hundreds of trucks arrive daily, stopping first on the Mexican side to be inspected and cleared through both Mexican and U.S...
...In one case, the S&W representative promised to expedite an emergency airlift of riot gear to South Korea in anticipation of mass protests against a proposed constitutional amendment abrogating many democratic rights...
...Examples of such companies are James K. Wilson (annual sales of $5 million), and Kitty's Vegetable Distributors (annual sales of about $2 million...
...RA: Remington Arms Co., Bridgeport, Conn., producers of rifles and ammunition (controlled by the E.I...
...Office of Munitions Control, Licenses nos...
...Similar armies were led by Francisco Villa and Pascual Orozco in the north, also demanding land for the landless...
...Florida that year produced wer 50 percent of the tomatoes marketed, worth wer $1 12,000,000.' Lower labor costs have always been Mexico's main advantage over the Florida industry...
...The secretary of the ejido, who lives in a small dirt-floor house, explained in an interview that the public bank provides the ejido with credit, seeds (often poor quality), and fertilizers, and then arranges the sale of the crop - all at prices set by the bank...
...S&W JA JA JA 7-74 3-75 3-75 3-75 N.Ant...
...MACE is the trademark of the General Ordnance Equipment Co...
...The numerous communities banded together to fight their common enemy, forming the Confederation of Comarcan Peoples of Rio Fuerte...
...Its program included the introduction of public education, an overhaul of the judicial process and a strengthening of ties between state and federal government...
...S&W S38-110JHP ammo...
...market...
...industry was beginning to produce for the allied war effort and in the coming years looked to Mexico to supply it with cheap raw materials, agricultural products like cotton and vegetables, and cheap labor in the form of easily deportable braceros...
...Traditional landowners in the southern part of Sinaloa and elsewhere organized rural militias that terrorized peasant leaders...
...Their main reasons for getting into the deal, according to third-generation company man Tom Deardorff, were to take advantage of the truck stops the company was already making in Nogales, and to be able to supply tomatoes almost all year round...
...According to one CAADES official: We are beginning to provide advice and technical aid to ejidos and are promoting cooperatives to increase the productivity on the ejidos...
...One little movement over here, another over there doesn't harm them much...
...4. Arnaldo Cordoba, La political de masas del cardenismo, p. 14, ERA, Mexico, 1974...
...As a result, the International Police Academy was permanently closed on March 1, 1975...
...They began to discuss amongst each other in an informal way until it became generalized...
...S&W 2-76 Royal Thai Police 100 GOEC Mk.IV Chemical Mace S&W 2-76 " I1 I1 161 S&W .357-cal...
...which would play such an important role in future years...
...The key role of U.S...
...That task has been made considerably more difficult by the inability of important sectors of the bourgeoisie to share the government's broader vision of the class struggle ahead...
...for #452 JA 3-74 25 FL #715 armored bomb squad suit JA 3-74 35 FL Federal Fogger gas generator JA 3-74 80 gal...
...runaway shops in Mexico, see "Hit and Run," NACLA's Latin Empire and Empire Report July-August, 1975...
...They required volume shipments that only the largest operations could supply...
...About the time of the Sonora massacre, the government began to discuss some modifications in the Constitution 23 which would have allowed for additional land distribution to take place without seriously affecting production...
...revolvers rds...
...capital were invested in Mexican production through the Nogales distributors, the super market chains and Arizona banks...
...Eight years later, President Kennedy established the Office of Public Safety (OPS) in the Agency for International Development (AID) to expand and systematize such aid...
...S&W S38-158RN ammo...
...Following the invasion and occupation of Mexico by North American troops in 1846, nearly half of the entire land area was seized by the United States, along with the 15 million Mexican citizens who lived in what is now the U.S...
...Men, women and children also travel the highways and dirt roads that take them from their willages into the heart of U.S...
...revolvers FI FI FI FI FI S&W FI S&W S&W S&W S&W S&W S&W S&W S&W S&W S&W S&W 8-74 10-74 10-74 10-74 10-74 3-75 5-75 6-751 6-75 ) 7-75) 7-75 7-75 7-75 7-75 7-75 7-75 10-75 2-76 Min...
...JA 6-75 750 FL #219 Spedeheat CN gas proj...
...revolvers S&W .22-cal...
...supermarkets...
...Francisco Gallardo, another major grower in Culiacan, is commonly believed to be heavily involved in the heroin business, though he has never been brought to trial...
...I wish that [the movement in Mexico and the U.S.] were closer...
...It was given the name "Proletarian Emancipation...
...The company now ships Mexican vegetables from December to May, and California fruit and vegetables from June through December...
...imports of such labor intensive crops as tomatoes, melons, cucumbers and strawberries - all of which used large numbers of low-paid Mexican seasonal workers in the U.S...
...In Hong Kong, for instance, the Polak, Winters representative was aided by Dow Cheplical, and in Singapore by the American Presidents Line...
...3. Claudio Cabdoub, La historia del Valle del Fuerte, p. 310, Mexico, 1970, cited in Cynthia Hewitt de Alcantara, The Social and Economic Implications of Large Scale Introduction of New Varieties of Food Grains, Country Report: Mexico...
...arrange labor contracts for seasonal workers...
...The government has proven itself incapable of forcing any reforms upon the bourgeoisie and demonstrated its diminishing control over the campesinos...
...CN gas shell S&W 2-74 " 50 S&W #2 CN gas grenade S&W 2-74 " " 100 S&W #2 CS gas grenade S&W 2-74 " 3 Bomb disposal suits FI 8-74 " " 96 S&W #17 CN gas grenade S&W 10-74 MEXICO 1,500 S&W .38-cal...
...1 3 The reduction in agricultural output has had important effects on the rest of the economy...
...That the crisis was centered particularly in the sector producing for the internal market reflects (1) that in the past, most resources have been pumped into the export sector, (2) that governmental price policies traditionally kept the price of basic foods stable (until 1974) in order to provide cheap food for the urban industrial sectors, and (3) that much of the basic foods (corn, beans, etc...
...A banker from Culiacan estimated the local profits from the production and sale of narcotics at $120 million a year - some of this is invested in legal operations like tomato production, while a large part is deposited in foreign banks, such as the Goldwater-associated Valley National Bank in Arizona...
...s9-90JSP ammo...
...Zapata and his poorly equipped troops carried out a brilliant guerrilla war against the federal troops of Madero and the procession of generals who followed him over the next six years...
...and (3) converting the inefficient haciendas into smaller and more productive units...
...Arguing that the police constitute "the first line of defense against subversion" in troubled Third World countries, OPS opened the International Police Academy (IPA) in Washington, D.C...
...dominated agribusiness: Culiacan, Hermosillo, Mexicali, Coachella, Los Angeles, Delano, Phoenix, Sacramento...
...The anti-union strategy of the growers ultimately rests with the capability of the CTM farm unions to control the rural workforce...
...Jose Luis Ceceia, et al., Sinaloa: Crecimiento agricola y desperdicio, Instituto de Investigaciones Econ6micas, UNAM, Mexico, 1973...
...revolvers S&W 3-76 Pol ice Academy 131 S&W .38-cal...
...citizens directly involved in production in Mexico at the time may have been small, but they supplied the largest portion of the credit and capital and took the lion's share of the profits...
...20-27...
...This is what the government ultimately is trying to avoid...
...S&W S38-158JHP ammo...
...Because the DEA-supplied hardware is almost identical to the OPS-supplied equipment, and since most foreign police units engage in both conventional and anti-drug programs, GAO concluded that it would be difficult to detect or prevent violations of the 1974 act...
...Families like Tamayo, Clouthier, Cardenas and Ritz - all vegetable growers in partnership with North Americans - own the distributorships for U.S...
...Police Exports to the Third World In the past three years alone, U.S...
...In the Laguna district in north central Mexico, for example, there were some 104 strikes by farm workers in 1935 alone...
...Sixty years of promises from corrupt officials, and still nothing...
...Subscriptions: $10 per year for individuals ($18 for two years), $16 per year for non-profit institutions ($30 for two years...
...S&W 3-76 80 GOEC Mk.IV Chemical Mace S&W 3-76) 45 S&W gas mask S&W 3-76) State Police, 200 S&W #17 37mm...
...However, labor insurgency in the past two years in Mexico has brought werall costs there closer to those in Florida, where transportation is cheaper and there are no import duties to pay...
...What has happened to the Mexican Revolution...
...Manufacturer & Product Exporter Date Recipient SAUDI ARABIA 435 200 6 5 500 365 400 20 40 200 200 200 600000 500000 30000 500000 3,150 3,150 FL #6003 gas masks FL #457 gas gun launcher cart...
...For a grower with a spread of several hundred or thousand hectares, the capital investment can be in the millions...
...revolvers S&W 1-76 I1 I1 1,000 S&W 12-gauge launching cart...
...In Mexico, foreigners cannot own land within 50 kilometers of the coast, and according to the Constitution, no one can own more than 100 hectares...
...4. "Uruguay Police Agent Exposes U.S...
...Leadership of the association has tended to come from the old-time Arizona distributors rather than the more recently involved California interests...
...capital and forging a rural working class with opposite goals and interests...
...The more modern representatives of agribusiness, however - the growers of wheat and vegetables, for example - more often have responded in ways which correspond to their new class conditions: their ability to mobilize support among industrial and financial circles to which they are tied and their influence over the government even at federal levels.23 In December, 1975, in response to the government land expropriations, the landowners of Sonora and Sinaloa organized an industry-wide work stoppage...
...The WMVDA maintains a lobby in Washington D.C...
...See Rolando Cordero, op...
...Antonio Vargas MacDonald, Siempre (Mexico), May 12, 1976...
...9 COMMERCIAL SALES As suggested by the accompanying table, commercial sales of police hardware is a booming business - far surpassing the value of goods provided under the Public Safety program...
...gas guns FI 10-74 Bermuda Regiment 6 Colt M16 auto rifles & cart...
...Above all, they take the control over the workers' lives away from the grower and return it to the workers themselves...
...revolvers S&W 4-75 " 322 SA .38-cal...
...However, the heart of the program to develop a revolutionary alternative in the countryside is the independent organization of farm workers, who at this time do not share even the minimal protection offered by unionization...
...manufacturers of riot gases...
...cartridges 310 S&W .38-cal...
...harvests...
...it exploded...
...Thousands of young women pack tomatoes for export in large sheds owned by U.S...
...Support is also given to the reorganization and collectivization of the ejidos, but the emphasis is on the need for their democratization and independence from the State...
...The resistance of the Yaquis and other groups to the north was even stronger...
...S&W 3-76 50 GOEC Mk.IV Chemical Mace S&W 3-76 710 S&W .38-cal...
...8 Since 1973, however, there has been a slow-down in the vegetable industry...
...Manufacturer & Product Exporter Date Recipient Manufacturer & Product Exporter Date RecipientQty...
...Their societies were communal...
...farm equipment, automobile, fertilizer and pesticide products...
...The campesinos, however, were not waiting...
...Nearly 1/3 of that income is spent just on food...
...This situation may lead the outsider to conclude that political organizing among farm workers in the northwest is impossible...
...The colonizing companies, financed mainly by New York and Los Angeles banks, placed ads in the U.S...
...capitalists were receiving 77% of Mexico's mineral exports, had taken control of the railroads and oil fields and, along with other foreigners, dominated Mexican agriculture...
...Excelsior, December 1, 1975...
...A reporter described the scene, "On the ground there were pools of blood, straw, sombreros, torn clothing, old blankets and hardened tortillas...
...Barbara is married to a son of the Bon Bustamante family of Sinaloa, a classic prestanombre (name lender) family which associated years ago with Jimmy's and Barbara's father...
...One possibility was to change the maximum hectarage of private property holdings in the irrigated district from 100 hectares per person to 20...
...Noroeste, April 6, 1976, May 9, 1976...
...INDIAN LABOR: FROM CHURCH YOKE TO CAPITALIST BONDAGE In the 1850's the Mexican Republic faced a decisive moment in its history...
...the current wave of land occupations which have locked growers, government and campesinos in a violent fever-pitched battle...
...When the growers demanded that the squatters be removed, the government ordered the Pacto Ocampo groups to retire their members...
...0-916024-18-0 ISSN No...
...Irrigation systems, new technology and the capital to employ hundreds of salaried workers gave them an enormous competitive advantage over the more traditional and less capital-intensive haciendas...
...Land was distributed to campesinos only when necessary...
...Military Apparatus (New York: NACLA, 1972), pp...
...8 The GAO also reported that the State Department has so far declined to take any action under Section 502B despite evidence of widespread abuses, and that the Department of Defense Was continuing to supply police-type equipment to military units used in internal security and martial law operations...
...These teams - made up of former members of the FBI, Military Police and civil police agencies - provided training to over one million policemen in the Third World...
...Department of State The Companies: C-G: Cadillac Gage Co., Warren, Mich., produces the V-150 "Commando" armored car...
...F1 4-75 100 FL #206 CN.projectiles FI 4-75 " " 100 FL #233 CN blast projectiles FI 4-75 " " 200 FL #6003 gas mask FI 4-75 " " 12 SAW #21 37mm...
...This action represented a serious challenge to the PRI-controlled State which in Mexico had traditionally designed and directed the organizations representing the different classes...
...The trucks roll back and forth across the borders, the capital flows in and out of rich men's pockets regardless of citizenship, the corporations have the same names and characteristics wherever they are found: Deardorf Jackson, Mayer, Northrup King, Anderson Clayton...
...Agricultural strikes and land occupations in the 1950's by the Communist-led Independent Peasant Confederation (CCI) in several states were signs that another major conflict was around the corner...
...223-cal...
...Mexican growers see the WGA as a model organization, and its influence in the Mexican vegetable industry can only be expected to grow as California corporate interests invest more in Mexican vegetable production...
...21-27...
...The Roman Catholic Church controlled one-third of the arable land, hoarded the majority of available capital and exercised dominion over the Indian labor supply...
...Eighty percent of the workers here only belong to the CTM union because they have to, and they tell me that they expect things to get worse rather than better with the charros...
...This export-oriented agrarian policy consisted of: (1) slowing land distribution and crippling government-run institutions like the Ejido Bank that had made the ejidos viable...
...Besides the distributors, the growers have gone to two other main sources for credit: (1) The supermarket chains like Luckys and Safeway, which both have offices in Nogales, have financed certain producers over the years...
...In the late fifties and sixties, when cotton production was booming, the growers of Sinaloa and Sonora sought to * The Culiacan Growers Association (AARC) began a rural housing project in the sixties to deal with the problem of squatters who often built homes alongside the roads and then eventually occupied the growers' lands next to them...
...revolvers S&W .38-cal...
...Then between 1920 and 1924, in response to pressure from the still active campesinos, close to 1.2 million hectares were distributed, benefitting 100,000...
...And in Sinaloa alone, there were 76 invasions last year...
...embargo caused North American sugar brokers to buy more heavily from Mexico...
...after all, a lot of industry came to Florida looking to get away from unions in the north...
...any which is not legal will be expropriated and paid for at a good price...
...In past years, however, there has been a resurgence of efforts by the workers to organize militant, independent unions, and that is something for the growers to worry about...
...Just as factions of the industrial bourgeoisie failed to grasp the long-range importance of a number of Echeverria's changes in foreign investment and technology laws21 so the rural bourgeoisie has balked at any attempts to ease the class conflict by modifying their traditional position of unchallenged privilege...
...revolvers S&W .357-cal...
...In fact, the double exploitation by growers and corrupt unions has led many farm workers to be skeptical about the possibility of organizing unions altogether, and to place their hopes instead on owning a small plot of land...
...05 .45 source: UNPH,USDAMexican Heroin Connection The gum, painstakingly collected by the peasant producers from the heroin poppies, is taken by the buyers to clandestine laboratories in the coastal cities of Sinaloa...
...This tells me that they have no hope for unionization...
...garrisons, markets and profit-seeking investors...
...The exclusive support of the State, and the approval of the growers gives the CTM a power that must never be underestimated...
...and serve as powerful political pressure groups to influence government agrarian policies...
...and Mexican growers.14 The modern agribusiness enterprise combines the latest high-cost technology and low-cost labor in ranches that extend over thousands of acres...
...This was dramatically expressed by a packing-shed worker in the north of Sinaloa, who said, "We see every day that we can't live on the miserable salary that they pay us...
...FL smoke fog formula FI FI FI FI FI FI FI FI FI FI 8-73 National Service of Information 12-75 Brazilian Army 1 _7c I -I7U 2-76 2-76 2-76 2-76 2-76 2-76 2-76 "a II II II II II II II II II Latin America Quan- tity Manufacturer & Product I " r II II ItQty...
...The Yaqui Valley has the richest and deepest soil in the world...
...The government has made many efforts to strengthen production in the campo, from the unification of the agricultural credit banks, more resources for agricultural research, strong support to the agencies doing this work...
...The list of abuses committed by the charros against the field and packing-shed workers is endless...
...Look, a young girl who works in the casa grande, as it's called here - at three months of age she finds herself owner of 74 hectares of land...
...For the first time in thirty years the land distributions affected the irrigated districts of capitalist agriculture, largely in response to militant demands from farm workers who were employed on the agribusiness enterprises...
...which would have made the plots reasonably productive...
...For years the only employment available was to descend into the valleys and work during the cotton, sugar cane and tomato harvests...
...According to industry spokesmen, most sales are initiated by overseas sales representatives or commercial agents working on a commission basis...
...business interests has been equally heated...
...In the current conflict between the rural bourgeoisie and the campesinos, in any case, it seems clear that Echeverrfa is attempting to represent and defend the general, long-run class interests of the bourgeoisie, while at the same time trying to conciliate and postpone the most violent manifestations of the conflict...
...agribusiness into the northwest...
...Ibid., January 19, 1974...
...investors who control the deadly trade...
...This section of the Report will trace the development of agriculture in the northwest, highlighting the role of U.S...
...capitalists to benefit from the lucrative conces- sions was ex-President Ulysses S. Grant, who went on to build an empire from these profits...
...S&W amno...
...Dun and Bradstreet, op...
...Today the majority of the population of the Sierra Madre region is said to be involved in the drug traffic in one way or another...
...Markets with Fresh Winter Produce, Capabilities of U.S...
...S&W 6-75 La Paz -- for 12 S&W #23 CS 12-gauge barricade- S&W 6-75 demonstration piercing proj...
...Between the two, they supplied less than a fifth of all agricultural credit extended in 1960.4 A new bank, however, was recently created to centralize the government's rural credit operations: the Banco Nacional de Credito Rural...
...Why should they," asked one worker, "there's no one to pressure them, neither government nor union...
...The Bon Bustamentes are reported to control about 12,000 hectares of land in Sinaloa...
...With arms raised, the campesino leader, 27-year-old Juan de Dios Teran, walked toward the commanding colonel to surrender...
...The conditions in the packing sheds, which hire mostly young women, are no better than in the fields...
...Most assassinations of peasants which were not carried out directly by the army or police, for example, were done by cattle ranchers - a sector of the bourgeoisie which still remains relatively isolated from the more modern sectors of its class...
...However, the government made two serious miscalculations: (1) it greatly underestimated the power and unity of 24 the rural bourgeoisie, and (2) it overestimated the degree of control which the State's corrupt campesino organizations maintained over their increasingly militant members...
...Winning strikes will be just as hard, as they must be recognized as legal by the same board...
...JA 4-75 " " ECUADOR 10,000 S&W .38 cal...
...87107 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111Merchants of Repression U.S...
...expand the work force by establishing a labor contracting organization in conjunction with the Mexican government...
...The property north of the boundary established by the Treaty of Guadalupe was swindled away from its Mexican owners over the next 20 years...
...customs officials and other government agencies crucial to the functioning of the industry...
...However in 1971 the UFW sent several organizers from California to Florida, where they found 2000 Black workers at Coca Cola's Minute Maid Orange groves already demanding improvement of their conditions...
...What is the only road open to us...
...growers will mechanize their labor intensive crops and export production of certain items to Third World countries like Mexico, just as in the case of the industrial runaway shops...
...The commercial sector in the northwest, owned for the most part by the growers, closed down their businesses, and industrial and banking organizations made statements supporting the landowners' action...
...misc...
...revolvers S&W 10-74 Metrop...
...Roberto Tamayo, for example, one of the largest Culiacan growers, is currently president of the UNPH...
...S&W S38-158RN ammo...
...The head of their gassing operations is Charles Georgelos, from one of the ten or so wealthy Greek families who 4 4" together control nearly 20,000 hectares in the Culiacan valley...
...agribusiness into the northwest has sped the development of modern capitalist agriculture and the class structure which it creates...
...Still another was the United Sugar Co...
...4 The distributor becomes the contact between the Mexican grower and the U.S...
...68-70, 1975, P.O...
...7 (The bulk of this increase has come from multimillion dollar loans from the World Bank and other international lending institutions, greatly increasing Mexico's foreign debt...
...MARKETING AND THE NOGALES DISTRIBUTORS Nogales, on the border between Arizona and Sonora, ip the bustling commercial center through which nearly two-thirds of all Mexican produce is exported...
...One distributor claims the cost of production per hectare of green tomatoes in the 40's was $80...
...rounds Mk...
...The capitalist landowners, then as now, fought bitterly to retain their individual interests...
...capitalists...
...Also included were a company-paid medical plan and a base wage of $2.60 in 1975...
...agribusiness techniques into the northwest, however, have been (1) a further concentration of resources within large corporate farms, (2) a drain on Mexico's balance of payments, and (3) the displacement of thousands of farm workers by machines...
...revolvers S&W 3-76 Police TURKEY 34 C-G V-150 Commando armored car C-G 11-73 National Police Africa CAMEROUN 20 S&W #67 gas mask S&W 7-75 Security Forces 6 S&W #103 CN gas grenade Kits S&W 7-75 20 GOEC #434 Barrier Vest S&W 6-75 50 GOEC Mk.III Chemical Mace S&W 6-75 " " ETHIOPIA 330 S&W .38-cal...
...The contractor then puts the people in a labor camp he owns, and takes a portion of their wages for food, rent, and the right to have the job...
...The next big surge came sometime in the late-50s, after a Los Angeles produce man, Harold Chiles, teamed up with Mexican grower Tribolet and experimented with the first shipments of vine-ripe tomatoes...
...The survivors vowed, "We are not beaten, we want the land and we will have it...
...8. Stopping U.S...
...Cardenas approached agrarian reform differently for he believed that the ejido could be economically as well as politically viable...
...and Mexican capitalists in the northwest...
...imperialism and the Mexican State in the tumultuous history which transformed the site of the world's first major peasant revolution into a center of modern capitalist agriculture dominated by U.S...
...I don't see my house or family by daylight...
...Produces tearing, burning sensations, dizziness and apathy...
...Millionaire tomato grower Hector Gonzalez of Culiacan, who hires 2000 workers at peak harvest, explained this arrangement during an interview in terms that farm workers in the U.S...
...drug buyers were cut off from their traditional suppliers of heroin in Turkey, China and Indonesia and began to look to Mexico for a nearby source...
...And at an average cost of $100,000, the 296 V-150 "Commando" armored cars sold by the Cadillac-Gage Company were worth an estimated $29,600,000 - not counting spare parts, training, etc...
...When you try to organize in the packing sheds the patrones send the charros after you and they do everything they can to run you off...
...police programs after the Congressional aid cut-off of 1973...
...As for the campesinos themselves, the promise of land sounded good in theory...
...ammo...
...3. Wall Street Journal, 5/3/67...
...S&W 4-74 35,000 S&W #18 37mm...
...It shook the government up pretty bad, but this year it is a much bigger group, much more powerful, and it would have tremendous impact on the entire northwest...
...Just as the government had hoped to force the bourgeoisie into accepting changes for its own good, so the bourgeoisie wanted to demonstrate its strength before the government...
...4 Cardenas, as head of the National Revolutionary Party (PNR), set out to bring peace to the countryside by distributing massive amounts of land - nearly 18 million hectares to some 800,000 campesinos, more than all of the previous "revolutionary" governments put together...
...revolver S&W 3-76 Regional Police- 8 S&W .38-cal...
...NACLA spoke with vegetable millionaire Hector Gonzalez in Culiacan the day following a conference with Echeverria in January...
...One farm worker described an average day in his life: I leave home at two or three in the morning and walk to the road where a company truck passes by...
...The growers seemed satisfied that they would control the Commissions, not expecting much opposition from the other members...
...revolvers S&W 11-74 " " 175 SAW .38-cal...
...In some cases, the money advanced at any one point may be as much as $50,000 or $60,000, and by the end of the season, the distributor may have.put up as much as a half million dollars...
...Manufacturer & Product Exporter Date Recipient BOLIVIA 12 S&W .38-cal...
...To take the land by force, work the land...
...97888 and 97889, June 16, 1975...
...border area increasingly have to include the Mexican struggle as part of their own...
...connection" is broken can there be hope of eradicating the narcotics trade that enslaves the small producers as well as the consumers...
...of Interior 2000 rds...
...Sinaloa's Governor Alfonso Calder6n, for example, who has tried to mediate the current land-invasion conflict, rose to power as a CTM leader in the statewide electrical workers union...
...Trade unions organize rural workers into mass organizations to defend their class interests, give them greater economic and political power through higher wages and strikes, and help obtain the minimal democratic rights necessary for further political organization...
...revolvers 410000 FC .38-cal . cartridges 25 S&W .38-cal...
...of Interior Min...
...The main effects of extending U.S...
...An UGOCM leader even claimed that it was the growers who were actually supporting the continued invasions in an attempt to prevent the Secretary of Agrarian Reform from carrying out the business of redistributing land...
...3 NACLA'S LATIN AMERICA & EMPIRE REPORT Vol...
...The alliance of the old and new landowners proved to be especially profitable to the North American interests in the Northwest, which in the 1920's began to grow and export vegetables to the U.S...
...TWO CASE STUDIES There are dozens of examples which illustrate the closer relations that exist between specific U.S...
...13 S&W is believed to control 75 percent of the domestic market for these products, and a substantial share of the international market...
...Spokesmen for CAADES, one of the most powerful grower organizations in Mexico, say they have been discussing with Echeverria the possibility of joint ventures between the growers and collectivized ejidos in order to assure that they function properly...
...Florida farm workers strike Coca Cola for thel...
...Sometimes the work goes on until 2 a.m...
...He oversaw the creation of the National Peasants Confederation (CNC) to garner support for his agrarian reforms, and in a few instances even gave guns to the ejidatarios to defend their lands for the vigilantes...
...The Spaniards had to use subtle methods in their conquest of the Confederation...
...agribusiness empire, helping to forge a highly capitalized export economy dependent on U.S...
...schools...
...revolvers S&W 1-76 Police Academy 131 S&W .38-cal...
...FI: Fargo International, Kensington, Md., distributors of police arms...
...The President has assured us," gloated Gonzalez, "that the Constitution will not be changed...
...In the last few months there have been an estimated 50 "invasions" involving 10,000 hectares in the northwest...
...S&W FL CN Federal Streamer JA rds...
...It is within this context that the conflict in the countryside takes on its true dimensions...
...revolvers 1,442 S&W .38-cal . revolvers 183 S&W .38-cal . revolvers 1 GOEC Star-tron viewer 3,550 FL #555 CS gas grenades 90,000 rds...
...to Bolivian 12 GOEC Chemical Mace S&W 6-75 police BRAZIL 10,000 rds...
...S&W 10-74 Public Security HQ 30 S&W 9mm.-cal...
...The growers are fearful of the unionization drives...
...interests and northwest Mexican growers: G.A.C...
...The termination of the Public Safety program has not meant an end to U.S...
...In many ways, this 1819 has been the major roadblock to securing the seeds, chemicals, equipment, etc...
...As additional data becomes available through the FOIA, it will be summarized in future issues of the Report...
...2) bringing 690,000 hectares of previously unproductive land under cultivation by financing costly irrigation and transportation systems...
...Former U.S...
...This same amount is sold for $12,000 to the processor and, much diluted, it could be sold for as much as $1 million on street corners in the U.S...
...Then there began a general discontent among the workers of the packing shed, the poor people...
...Excelsior, January 12, 1976...
...revolvers S&W .32-cal...
...5 Finally, as a result of pressure brought to bear by human rights groups and the antiwar movement, Congress voted in 1973 to prohibit the use of foreign aid funds for police training in foreign countries...
...Vegetables are just too risky a crop...
...SAW S9-115FMC ammo...
...CS gas proj...
...revolvers JA 1-75 Govt...
...According to workers at the packing shed, the minimum wage is never paid there...
...revolvers S&W 1-76 Army Internal Se- curity Forces NEPAL 25 Mauser HSC .380 auto...
...2. Statistics from Florida Department of Agriculture and CAADES...
...narcotics control assistance for riot control and counterinsurgency purposes...
...Wilson went on to explain that the growers are planning another work stoppage: All of the private sector of the northwest is getting together like they did last year...
...This study was inspired by the United Farm Workers Union's struggle against U.S...
...grenade proj...
...pistol ammo...
...This is part of a trend that has reduced the percentage of farm laborers in the U.S...
...Under this provision a landowner is issued a certificate guaranteeing his protection against expropriation...
...Shortages of crops like corn, beans and wheat have led to yearly inflation rates of food prices ranging from 28% in 1973 to 22% in 1975.'4 The cut in workers' buying power has contributed to the rising militancy of industrialized workers, causing serious ECONOMIC CRISIS The current Echeverria administration took power in early 1971, when the Mexican economy entered a period of constant instability and inflation, reflecting both the international capitalist crisis and internal problems...
...The traditional hacienda system was too inefficient to produce for the foreign market, and in spite of 250 years of domination, many of the self-sustaining Indian com- munities remained intact...
...gas gun FI 4-75 Trinidad police 200 FL CN gas grenades FI 4-75 6 FL #450A gas gun launcher FI 4-75 50 FL #457 gas gun launcher cart...
...The grower...
...to furnish "banks, brokerage houses and other businesses" in the United States and abroad, "a total systems approach to security problems...
...Zapata realized that he had been betrayed...
...S&W S22LR-MX ammo...
...The local population of the northwest still only accounts for a little more than a third of the region's agricultural workforce, but since the rapid decline of cotton production after 1970,* there have been more than enough workers all year round...
...It is no wonder, then, that farm workers fight back equally hard with the only power that they possess: their labor power...
...These organizers around here could give lessons to Chavez...
...rifle ammo...
...Carlos Pereyra, in Excelsior, January 19, 1976...
...JA ?-74 " " 450 FL #280 CN Federal Streamer FI 5-75 Comm...
...103-06...
...Another famous pioneer in the northwest was the Sinaloa Land Co...
...In 1971, Mexico also imported $14 million in seeds from the United States, and $2 million in winter vegetable seeds alone...
...dropped sharply...
...The same violent process, however, is occurring throughout all the agrarian states of the country...
...Using these listings, NACLA has been able to calculate the value of some commodities...
...revolver S&W 1-76 Honduras police 100 S&W .38-cal...
...5 Corruption of Mexican businessmen and government officials, however, is only half the reason why it will be difficult to stop the drug traffic...
...S&W 11-75 It I( 60000 rds...
...Their role within the industry is rising...
...10 710 200 300 SAW .38-cal...
...The 1917 Constitutional land reform, embodied in Article 27, empowered the State to annul the enormous land and resource concessions given out since 1856, and create ejidos - plots not exceeding 10 hectares which the government could grant to individuals, but which the ejidatario could neither sell nor rent...
...This Report will focus on the land struggle in the vast irrigated territory of the Mexican northwest...
...Documents acquired by Polak, Winter and submitted to a Federal Judge in San Francisco indicate that S&W officials traveled around the world to demonstrate their products and to develop contacts with local police officials...
...FOOTNOTES: 1. See: Nancy Stein and Michael Klare, "Police Aid for Tyrants," in NACLA Handbook: The U.S...
...When the UFW expands its organizing into the vegetables, it will face the problem of runaway crops...
...Santiago" Wilson, Jimmy's and Barbara's fathermoved from the U.S...
...AGRIBUSINESS Unlike the economically depressed and politically turbulent thirties when Cardenas began his reforms, the beginning of the next decade was relatively stable and economically promising, The intense period of agrarian reform had lessened the tensions in the countryside, as reflected in a higher rate of private investment in agriculture...
...A closer look at the recent conflict in the northwest between the rural bourgeoisie, the campesinos and the government will show how the Echeverria administration has found itself increasingly incapable of protecting the bourgeoisie while pacifying the workers and peasants...
...between one- seventh and one-fifth of the total land surface of Mexico, and an even higher portion of the best lands for agriculture...
...As in other parts of the Republic, the Yaqui and Mayo Indians of the northwest responded to the colonizing companies with numerous but largely spontaneous armed rebellions and raids...
...Another new gas on the market, Purafil, is used to slow down the ripening process so that tomatoes can be held for days at a time when the market drops off...
...They were marked by social inequalities and rivalries, but the lands they lived, worked and hunted upon were based on a system of communal use, not private property...
...CS gas proj...
...As prices for vegetables soared and the volume coming out of Mexico increased, a number of U.S...
...5 Consequently, an ever greater number of peasants are forced into the rural proletariat...
...The main characteristics of the government credit institutions have been a lack of sufficient resources to finance agricultural development adequately and lending policies concerned primarily with guaranteeing repayment of the loan...
...Unemployment in the northwest has worsened in the past five years as cotton production has plummeted, the vegetable deal has slowed down, and as more resources are being concentrated in low-risk, high-profit grains which use relatively little labor...
...agribusiness is in Mexico to stay, making the project of organizing the rural proletariat not only a possibility but a necessity...
...In Sinaloa, where the development of corporate farming has grown more quickly than elsewhere, the number of farm workers doubled between 1960 and 1970 - from 66,000 to 126,000.1 The majority of these workers are permanent members of the proletariat - which is not to say they are permanently employed, only that they are permanently landless and without recourse to other means of income...
...Such was the total support for large private landholdings and disdain for the ejidos that President Calles declared in 1930 "agrarianism is a failure" and urged that the large landholdings be reconstituted...
...As conditions worsened, groups of campesinos organized protests in the states of Veracruz, Michoacan, and Tamaulipas...
...This section will look at one key sector of northwest agriculture - winter vegetable production - through which we hope to clarify the role of U.S...
...Consequently the ejido is now selling its cotton directly to Hohenburg, a large multinational cotton company...
...It's time to take the land...
...which displaced numerous villages to develop 58,000 hectares for sale...
...Support from the campesinos and workers is crucial at a time when the Echeverria administration unintentionally antagonized sectors of-the very class it is ultimately trying to protect: the bourgeoisie...
...The growers prefer to hire families, because they are less able to move about and therefore more likely to stay through the end of the final pick...
...banks have also been important sources of credit...
...Labor is also the only advantage the Mexican producer has over the Florida growers, whose operations are actually more productive...
...A grower hires a labor contiactor to provide workers when they are needed...
...Indicative of the industry's growing ability to coordinate the actions of its numerous competitors, the UFFVA in cooperation with the UNPH has launched a major promotional drive of fresh fruit and vegetables in nearly 10,000 supermarkets across the United States...
...For over a dozen years the growers have paid "dues" to the corrupt leaders of the powerful Confederation of Mexican Workers (CTM) for the admitted purpose of preventing genuine unionization of farm workers...
...And to the south, the seizure brought Sonora, Baja California, Sinaloa and the other northern states to the doorstep of U.S...
...14-23...
...Given the rate of inflation, however, real wages - the workers' buying power - are actually lower now than they were in 1972...
...One of the leaders of that historic strike recalls the highlights of it...
...agribusiness companies control much of the region's production...
...Secure in his belief that the "inefficient" ejido would soon give way to capitalist agriculture, Calles named as his successor a popular governor from the state of Michoacan, Lazaro Cardenas...
...It is likely that the present conflict will trigger the CTM into a new "organizing" drive, supported by the growers who prefer a sell-out union to an independent one...
...Cuba had been an important supplier of winter vegetables to the United States, and had potential for far greater expansion - particularly in the East Coast market which has never been the main focus of the Mexican deal...
...According to the Packer, a U.S...
...In effect, the State is being transformed into a huge agribusiness corporation in partnership with the private sector, while the ejidatarios are being changed into wage laborers on their own lands...
...Since 1950, the number of landless farm workers in Mexico has soared from 1.5 million, representing only 30% of the people employed in agriculture, to nearly 5 million, well over half of the agricultural work force...
...3 1 Right now the Echeverria government is awkwardly vacillating, showing itself incapable of pleasing either the bourgeoisie or the popular classes in its efforts to pacify the class struggle...
...NACLA interview with CAADES official, Nogales, January 1976...
...S&W 1-76 150 GOEC Mk.V Chemical Mace S&W 2-76 " " NETHERLANDS ANTILLES 30 50,000 3,000 5,000 qts...
...I remember in 1973, it cost him three-fourths of a million pesos to buy a Caterpillar tractor...
...revolver S&W 12-74 Customs Patrol 36 S&W 9mm...
...By 1975, however, the pendulum was swinging back...
...It barely buys us enough food, much less to send our little ones to school, or to buy them clothes and shoes...
...Later when the price of cotton plummeted, the ejido received no money at all from the bank for a crop which had already been delivered and stored in the bank's warehouse...
...it fulfilled their elementary demands...
...There is a federal minimum wage which applies to farm workers, but it is seldom enforced...
...interests to Mexico, and the sole advantage the Mexico deal holds over Florida is, of course, the exploitation of thousands of Mexican farm workers...
...companies involved in the northwest, is allowing the Mexican growers to take the overt role in pressuring the government...
...The weight of the CTM, finally, is also felt in the important Board of Conciliation and Arbitration (Junta de Conciliaci6n y Arbitraje) which settles all labor disputes and approves or disapproves all union charters...
...Today vegetable exports - two-thirds of which come from Sinaloa - are a cornerstone of the Mexican economy, representing 9% of the nation's total agricultural output and over 10% of all commercial transactions between Mexico and other countries Mexico now supplies over 60% of all fresh vegetables consumed each year in the United States between December and May...
...We have begun the rescue of our free enterprise...
...Jose Luis Cecefia, et al., op...
...and Jos4 Luis Cecefia, et al., op...
...banks for credit, and thus reducing the bank's interest in financing them directly...
...A year later, following further disclosure of OPS abuses, Congress voted - in the Foreign Assistance Act of 1974 - to abolish all Public Safety programs, including training in the United States...
...This ejido encompasses several thousand hectares, and lies just south of Los Mochis...
...CN gas shell SAW 12-751 Prison Dept., 12 S&W #17 37mm...
...and Mexican partnership expressed it: The patrones are very interested in keeping us separated, and as long as we are disorganized they will keep taking advantage of us...
...revolver S&W 4-74 Cuerpo Especial de Seguridad 73 S&W .38-cal...
...The main thrust of government policies in agriculture has been (1) to increase the amount of money poured into the countryside from 10% of the federal budget in 1970 to 20% in 1975...
...Copyright Q 1976 by the North American Congress on Latin America, Inc...
...The following section will explore the conditions of this rural work force and the nature of the struggle it is waging against the agrarian bourgeoisie and U.S...
...Accordingly, Cardenas also enacted legislation to (1) collectivize the formerly individual ejidos so that they could function on a larger and more efficient scale, (2) give ejidos preference for water and irrigated lands, and (3) create the State institutions needed to make the ejidos work, most important among these the Ejido Credit Bank...
...Companies that agreed to promote irrigation, furthermore, were given control of rivers and all the minerals found around them...
...GOEC Pepper Fog CS formula S&W 10-75 " " 5 GOEC Pepper Fog gas generator S&W 10-75 " " 1 GOEC Star-tron viewer S&W 10-75 S.W.A.T...
...gas gun GOEC Mk.V Chemical Mace FL CS gas generator FL #235 CN gas kit with #201 gas guns & extra grenades FL #6004 gas mask qts...
...Production in Mexico expanded much faster than in the United States where wages were rising and resources wereoriented towards the war...
...5. I. C. Van Buskirk, "Bondage in Florida Fields," The Guardian (New York), May 5, 1976...
...Much more important are the mafia-related U.S...
...unit 200 S&W #104 CS gas grenade S&W 1-76 Prison Department INDONESIA Qty...
...900,000 hectares of land which had been granted to campesinos in Sinaloa remained in the hands of the growers...
...It is less clear what would have happened to these reforms had they been carried out beyond the end of Cardenas' presidency in 1940...
...revolvers S&W...
...As one farm worker employed by a company of U.S...
...They can't take the land and that is what we want...
...In March, 1976, committee president Lester Wolff charged that prominent businessmen in Mexico participate in the contraband of drugs from Mexico to the U.S., and warned, "the trail of corruption leads to high places in Mexico City where it will be very difficult to eradicate...
...Nancy Stein and Michael Klare (Soecial thanks to Daniel Volman for help in preparation of the table...
...It made no difference to authorities that Dengel had registered the land under the name of one of his small children to get around agrarian reform laws that limit individual land ownership...
...Its members grow and ship over 90% of the vegetables and melons from California and Arizona and over 45% of the nation's total production of these crops...
...No one who knows Mexican history can doubt that this struggle will be long and violent...
...Punto Critico, #22, November 1973 and #45, January 1976...
...revolvers - Singapore Pol ice Customs Dept...
...The major organizations of Mexican vegetable growers are all members of the Association, and several Mexican growers (Roberto Tamayo and Hector Gonzales, for example) have held key posts within this association...
...it is not a question of distances, but of working together so that we can leave something for the generation that comes after us...
...cartridges JA 3-75 National Guard 5 FL #201Z 1.5"-cal...
...FLORIDA BOX 1. The Packer, August 5, 1975...
...The U.S...
...The massive uprooting that took place completely unbalanced the productive system of their communities based on the cultivation of corn and beans and caused a drastic decline in the standard of living...
...GOEC: General Ordnance Equipment Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa., produces Mace, other police equipment (a subsidiary of Smith & Wesson...
...From a letter in the court records of Polak, Winters vs...
...It is the history of powerful hacendados (landowners) and U.S...
...9. The Packer, January 17, 1976...
...1011 vine-ripe tomato was "the real revolution in the produce business in Nogales...
...of Defence 100 S&W #17 gas projectile (CN) S&W 2-74 Govt...
...Those conflicts have only sharpened as the expansion of capitalist agriculture has continued to polarize the countryside into social classes with irreconcilably different interests...
...The massacre of 5 campesinos in the state of Veracruz, 8 in Oaxaca, 4 in Michoacan, 2 in Nuevo Leon and 16 in Hidalgo in the last year are mere indications of the deep problems that affect the entire Mexican countryside...
...While in 1950, 84% of Mexico's ejido families earned over half of their income from their land, by 1960, this percentage had dropped to 66%.2 For most ejidatarios, whose incomes average less than $50 a month, the most viable solution today is to rent their plot to a large land-owner and then work full time as a day laborer in the tomato or cotton fields...
...Michel Gutelman, op...
...For the average farm worker, whether they migrate from their village in Michoacan, or come down from the Sierra Madre mountains of Sinaloa, work on the vegetable farms offers little reward...
...One part of the PMT program calls for the independent unionization of agricultural workers...
...SR CN gas projectiles S&W 4-75 " " 140 S&W #210 37mm...
...Bangor Punta Corp., Annual Repoft for 1970, p. 19...
...The experiments, as they've been carried out so far, "however, pose no threat to the private sector...
...Excelsior, March 21, 1976...
...At first Diaz adopted a quasi-nationalistic and anti-U.S...
...The troops slowly encircled the squatters - some farm workers from nearby commercial farms, many unemployed, all among the millions of landless campesinos in the Mexican countryside...
...revolvers JA 11-73 Agrarian Police 100 FL #201Z gas guns JA 9-74 Athens Police 60 FL #6004 gas masks JA 9-74 " " 500 S&W .38-cal...
...s Another aspect of U.S...
...A new class of owners grew up in the countryside as another class of campesinos was dispossessed, impoverished and proletarianized...
...Daughters of so-called confidential employees, girls studying in high school, are the owners of land...
...Section III analyzes the current struggle of peasants and farm workers against the rural bourgeoisie and its imperialist allies...
...Manufacturer & Product Exporter Date Recipient INDONESIA, conld 60 qts...
...S&W 5-75 HAITI 6 C-G V-150 Commando armored car C-G 9-73 Palace Guard 1 Mecar 90mm...
...In fact, only a small portion of the landed elite was severely affected by the agrarian reforms promised in the Constitution...
...S&W 8-74 " " 150 S&W .38-cal...
...In the short six years that the colonization laws were in effect 27,000,000 hectares came under the control of the predominantly U.S...
...Anti-clerical liberals headed by President Benito Juarez wanted to establish bourgeois democracy and free-trade capitalism in the ex-colony, but serious obstacles stood in their way...
...Since these schools are presumably run as a commercial enterprise, they do not fall under the legislation banning training of foreign policemen and thus have never been investigated for violations of the 1974 Foreign Assistance Act...
...Los Angeles and San Francisco are the two main destinations, and chain stores are the single largest buyers, with half of all Nogales sales being made directly to the chains' personal brokers...
...Since April, 1976, pressure from the growers has increased, with persistent threats from the associations that they could no longer control the actions of their members whose lands have been affected by land occupations almost daily since last December...
...were not allowed to invest they would surely invade, Diaz granted the first big railroad construction concessions in 1880...
...Consequently the drive to keep wages at rock bottom is even more exaggerated in the dependent export economy of the northwest than in the United States where farm workers' wages are infamously low...
...But the unions that farm workers build to protect themselves from this monstrous system have been thus far unable to cross the international boundary...
...The crisis in the Mexican countryside today, and in particular in the northwest, is the manifestation of contradictions stemming from 100 years of dependent capitalist development in agriculture...
...capital to illustrate the degree to which northwest agriculture is an extension of U.S...
...Wilson managed to remain untouched by the agrarian reform, partly because he "legalized" his holdings by taking on a Mexican prestanombre, Benjamin Bon Bustamante...
...they will bring no immediate relief for the three million campesinos who face long periods of unemployment...
...Manufacturer & Product BRAZIL, con'd 12 S&W .357-cal...
...revolvers S&W 4-76...
...it includes: charging union dues of 10 pesos per week to all farm workers without providing even the most basic services...
...The company has been one of the nation's leading tomato shippers since its founding in the late 1930's...
...2. See: "Command and Control: U.S...
...1. Excelsior, 1/21/76...
...Many factors affect the marketing of Mexican vegetables - such as product quality and the skill of the distributor - but the single most important factor seems to be the volume and price of tomatoes coming out of Florida which can change the marketing possibilities of Mexican produce from one day to the next...
...The charros won't do it because they're afraid he'd cut them off his payroll...
...The program of the left, then, corresponds more and more to the traditional demands of the rural proletariat: higher minimum wages, enforcement of the eight-hour work period, a paid day of rest, paid vacations, hygienic living quarters for farm workers, compulsory education for their children, the freedom of unions to organize, the right to strike and the right to collective bargaining...
...Intestinal diseases and sunstroke are the most common illnesses of the migrants...
...1910: THE PEASANT REVOLUTION The agrarian content of the Mexican Revolution, its organic relationship to the land struggle, was not born in 1910...
...Government, which became the spokesman for its expropriated citizens...
...One of the first was the Almada Sugar Refining Company, which came to Culiacan from New York in 1880 and bought up some 13,000 hectares of sugar-cane fields for less than two pesos a hectare...
...S&W 12-75 Trinidad URUGUAY 1134 SAW .38-cal...
...For more information on the American Chamber of Commerce in Mexico, see "Golden Ghetto," NACLA's Latin American and Empire Report, January 1974...
...CS gas projectile S&W 3-76 Yaracuy 200 S&W #15 CS rubber ball gas gren...
...S&W 11-75 !I I! MALAYSIA -- - 130 C-G V-150 Comnando armored cars C-G 4-73 Malaysian Police 81 C-G V-150 Comnando armored cars C-G 4-74 to I# 5,000 rds...
...M-16 ammo...
...The CTM was created by Cirdenas in the 1930's with the help of Communist organizers in order to develop a popular base for his reforms...
...For the grower who is financed by the distributor, for example, his take of the gross sales is only about 54%, after deducting interest on the loan, * Among the largest vegetable distributors in Nogales are the following with annual sales of over $1.5 million each: Deardorff- Jackson, Dixon Tom-A-Toe, Engebretson-Grupe Co., G.A.C., Kitty's Vegetable Distributors, Ta-De, Top-Co, Tricar, James K. Wilson and Wm...
...the government and bourgeoisie provide the finances, administration and application of the latest technology...
...The land boom thus cemented the already strong ties between U.S...
...When the market in the U.S...
...Bangor Punta Corp., et al., in the National Archives and Records Center, San Bruno, Cal...
...Directors of the company include Jimmy Wilson and his sister, Barbara Wilson de Bon Bustamante...
...The restructuring seems to be taking place on a large scale, with each step carefully planned and with considerable resources directed towards training and technology...
...As one Sonora grower said, "How much longer can we put up with this...
...Cotton too became a million-dollar industry almost overnight, when Houston-based Anderson Clayton Co...
...Uni6n Nacional de Productores de Hortalizas, Comercializaci6n de hortalizas mexicanas en Estados Unidos y Canadd, Vol...
...Most crimes (including the 300 murders in Culiacan in 1975) are drug related...
...In Sinaloa, for example, 85 powerful growers control nearly one-fourth (117,000 hectares) of the irrigated lands - lands which have doubled the value of production in the past ten years to about $800 per hectare.' These same growers, partners of U.S...
...Suddenly it feels its interests threatened more intensely than any time since the Cardenas reforms of the 30's...
...agribusiness in shaping both agricultural development and class relations in the northwest...
...Assistance Programs in Vietnam Hearings, 92d Cong., 1st Sess., 1971...
...police equipment...
...agribusiness, which has shown the oppressiveness of that system and demonstrated the ability of farm workers to organize against a powerful enemy...
...For an excellent discussion of Echeverria as a representative of the monopoly sectors of the bourgeoisie, see Roland Cordero, op...
...Consequently agriculture was stagnating, the mining industry was in decay and commerce was in decline...
...The Packer, January 17, 1976...
...A special committee from the U.S...
...Brauer, in referring to the collectives, explained, "We're organizing the campesino not simply to produce, but also to develop social consciousness...
...Chemical Weapons: CN: Chloracetophenone, commonly known as "tear gas...
...The agribusiness interests involved in the northwest vegetable industry are small in comparison to the multinational food corporations like Anderson Clayton, General Foods or the Del Monte Corporation, which will be the focus of the next NACLA Report...
...Economic Research Service, Supplying U.S...
...But at the same time the private sector was fortified by laws favorable to its growth, including the guarantee that all expropriations of private property would be paid for by the Mexican government...
...And in any case, the effects of collectivization and rural investment schemes are long-range...
...growers before they are deported...
...FL CS gas formula JA 3-74 " " 1500 FL #119 CN gas grenade JA 3-74 4 Javelin Elect...
...revolvers S&W .38-cal...
...Cardenas used all his political genius and presidential power to steer a middle course between the dissatisfied classes...
...i y asi nos lRaman ladrones porque pedimos la tierra...
...as well as close relations with the Arizona state government, U.S...
...43-44...
...There was renewed clamoring for eliminating the derecho de amparo, reducing the legal hectarage of private property and even nationalizing the irrigation districts...
...S&W S38-11OJHP ammo...
...Of the different regional migration streams, that of the northwest was the largest with over 300,000 farm workers employed in these same five crops...
...S&W 11-75 " IRAN 100 100 10,000 100 S&W .357-cal...
...Without the nearly half-million farm workers in the northwest today, the tomatoes would rot on the vines, Sr...
...revolver S&W S&W S&W S&W S&AW S&AW S&W SAW S&AW gren...
...Why should he...
...The stoppage shows it's not just the working class that moves things...
...The agrarian policy of the Government since the Revolution, then, has been forced to respond to class pressures by vascillating between policies that accelerate growth of the commercial sector, and policies that are designed to contain class conflict and slow monopolization...
...Beginning in 1946, government financed programs began damming the large rivers of Sinaloa, Sonora and Nayarit and dug enormous canals to carry the water to the dry plains and valleys...
...Their influence, however, should not be underestimated...
...S&W S38-158RN ammo...
...Justice Department and other agencies have increased their efforts to control the drug flow from Mexico, which now supplies 90% of the heroin to the half-million addicts in the U.S...
...My brother and I found a loudspeaker and went around explaining who the responsible ones were - the company and the CTM union that should have fought for our raise in the first place...
...The growing militancy of the cam- pesino has been matched only by the stubbornness of the landowners...
...rifles FI 2-75 " " 4,000 rds...
...2. Michel Gutelman, Capitalismo y reforma agraria en Mexico, p. 36, ERA, Mexico, 1971...
...In the countryside the power of the landed classes was extended and enforced by an enlarged rural army, all at the expense of a growing mass of peones - mostly disenfranchised Indians and mestizos who were legally bound to the haciendas by debt...
...revolvers SW 9mmn.-cal...
...To calm the rising anger, the Mexican Government in the early 1930's distributed another 3 million hectares...
...Three years ago, according to a former Culiacan banker, there were 65 packing sheds in the Culiacan valley, while today there are only 33...
...revolvers S&W 3-75 10,000 rds...
...In a competition sometimes labeled a "feud," Mexican growers, backed by U.S...
...7. Roberto Tamayo Muller, President, UNPH, "La horticultura en el pasado, presente y futuro de Mexico," I1 Simposio Nacional de Parasitologia Agricola, memoria IAP, Organizaciones Agricolas de Sinaloa, November 8, 1974...
...Date of License Exporter (Mo-Yr) Recipient ARGENTINA 2 GOEC Star-tron night viewer S&W 10-74 Federal Police BAHAMAS 20,000 rds...
...By 1970, in Sinaloa there were 5,750 tractors and nearly 4,000 harvesting machines - almost all U.S.-made - working the 65% of the state's land which is now mechanized...
...Address all correspondence to Box 57, Cathedral Station, New York, NY 10025, or Box 226, Berkeley, CA 94701...
...See Carlos Pereyra in Excelsior, December 29, 1975...
...S&W S357-110JHP amno...
...The fertilizers which the government sells us are cheaper - they subsidize the cost to the grower...
...A community of Chinese had already been producing and using heroin on a small scale in Sinaloa, and this practice was greatly expanded without sigllificant interference from U.S...
...Denied their union rights, they are largely controlled through labor contractors, as in California...
...4. NACLA interview, June 12, 1976...
...4 Also key in the trend toward concentration was the rise of the large chain stores to a dominant position within the market during the 50's and 60's...
...Clearly, if any serious effort is to be made to curb arms deliveries to authoritarian regimes abroad, some new inspection and control measures are required...
...In 1947 several leftist peasant leaders broke away from the CTM to form an electoral coalition of opposition groups on the left, united around the new Popular Socialist Party (PPS) of Vicent Lombardo Toledano...
...They gather the fiber that blows off the truck and try to sell it to a middle-man...
...S&W 7-74 " " " DOMINICAN REPUBLIC 200 Colt .45-cal...
...2 Ultimately, it became impossible to disguise the repressive nature of the Public Safety program...
...and the Carrillo Brothers, Tricar Sales and the Cirdenas family...
...See Section III) Of the regional organizations, the most powerful is the Associated Growers of the Culiacan River (AARC...
...of Greece INDIA 600 S&W #210 37mm...
...Quoted by Manuel Mejido in Excelsior, January 19, 1976...
...But Zapata refused to sell out and instead declared war on Madero's government, issuing his agrarian demands in the Plan de Ayala...
...A lovely climate...
...troops laid siege to numerous Indian villages and then crushed the movement in 1896 at a battle in Nogales...
...a rising merchant class and the civil and military authorities...
...partners...
...they are angry, determined veterans of years of struggle against oppression...
...The nation's capital has been the main attraction for millions seeking work in industry and service employment...
...Singapore Pol ice I1 I1 Pol ice Academy Customs Dept...
...They live in mansions, cared for by dozens of servants, and peacocks strut on their lawns as they entertain their North American partners...
...JA rds...
...It describes the process by which lands and resources have been concentrated in a wealthy and powerful rural bourgeoisie while the peasants have been proletarianized into a class of farm workers forced to work for the landowners by whom they were dispossessed...
...arms firms are deeply involved in the arming and training of foreign police organizations...
...S&W S38-158RN ammo...
...Article 27 limited the7 amount of private property individuals could own (100 hectares in irrigated land, 200 hectares in arable but non-irrigated lands, and 300 hectares for production of cash crops like bananas and coffee...
...120 GOEC Mk.V Chemical Mace S&W 11-75) National Defense 60 S&W .357-cal...
...From 1913 to 1920 only 50,000 peasants received plots of land, a fraction of the millions who had fought in the Revolution...
...I, p. 137, Mexico...
...They had requested this piece of land from the government officials in Mexico City for 20 years to feed their growing families, but it belonged to Miguel Dengel, one of the powerful growers allied to U.S...
...Embassy in Mexico City in 1969, coinciding with a U.S...
...However, others saw capital invest- ment as a more viable form of foreign control...
...These sales represent but a part of the growing U.S...
...The information collected by NACLA indicates that U.S...
...The 1974 act did not affect overseas operations of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), nor did it restrict direct commercial sales, of police equipment and services to foreign governments...
...Thus the 1974 report lists a sale of 10,000 Smith & Wesson .38-calibre revolvers to Ecuador at $648,000, another of 2,000 revolvers to Lebanon at $161,000, and a third of 1,442 revolvers to Singapore at $105,000...
...There's no one to pressure him Into doing it...
...S&a 4-75 " 1,000 rds...
...The "vegetable deal," in operation since the 1920's, grew throughout and after World War II when the demand for Mexican-grown tomatoes skyrocketed in the U.S...
...In other words, close to one-fifth of all the land distributed since 1915 is "fictitious...
...revolvers S&W .38-cal...
...The days of the Diaz regime were now numbered...
...gas gun S&W 3-76 Federal Security 250 S&W #67 gas mask S&W 3-76I Forces co Qty...
...Excelsior, May 5, 1976, May 12, 1976...
...While the industry is still quite competitive, and many small operators remain, the trend is clearly towards monopolization by large, diversified agribusiness corporations and chain stores, like the Top-Co Company which owns its own retail stores and has annual sales of $600 million...
...The strike kept growing, gaining the support of the student's from the nearby University of Sinaloa, until it was brutally broken by the army...
...LR CN gas projectiles S&W 4-75 " " 3,800 S&W 37mm...
...revolver S&W 4-76 JAMAICA 5 C-G V-150 Commando armored cars C-G 5-73 Min...
...FL CN gas formula JA 3-74 80 gal...
...Congress, House, Committee on Government Operations, U.S...
...On the one hand there has been created a powerful, though dependent, rural bourgeoisie and on the other a rapidly growing rural proletariat...
...14 S&W has also sought to expand its foreign market through its 45% ownership of Forjas Taurus, a Brazilian manufacturer of handguns...
...House of Representatives is currently active in pressuring several Latin American governments to stop the drug trade...
...It is he who is feeding off the people...
...The effect of this imperialist-directed agriculture upon the northwest and other agricultural regions of Mexico was dramatic...
...For the next 35 years Diaz ruled with an iron fist, surrounding himself with a group of economic planners, "los cientificos" who oversaw the rapid transformation of Mexican society based on the massive influx of foreign capital...
...maintain communications with their partners and competitors in the U.S...
...Section 11 focuses on one key sector of northwest agriculture - winter vegetable production - through which we hope to clarify the current role of U.S...
...Who says this is true...
...In fact, part of the strategy of the reactionary new national growers' organization, the UNAN, includes a national program of unionization of salaried farm workers...
...agribusiness...
...Those campesinos who remain on the lands are not the State's bought-off, white-collar peasant leaders...
...Public Safety Advisors to the notorious "Death Squad...
...Arguing to his conmem- poraries that if the U.S...
...revolvers SAW SmM...
...If you try to negotiate a contract and you ask for a 60 percent raise the CTM tells you that it's wrong, that you're endangering the economy because it's the grower that feeds the workers...
...Other data was obtained through interviews, corporation annual reports, and a 1976 General Accounting Office study of government compliance with the 1973 cut-off...
...revolver S&W 12-741 Min...
...2. Fernando Rello and R. Montes de Oca, op...
...win their democratic rights and just wages, U.S...
...There is little doubt that the Cardenas reforms, long overdue, enabled the ruling party to withstand the most serious challenge to its power since the Revolution...
...By 1975, the DEA had 400 agents stationed overseas - about the same number of agents that OPS had deployed...
...Market...
...These new labor leaders around here are very adept and present a danger to our whole operation...
...Although Congress voted in 1973 to abolish U.S...
...The thrust of imperialism into Mexico at the end of the 19th century, however, so greatly accelerated the accumulation of wealth and deepened poverty that it produced a mass protest qualitatively different than anything before it...
...Two years later they formed the General Union of Mexican Workers and27 Peasants (UGOCM) as a radical alternative to the CTM, but which since that time has also been partially coopted by the government...
...In Sinaloa, where the most powerful and best-organized grower associations exist, there are nine regional organizations which together form CAADES, the Sinaloa State Confederation of Growers Associations...
...380-cal...
...SIXTY YEARS OF WAITING In the past few years, Mexico has entered a period of generalized economic and political crisis which has led to greatly renewed labor insurgency in both the cities and rural areas...
...The regional uprisings became a national movement when Francisco Madero, an intellectual and son of a wealthy Mexican family disaffected from Diaz, called for the resignation of the dictator and establishment of bourgeois democracy in his manifesto El Plan de San Luis...
...The politicians we only see during the campaign, and later we only know they exist from their photographs...
...The growers have become less dependent on advertising campaigns and mass roundups, relying more now on the workers who come to them...
...revolvers S&W 6-74 " " 175 SAW .38-cal...
...1 GOEC Star-tron viewer 88 S&W .38-cal...
...Section II will discuss this industry and its effect on class relations...
...Valley National Bank of Arizona, one of the major U.S...
...3) The United Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Association is the international organization which brings together the growers of Mexico, California, Arizona and Florida, as well as producers from other states...
...The de Saracho's own over 1500 acres of vegetables, 1,000 head of cattle, a modern packing shed, a tomato puree processing plant, and an ice plant...
...and in South Vietnam, OPS built dozens of Provincial Interrogation Centers (where torture was commonplace), helped expand the prison system, and sponsored the infamous Operation Phoenix assassination campaign...
...S&W S38-158RN ammo...
...S. Wright...
...INSTITUTIONAL RELATIONS Agribusiness interests in Mexico and the United States have long been organized into wealthy, powerful, class- conscious associations which promote the development of capitalist agriculture in a variety of ways...
...Madero had sided not with the peasant revolutionaries who had brought him to power, but with the foreign and national bourgeoisie left over from the Diaz regime...
...Unable to find work in their own country, another 800,000 workers contracted themselves for farm labor in the U.S...
...Fracisco Javier Guezrero, "La colectivizaci6n capitalist del campo," in Cuadernos Politicos, #3, January-March 1975...
...The larger capitalist growers have been able to switch resources to more profitable export crops, while the peasants have lacked such flexibility...
...The expansion of U.S...
...FI 12-74 Bermuda Police Qty...
...Land Invasions 1975 was an explosive year in the countryside...
...Nosotros sembramos todo y todo lo cosechamnos...
...The unrest was similar in the northwestern states where commercial agriculture prevailed...
...Three-fifths of the plots were less than four hectares in size and many had to be abandoned for lack of seeds and credit...
...long rifle ammo JA GOEC Star-tron viewer S&W GOEC Pepper Fog gas generators S&W qts...
...According to a USDA study, U.S...
...Then the organizers of independent unions and strikes are blacklisted and can't get jobs anywhere...
...Ibid., January 15, 1972...
...3. The Packer, January 15, 1972...
...corporations...
...The number of U.S...
...C30 References SECTION I 1. Excelsior (Mexico), October 25, 1975...
...S&W S38-158RN amm...
...Bangor Punta...
...submachine guns FL #514 CS gas grenade S&W .38-cal...
...And as the result of the accessibility of heroin, an estimated 50 percent of the young people in the state are addicts...
...Furthermore, unemployment in the U.S...
...Looking for an escape valve, the two presidents from 1958-1970 reversed the trend of the previous 18 years and distributed large amounts of land - nearly 32 million hectares to a half million campesinos.* The land distributions of Presidents Lopez Mateos and Diaz Ordaz, however, did little to alter the trend toward increased concentration of land and wealth in one class, at the expense of the mass of campesinos...
...With this arrangement the growers always have a majority, because they can count on the support of the CTM - especially when it comes to a wildcat strike or authorization for an independent union...
...it began its first volume shipments of tomatoes, cucumbers and other vegetables in 1971, from 1500 acres owned by the de Saracho family in Culiacin, Sinaloa...
...Can produce permanent eye damage...
...While exact figures are lacking, it is known that such sales and grants now amount to several tens of millions of dollars per year and constitute a major transfer of repression technology to the Third World...
...What we want is the land...
...1 9 The question is, however, what kind of social consciousness...
...blockade of Cuba and the termination of the bracero program - a joint U.S.-Mexican Government agreement by which thousands of Mexican farm workers were employed yearly in U.S...
...The new president, however, will assume power during one of the most difficult crises yet faced by the capitalist world's oldest single-party state...
...1876: THE DICTATOR AND THE COLONIZING COMPANIES The tycoons of Wall Street, Paris and London found a willing collaborator in General Porfirio Diaz, who became dictator in Mexico in 1876 after a brief period of French colonial rule...
...By 1910 U.S...
...So we've lost a big part of our crop...
...revolvers S&W .357-cal...
...S&W .38-cal...
...Since the early seventies, the nation's economy has been marked by increasing instability as the foreign debt, the trade deficit and inflation spiral out of control...
...cit., p. 70...
...first contract...
...They demand that the peasant produce more...
...The CTM has since become fully integrated into the PRI governmental structure, its heads appointed to posts ranging from small-town mayors to congressmen...
...A strike during the harvest season can break us...
...and international markets, but the vast majority of the Mexican countryside was still underdeveloped - "unexploited" according to the cien- ttficos...
...today the cost of a hectare of vine-ripes is over $2,000...
...Many of these have ended in violence by army troops or grower-financed vigilantes...
...build rural housing for permanent ranch hands and rural schools in conjunction with the Ford Motor Co...
...The true nature of the CNC and UGOCM leadership became apparent as they frantically maneuvered to disassociate themselves from the "undisciplined" squatters...
...The foreign debt and inflation began to soar once again because of (1) international inflation which greatly increased the costs of Mexican imports, (2) insufficient production of oil and food products which led to increases in imports, and (3) accelerating payments abroad from interest on foreign loans and profit remittances - these two growing together by 30% in 1973.12 Crisis in Agriculture Central to the general economic crisis was a slow-down in agricultural productivity which had first become apparent around 1965.- By 1972 and 1973, there was an absolute reduction in agricultural production, particularly in production for the domestic market which dropped by 2.5...
...Who gets all the money...
...In 1969, the firm set up S&W Security Services, Inc...
...The company was purchased in 1966 by the Bangor Punta Corporation, a former sugar company that became a conglomerate after its properties in Cuba were nationalized by the Revolutionary Government...
...ammo...
...These early colonizing companies and refineries spurred the growth of a rural proletariat...
...officials and potential investors who wined and dined him during a trip to Washington, D.C...
...Reaction in the U.S...
...ammo...
...In various states the agrarian counter-reforms were resisted by the peasants and workers most affected by them...
...Bob Barber 13 delivered to their Nogales warehouse at a given hour...
...police assistance programs abroad, American firms continue to provide arms and training through the commercial arms sales program and the Drug Enforcement Administration's overseas aid program...
...And when the workers did decide to organize inside the packing shed a couple of years ago, police and troops were brought in on the second day and the strike was brutally repressed with the leaders hauled off to jail...
...The expansion of imperialist agriculture into Mexico has also forged new class relations and consequently helped set the stage for the current class conflicts in the countryside...
...With far-reaching advertising campaigns in the press and on the radio, they lured unemployed workers from other states to migrate north for the harvest - just as the U.S...
...Lauro Diaz Castro, also of Culiacan, is the president of both CAADES and the UNAN...
...La Santa de Cabora, as she was called, threatened foreign investment in the area for years until a joint force of Mexican and U.S...
...In 1929 the Great Depression hit Mexico...
...In early May, Merle Hayes, president of the powerful American Chamber of Commerce in Mexico, 2 9 declared that U.S...
...Produces copious tearing and a burning sensation on skin...
...capital financed all the railroad construction in northern Mexico, while Euro- pean capital continued to dominate in the south...
...The initial investment must have been considerable, for at the end of a year of trial-and-error in 1975, the de Saracho's poured another $150,000 into changes and improvements in the gassing system...
...The same is true of migrant farm worker patterns in the United States, but there the United Farm Workers Union has learned to turn what seems a serious disadvantage into a strength: a union structure that moves with the crops...
...They are the organizations which bring the agribusiness system together on a political and social level, and lead the corporate interests in their process of expansion and in their struggle against the growing efforts of farm workers in both the U.S...
...cit., p. 56...
...They have been the personal, direct links between the Mexican rural bourgeoisie and the larger U.S...
...S&W S38-1585WC ammo...
...Bangor Punta Corp., Annual Report for 1974, p. 12...
...Politically, the State is being challenged by a resurgence of labor militancy, provoked by a consistent decline in workers' buying power and growing anger over the heavy-handed control of trade unions and peasant organizations by the State labor bureaucrats...
...It has been headquartered in Oxnard, California for 15 years, and from there runs its large holdings in Ventura and San Diego counties, shipping some $4 million of vegetables a year...
...Nearly the entire population of Morelos was mobilized to fight...
...The reaction of some U.S...
...The coming of a UFW contract brought a new world to the Coke workers, including the job security through a union hiring hall that allowed many families to stop traveling for work and settle down in one place...
...They didn't try to talk to us, didn't even tell us to leave...
...A crystal, it is formed into an aerosol and disseminated by gre- nades, shells, sprayers ("Pepper Fogger"), etc...
...Some groups on the left feel Echeverria represents a leftist faction of the ruling PRI - the party which has controlled the State for nearly half a century - and that he must be supported against the growing attacks of reactionary sectors of the bourgeoisie...
...Of course, we expect to have a part in the management so that we know where our money is going...
...S&W 11-75 " " EGYPT 100 FL gas guns JA 12-74 Police 5000 FL CN gas projectiles JA 12-74 " GREECE 372 S&W .32-cal...
...The Board is made up of three sectors: management, labor and the government...
...Under Section 414(e) of the Mutual Security Act of 1954, the Office of Munitions Control is required to provide Congress with weekly listings of all commercial arms sales * These licenses are required for export of any item on the U.S...
...revolvers S&W 3-76 State Police,Laras Near East & South Asia BAHRAIN 1000 rds...
...Over the past year hundreds of similar land occupations have taken place in the rich farm districts along the coast of Sonora and Sinaloa...
...Likewise, most seeds are of U.S...
...88 60 314 976 162 182 338 1101 334 Varo #6000 Nite Viewer Redfield #117001 rifle scopes FL #201 37mm...
...Similar calculations indicate that total income from sales of gas grenades by all four firms was approximately $1,641,340...
...revolvers JA 12-74 National Police 2,000 FL #280 CN JA 7-74 " 500 FL #282 Federal Streamer JA ?-74 5,000 FL #112 CN gas grenade JA ?-74 " " 1,000 FL #206, 219 CN gas projectiles JA ?-74 " " 500 FL #203 CN gas cart...
...revolvers JA 5-74 " " 100 SAM .38-cal...
...The American Chamber of Commerce, however, worried as it is, remains much closer to the reality of Mexico, and was quick to announce that the Congressmen clearly "don't understand the social pressures this government is under and the possible solutions it can use to resolve the problems...
...3 The technology required to produce, pack and ship the ripe tomatoes, however, required huge capital outlays in fertilizers, refrigerated storage and transportation, and sophisticated packing sheds...
...It is not difficult to imagine, then, the fierceness with which the growers fight independent labor organizing in their fields and packing sheds...
...Wilson feels confident, however, that the government will eventually be forced to resolve the conflict, because "the vegetable deal is just too important to the economy" to risk having it disrupted...
...While the jump in tomato imports was too large to be attributed solely to the reduction in farm labor in the U.S., in the case of strawberries and asparagus the USDA concluded there was a significant impact.' After 1965, there was an ever greater shift of vegetable production to the Mexican side of the border, as large amounts of U.S...
...gas gun S&W .38-cal...
...agribusiness in Mexican agriculture makes it clear that such a long-range strategy can only be successful when it coordinates the struggles of campesinos in Mexico with farm workers in the U.S...
...This was in part a response to pressure from the U.S...
...I work until six or seven in the evening, then ride again on the truck and arrive back to my village at ten or eleven at night...
...Excelsior, May 15, 1976...
...The de Saracho's started their gassing operations in 1975 to save money on field labor costs - "it is easier to pick mature greens than pinks" - and to improve the quality of the fruit arriving at DeardorffJackson's set-up in Nogales...
...S&W advertisement,Police Chief(October, 1975), p. 106...
...The Canelos also use an elaborate drip-irrigation system designed by the DuPont Company, employ ten assistants with agricultural degrees, own over 70 tractors, two crop-duster planes, a passenger plane and 30 trailers...
...distributors, many of whom "take an active part in production management, such as providing expert advice on fertilizer application and on disease and pest control...
...S&W 59-115FMC ammo...
...One of the workers from Bustamante's packing shed who was jailed after leading a strike there a few years ago explained to NACLA in a recent interview how Bustamente gets around the law: Bustamante is a prestanombre, one of the thousands of these traitors to their country...
...S&W 9-74 3,000 rds...
...FI 12-74 10 FL #280 Federal Streamer FI 12-74 50 FL #115 CN gas grenades FI 1-75 " 50 FL #555 CS gas grenades FI 1-75 50 FL #203 CN gas cartridges FI 1-75 PAKISTAN 10,000 S&W #3 CS gas grenade S&W 9-74 Federal Security 15,000 S&W #1 CS gas grenade S&W 9-74 Force, 5,000 S&W #104 CS grenade S&W 9-74 Rawalpindi 1,500 S&W #67 gas mask S&W 9-74 100 GOEC Mk.III Chemical Mace S&W 9-74 250 GOEC Mk.V Chemical Mace S&W 9-74 500 GOEC Mk.IX Chemical Mace S&W 9-741 2,000 S&W #2 CN gas grenade S&W 4-75 Punjab Police 4,000 S&W #1 CN gas grenade S&W 4-75 " 6,000 S&W #25 CN gas grenade S&W 4-75 " " 2,226 S&W 37mm...
...Excelsior, May 21, 1976...
...to the huge refrigerated warehouses of the distributors, many of whom own the produce in partnerships with Mexican growers...
...19 Wheat is now completely harvested by machines, and the use of harvesters is increasing in such labor intensive crops as cotton, sugar and canning tomatoes...
...unprecedented profits in the early forties...
...revolvers S&W CS gas grenade SAW .38-cal...
...Given the enormous balance of payments deficit, the foreign debt and increasing inflationary tendencies, the government was forced to rely on a traditional post-election policy of reducing public expenditures and applying tight monetary controls...
...A subsidiary of the Ex-Cell-O Corp...
...The Reform thus caused heightened exploitation for the Indian and mestizo masses as they were further forced off the land and into industry, mines and commerce, or remained as semi-slave peons on the immense haciendas...
...But Zapata never changed the original demandsof the Plan de Ayala and fought until his death...
...For their Nogales operations, they purchased a modern, air-cooled warehouse and packing plant with seven receiving doors, another seven truck-loading doors and a two-car rail spot...
...It's Not a Question of Distances" The Pacific Northwest, as we have seen, is a great passageway that connects the Mexican republic to the continental United States...
...Echeverria says the peasants can do it, and the government will provide the resources...
...SECTION III 1. NACLA interview with Fausto Burguefio, UNAM...
...Although arms sales to foreign police forces do not approach the magnitude of regular military sales (which in Fiscal Year 1975 topped $9.5 billion), they probably have a greater effect on the day-to-day lives of people living in the Third World - particularly in those countries where the police play a major role in controlling the population and suppressing dissent...
...Then began a rain of bullets that lasted ten minutes, followed by tear gas grenades and arrests of the survivors...
...recession and rising wages, and workers are being laid off by the thousands.'1 0 Still others risk the dangers of crossing illegally into the United States, hoping to earn "good money" from the U.S...
...Back then, the company was promising us a raise every month, but months passed and they didn't pay it...
...Nevertheless, numerous rebellions and successful raids on the missions continued up until the end of the 19th Century...
...GOEC CN gas formula S&W 4-75 II (I 435050 rds...
...The immediate result was a reduction of the foreign debt and a slowing of inflation...
...Bustamanate could well lock his packing shed and throw away the key, and Deardorff-Jackson would never have left Oxnard...
...and Mexican Production Areas, USDA, Washington, D.C., 1969...
...While millions of dollars of credit are extended yearly to the corporate farms, private banks have never lent to ejidos, mainly because the land is State-owned and cannot be mortgaged...
...3 3 But equally true, the export of this capitalist agriculture has created in Mexico a class of farm workers and disenfranchised campesinos who are now locked in a battle against this imperialist system...
...The foreign-built railroads connected the gold, silver and copper mines with the U.S...
...FC .22-cal...
...According to this ejidatario, the corruption within the bank makes even the exploitation of the private companies pale by comparison...
...2 2 The wealthiest growers of Culiacan also provide the leadership for state and national organizations like CAADES, the UNPH and the UNAN...
...This process of monopolization has impoverished the peasant sector and created an ever growing mass of landless campesinos who are forced to sell their labor power to survive...
...Many of them are also high level government officials...
...The history of their collusion with the growers reveals a pattern in which unions are organized and then taken over by the bourgeoisie...
...While not an in-depth history, it provides a background to understanding the present crisis in the Mexican countryside...
...Laws are enforced by the wealthy, and the machetes of the campesinos had little chance against the army 's machine guns...
...Even if it were, it would hardly make up for the long stretches of seasonal unemployment faced by most migrants...
...Also active in the northwest is the recently created Independent Union of Agricultural Workers and Peasants (CIOAC), which has demonstrated its independence from the government-controlled organizations...
...pistol S&W .38-cal...
...In an effort to pacify the region, villages were burned and their populations resettled in guarded camps, crops were destroyed and every manner of atrocity was committed against the campesinos to break their spirit...
...The first law, in 1883, authorized colonizers (foreign or Mexican) to lay claim to "virgin lands" and construct compaii(as deslindadoras (colonizing companies) to survey the land, build irrigation systems where possible and divide it for sale...
Vol. 10 • July 1976 • No. 6
