From Russia With Hate: A Bitter Centennial
Korey, William
FROM RUSSIA WITH HATE: A BITTER CENTENNIAL WILLIAM KOREY It was a century ago that international discourse was enriched by the term "pogrom." The word has entered the lexicon of all Western...
...The radical populist intellectuals comprising the Narodnaia Volia urged on the pogrom-ists on grounds that the "kikes . . . rob and cheat" the peasant and "drink his blood...
...The emergence of anti-Jewish discrimination as state policy in the late 30s and early 40s certainly cannot be considered a function of the foreign policy of the USSR...
...An official "survey of anti-Semitism among trade union members" conducted in February 1929 in Moscow found that "anti-Semitic feeling among workers is spreading chiefly in the backward sections of the working class that have close ties with the peasantry...
...A dismaying paragraph follows: "We do not grieve today if our fathers, grandfathers and greatgrandfathers, in their distress and want, treated their oppressors disrespectfully, regardless of whether they were native or alien by blood...
...The campaign is centrally coordinated and directed...
...On the other hand, official anti-Semitism (which denied the civil rights of Jews) developed along a single line with little fluctuation...
...On one level, it assumed a racist drive in the media—a massive propaganda assault against Jews, launched in August 1967, reacting to the Israeli victory in the Six Day War...
...Several years later, the rules were augmented with a sharply defined numerus clausus for Jews in secondary schools and universities (ten percent within the Pale of Jewish Settlement, five percent outside the Pale and three percent in St...
...Perhaps the warden of the prison, Alexander Romanov, acted on his own authority in causing Mrs...
...The vicious stereotyping of Jews persisted even as the Bolshevik leadership of the 20s tried to eradicate it...
...Prejudice reached especially intense levels during the "anti-cosmopolitan" campaign of 1949-53, climaxed by the notorious "Doctors' Plot...
...that they were "business- and money-minded...
...In the course of a decade, the number of Jews in Moscow higher education plunged by more than 50 percent, both absolutely and relatively...
...The increase in anti-Semitic books and brochures has been stunning...
...When a major Soviet military journal, Sovietskii Voin, echoed in February 1982, the dark and hoary language of Tsarist anti-Semitism, it inevitably raised questions about the character of the ideological training in the Soviet armed forces, for every Soviet male over the age of 18, and, beyond that, the perspective of the Kremlin...
...Suspicion fell equally upon those suspected of harboring sympathies with various non-Russian nationalities of the USSR and those linked, in one way or another, with the West...
...Discrimination is certain to reduce to a minimum the number of Jews permitted to enter the key scientific and higher technical areas...
...This propaganda draws its inspiration from The Protocols of the Elders of lion, which claimed that international Jewry plots world domination through control of the banks and the press and infiltration of the Freemasons...
...This renders the Jew, especially the "cosmopolitan" and "international Zionist" Jew, the embodiment of all the evil fantasies conspired up to explain the plots and conspiracies which may arise to threaten the socialist "fatherland...
...Do not suppose that we will fall silent...
...In the summer of 1945, he said, he was informed by the chief of the secret division of Soviet intelligence that the Central Committee had sent "confidential" instructions to directors of all factories to remove Jews from responsible positions...
...One estimate places it at the 50-55,000 level...
...But these sympathizers were clearly in the minority...
...In the narrow range of outlook, the traditional conception of the Jew, imbibed, as it were, from the environment, emerges as an accepted and acceptable model...
...Especially disturbing is the anti-Zionist campaign in the Soviet military...
...Later the Protocols would become the basis for Adolf Hitler's Final Solution...
...Many of the partisan units, for example, were riddled with anti-Semitism...
...In contrast, a large majority of non-Jewish applicants from the high schools were admitted...
...A typical comment on the Torah can be found in Vladimir Begun's Invasion Without Arms, published in 1977 and republished in 1980...
...The inspiration for this movement came from the distinguished Odessa physician, Leon Pinsker, whose classic work, Auto-Emancipation, was published just over a century ago...
...One study shows that 112 anti-Semitic Moment / 53 books were published in the 60s and 70s, some in editions of 150,000 or 200,000 copies, receiving enthusiastic reviews in the Soviet press...
...Moreover, almost 40 percent of Party leaders either had no education beyond secondary school or had attended only a Party school...
...The book justifies peasant violence against Jews "as the spontaneous reaction of the oppressed strata of the toiling population to their barbarous exploitation by the Jewish bourgeoisie...
...The populist Kronstadt uprising against Soviet power in 1921 was Continued on page 52 Moment/45 ROM RUSSIA Continued from page 45 based in part upon peasant attitudes toward the "cursed domination" of Jews...
...Like Cassandra, Soviet Jews are crying out...
...The Moscow data show that in the academic year 1980-81, the number of Jewish students in all Moscow higher education institutions was 9,911, of a total enrollment of 631,888...
...After the Six-Day War and particularly after the Czech reformist "socialism with a human face" movement in 1967-68, official Soviet anti-Semitism took on an especially virulent form...
...Of those who completed college, 40 percent studied engineering and 30 percent agronomy—"narrowly specialized and highly applied skills...
...The war years were replete with examples of an unleashed bigotry linked to nationalist fervor...
...Free Masonry, "a world-wide semi-public, semi-secret political organization of the bourgeoisie," is described as an instrument for promoting the interests of "international Zionism...
...Although many Jews from these schools applied, only two were admitted to Moscow State University's Department of Mechanics and Mathematics...
...Ilya Ehrenburg, otherwise an apologist for Stalin's rule, was so shocked by the "ugly survival" of anti-Semitism that he was convinced "that to cleanse minds of age-old prejudices is going to take a very long time...
...Hostility toward Jews was not restricted to only the Tsarist aristocracy and the peasantry...
...Vladimir Begun, whose views are highly regarded in certain Kremlin circles, wrote The Creeping Counterrevolution, published in 1974 and strongly endorsed in the Soviet media...
...that they were "clannish," "aggressive" and "pushy...
...Training in the broad humanistic disciplines was negligible...
...Other Soviet leaders may not necessarily have perceived the Jew as a "plotter," but, cynically, accepted the functional usefulness of such a perception...
...The most recent expression of the "Masonic-Zionist strategy," according to the military publication, was the Solidarity movement in Poland...
...A study of the central and provincial Soviet press revealed that since 1967, the number of articles critical of Zionism has increased sixfold...
...Linked to the conspiracy are "activists" in China "who are engaged in the implementation of a secret provocative policy directed against the Soviet Union," NATO espionage in Turkey, political murders in France, terrorist Red Brigades in Italy and the Trilateral Commission headed by "the influential American Mason, D. Rockefeller...
...Shcharansky were the protests of his treatment to cease...
...To be sure, there was also a small circle of the intelligentsia surrounding the philosopher V. Soloviev and the novelist V. Korolenko that voiced sharp protests against the massacre of Jews...
...Thinly masked as anti-Zionist, the drive has been directed against Judaism, Jewish tradition and Jewry itself...
...On both national and regional levels, almost half of the top Party executives in the early 60s had peasant fathers...
...Know, then, of the contempt the persistent cruelty begets...
...Judeophobia" had already become part of official policy by the end of the 30s, not, as is often assumed, in May 1948 when the State of Israel was established...
...She acknowledges that there might have been "excesses" against Jews but they were only "a reaction to the exploitation to which the broad masses were subjected in capitalist enterprises...
...According to Hitler, Stalin told Nazi Foreign Minister Joachim Von Ribbentrop in the fall of 1939 that he would oust Soviet Jews from leading positions the moment he had a sufficient number of qualified non-Jews with whom to replace them...
...That cannot be, nor can there be such compelling reasons of state that prompt the mighty Soviet Union to persist in this insult to the conscience of humankind, in this injury to a mother and her son...
...However, statistics on the city of Moscow, newly published in a Soviet volume, inadvertently throw a glaring light upon this critical aspect of the plight of Soviet Jews...
...The number of Jewish postgraduate students in 1970 was 4,945...
...it is a characteristic of the Semitic race, manifest from almost the first pages of the Bible...
...The percentage was 1.5, an appallingly low amount...
...Is it that you fear that leniency would be misinterpreted, seen as a reward to the public outcry the Shcharansky case has occasioned...
...That the university-age Moscow Jews would be especially attracted to higher institutions is suggested by the 1971 data on Moscow's scientific community (one-quarter of the entire Soviet scientific group...
...Clearly, the scholar's bigotry is so intense that it projects onto the late 19th century, in, of all places, Tsarist Russia, recent and current stereotypes about Jewish influence in the media...
...A (future) Party leader is subjected to totalitarian indoctrination from the day he first embarks upon the course which will enable him to perform the function of a high Party apparatchik, whether in the central secretariat or in the provinces...
...All of its leaders were supposedly "directed by secret instructions and directions" from Masonic Lodges...
...Poet Yevgeny Yevtushenko penetrated to the Russian soul with his "Babi Yar" in 1961...
...Certainly the pool of talent available for potential admission to higher education in Moscow would not have been diminished by emigration...
...In a classic address, he thundered: "Shame on accursed Tsarism which tortured and persecuted the Jews...
...Zionism has been the main subject of at least half, and as much as two-thirds, of newspaper space on Jewish subjects...
...Extraordinary as it may appear, recent major works published in the Soviet Union go as far as to justify the Tsarist pogroms...
...On May 3, 1882, the Tsarist regime imposed new "temporary rules" forbidding Jews to settle outside towns and hamlets and to carry on any business on Sundays and Christian holidays...
...if the question of why one of the great powers of the world feels it necessary to persist in its primitive and vindictive behavior does not embarrass you...
...But the depth of popular sentiment could not be uprooted that quickly...
...Stalin even considered his daughter's marriage to a Jew a "Zionist plot...
...Since roughly 11 percent of the Moscow scientific community is Jewish—an extraordinarily large percentage—the likelihood of their offspring aspiring to higher education is particularly strong...
...When the bosses happened to be Christians or Moslems, she writes, the same media used the word "revolt...
...The current Jewish student percentage is far below the percentage of Jews in the Moscow population...
...With the influx of this group, the wide cultural and intellectual horizons which characterized the pre-Purge Party leaders gave way to horizons that were provincial and cramped...
...Despite two to three decades of Bolshevik rule, attitudes of the 1880s had remained unchanged...
...Such popular views provided the fertile soil for nourishing the notorious Tsarist fabrication, The Protocols of the Elders ofZion (first published in 1903 by the reactionary Tsarist publicist, Pavel Krushevan...
...Or is it possible that you are beyond being moved by an issue of simple humanity, by the face of a mother etched by pain, etched by hope...
...The periodical described an alleged "Masonic-Zionist strategy" for subverting both Soviet society and the Warsaw Pact structure and for achieving world domination...
...Can it be that there is a heart so hard that it does not feel for a 74 year old mother standing alone before the frozen gates behind which her son languishes...
...If the admiration so many people who know of him have for AnatoJy Shcharansky does not impress you...
...Awave of killings, rape and pillage spread quickly to hundreds of other towns and then to the large cities of Berdichev and Kiev...
...Most conjoined their specialized experience with work in the organizational apparatus before reaching their top posts...
...The Editors _ lest it stimulate hostile views toward Jews, Lenin found the argument utterly irrelevant...
...Lev Tolstoy was a supporter of this circle...
...The very nature of a system which claims both a monopoly on truth and the control of the "commanding heights" by which the preordained may be reached precludes human error or inadequacy...
...The situation in the rest of the USSR, to judge from earlier data, no doubt parallels the Moscow experience...
...Do not suppose that Mrs...
...That has come to an end...
...Her 240-page work, which appeared in late 1979, refers to the pogroms of 1881-82 as merely "so-called outbursts of anti-Semitism...
...The percentage of Jews then was 3.16...
...The Committee was formed in order to win strong Jewish sympathy in the Western world for the Soviet cause...
...Most likely, many of them learned their negative-Jewish stereotypes in their own homes, their own neighborhoods, their own towns...
...Most of those surveyed agreed that Jews occupied a "privileged and favored position" in Soviet society...
...But nothing in the experience any of us has had with the Soviet Union prompts us to believe that our silence is more likely to win Mr...
...The Torah and the Talmud have been presented as preaching racism, hatred and violence...
...might it be, nonetheless, that the face of this heroic mother can move you...
...Elizavetgrad, a Ukrainian town of 32,000, was the starting point on April 15, 1881...
...The record of the 1881-82 pogroms was impressive as an example of frenzied anti-Semitism...
...Milgrom came to the Chistopol Prison on January 3 in order to visit her son—as Soviet law permits—she was denied access, as she had been six months earlier...
...A late 1981 samizdat document spells out the impact of discriminatory practices on the graduates of five Moscow high schools specializing in physics and mathematics...
...The Minister of Interior, Count Nikolai P. Ignatyev, in a memorandum to Tsar Alexander III on August 22, 1881, blamed the pogroms upon "the Jews' injurious activities" directed against the peasantry...
...The popular hate must be faced, he said, for "we cannot go forward to Communism with such a heavy load as Judeophobia...
...Modzhorian claims further that the Jewish-dominated press of Tsarist Russia had dubbed the uprisings as "anti-Semitic pogroms" only when the "bosses were Jews...
...Only a trickle is now permitted to leave...
...The other internal development contributing to official anti-Semitism was the erection of a totalitarian structure aiming to mobilize mass energies for Party-determined purposes...
...Shcharansky his freedom than our continuing expression of concern, of anger, of outrage, of pain...
...Chauvinism catered to and fed upon popular prejudices...
...The interviews reflected tremendous hostility toward Jews across the board, though the anti-Semitism of the Ukrainian refugee population was especially severe...
...When Leon Trotsky demurred about taking the position of Commissar of Home Affairs proffered by Lenin, 44/Momenl An Open Letter To Taxi Andropov, General Secretary Of The Communist Party Of The USSR Dear Chairman Andropov: The face on the cover of this month's Moment Magazine is that of Ida P. Milgrom, the mother of AnatoJy Shcharansky...
...It is precisely such educational discrimination that has evoked the deepest anxiety in the Soviet Jewish community...
...Significantly, the USSR has avoided publishing data on university enrollment during the past four years...
...With their educational future doomed and anti-Semitism continuing, it is hardly surprising that the 127 refuseniks warn, "the Jews of the USSR are facing the threat of a national catastrophe...
...Careful research indicates that between 1968 and 1980, the total number of Moscow Jews who emigrated was 14,494, only 5.8 percent of the total emigrant population...
...Only plots and conspiracies by hidden forces could interrupt, hinder or defeat "scientifically" planned programs...
...One does not know how much detail is brought to the attention of the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics...
...That over 90 percent of all top Party posts on the USSR level are held by Russians contributes, indirectly, to the reinforcement of these attitudes...
...The word has entered the lexicon of all Western languages as defining violence against Jewry, but its roots, linguistically (it comes from the Russian verb "to riot" or "to destroy") and historically, are Russian...
...All the more so if the weight of demography, as in the case of the Ukrainians, was added to that of geography...
...The Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee was created in 1942...
...she does not...
...Like many other oppressors before and after them, the Tsarist authorities blamed the victims for the violence...
...The government's policy of discrimination against Jews as individuals was largely a function of two internal developments in the Soviet Union at the time: deepening Russian nationalism (bordering on xenophobia) and the formation of a totalitarian structure...
...we will not...
...54/Moment...
...Anti-Semitism came hand in hand with this official Russian chauvinism, as it had during the Tsarist era, at least since the reign of Nicholas I. Certainly it was not accidental that official anti-Semitism made its first, if then only momentary, appearance at the time, in 1926, when Stalinist forces were attempting to inculcate a national pride in the doctrine of "socialism in one country...
...If this figure clearly bares the post-war trend toward Great Russian chauvinism, it just as clearly reflects one of the principal tendencies inherent in such chauvinism—anti-Semitism...
...According to Milovan Djilas, Stalin in 1946 boasted to him that "in our Central Committee there are no Jews...
...The impact of the Protocols was felt during the Civil War in 1918-20 in the Ukraine, when 30,000 Jews were massacred and 28 percent of Jewish homes destroyed...
...According to the fairly liberal commission: "The passion for acquisition and money-grubbing is inherent in the Jew from the day of his birth...
...together with the publication establishment, Ernes, it was to constitute, until November 1948, the Jewish "address" in the USSR...
...Furthermore, Hannah Arendt has noted that totalitarianism requires an "objective enemy who, like the 'carrier of a disease,' is the 'carrier' of subversive 'tendencies.'" This aspect of totalitarianism had a distinctive impact on the state's relationship to the Jews...
...Nor would he countenance compromise with popular anti-Semitic views...
...Prompted by emissaries from the St...
...Stalin's daughter revealed that after the war, "in the enrollment at the university and in all types of employment, preference was given to Russians...
...in 1975, it fell to 2,841...
...For the Jews, a percentage quota was, in essence, reinstated...
...it costs your nation dear...
...Krushchev in 1956 acknowledged to a visiting French Socialist delegation that popular prejudice toward Jews did play a role in affecting the state discriminatory policy...
...By the end of the year it reached Warsaw, an outpost of Tsarism, and moved on to other parts of the Empire...
...Even more authoritative is Zionism As a Form of Racism and Racial Discrimination, by Lydia A. Modzhorian, a prominent legal scholar active in the Shame i„ the Criminals" (on <,un siont...
...Soviet census data of 1970 shows 251,523 Jews in a total population of 7,061,008—3.56 percent...
...Statistics on the postgraduate level offer a similar pattern...
...Most likely, you do not know her face, and perhaps you are not even aware that when Mrs...
...More immediately threatening, however, is an anti-Jewish discriminatory pattern in higher education, for it poses a palpable and direct challenge to historic job opportunities and traditional life-styles of Soviet Jews...
...That the Jews were particularly suspect in a totalitarian structure impregnated with a distinct chauvinist character is not surprising for they indeed were a minority with an international tradition and a world-wide religion...
...In December 1962, he told a 52/Moment Party-organized meeting of artists and intellectuals that if Jews were to occupy top posts, it would tend to create anti-Semitism...
...Milgrom stands alone...
...Stalin's promise was more than a mere diplomatic gesture to placate his new racist ally...
...Lebanon") 'Israel"',- on iomb¦ riShl ih.' Gf""1'" tit in -Zip* Soviet Academy of Sciences...
...Jews everywhere had cultural, emotional and even family ties that transcended national boundaries...
...Popular anti-Semitism in Tsarist Russia made possible the extraordinary blood libel trial, the Beilis Case, in Kiev in 1911-12...
...He bemoaned how "the Russian people" were "blemished" by anti-Semitism and how the Communist song, "The Internationale," can "thunder forth" only when Jew-hatred is "buried for good...
...Shcharansky, Sakharov, little Rachel Genusov, the others—none of them does...
...Had Stalin not died on March 5, 1953, there was certain to be, according to Isaac Deutscher, his distinguished British biographer, "only one sequel: a nation-wide pogrom...
...For territorially-based ethnic groups, dismantling their autonomous communal structures or penetrating into them was a long-term process, difficult to complete...
...we will not...
...Petersburg and in Moscow...
...Today in the USSR, Zionism is labeled as a movement seeking "domination over the world" and locked in struggle with the Soviet Union...
...For Soviet Jews, the evidence points to a desperate future...
...If, until the late 60s, they played a major role in the technological and cultural elite, (though not in political, diplomatic or security-related spheres), it was largely a consequence of a fairly open, merit-oriented university admissions policy...
...Only in the realm of collective ethnic and cultural rights were the Jews accorded equality...
...Clearly, this pattern of training experience did little to broaden their scope...
...A Tsarist Commission, comprised of moderates, after five years of lengthy interviews and in-depth study of the Jewish problem, concluded in 1888 that Jews have "a tendency to get control of the economic strength of the population," a tendency to "exclusiveness" (i.e., clannishness), a tendency to "shirk state obligations" and to avoid "physical manual labors...
...His most recent article in moment, "Peaceloving at the UN," appeared in May 1982...
...is incurable...
...A major and perceptive 5,000-word document prepared by 127 top Jewish refuseniks in February 1981 highlighted the trend: "Access to the highest echelons of power [in science and technology] is practically closed to Jews, a situation reminiscent of the one existing in medieval aristocratic societies...
...The 100th anniversary of the po-gromist mentality has come and gone, and the situation has reached a desperate turning point...
...Do not suppose, sir, that we will lose interest or energy...
...Perceptions about Jews were integral to Russian society...
...Such attitudes toward the 19th century pogroms, voiced by none other than the currently-favored ideologues, would have caused Lenin himself to tremble...
...He was responsible for the first law in history banning anti-Semitism and he personally inserted into the statute the phrase that "pogromists and persons inciting to pogroms be outlawed...
...According to (unofficial) samizdat information, Jews are kept out of the best higher educational institutions in Moscow through the technique of having specially selected examiners give them unusually difficult oral examinations in mathematics and physics...
...The profound trauma afflicting Soviet Jews flows from the drastic cutback in emigration—over 95 percent since 1979...
...The new Russian nationalism was a dominant characteristic of the struggle against the Old Guard's "internationalism...
...To speak of a Jewish-dominated press and Jewish "bosses" in Russia at the time is more than a slight exaggeration...
...Petersburg aristocracy calling for the "people's wrath" to "be vented on the Jews," the peasants unleashed violence against the Jews in the small city...
...Twenty thousand Jews were made homeless, 100,000 were ruined economically and Jewish property valued at $80 million was destroyed...
...Milgrom to stand outside the prison gates for ten days before he received her and permitted her to exchange scribbled—and censored—notes with her son...
...The lurid depiction of a vast conspiracy boggles the mind...
...About a third of the leaders studied specialized skills in fanning, a third in industry, and a third in ideology...
...Clearly, pogromist ideology was a part of the baggage the Russians, and later the Soviets, carried with them into the 20th century...
...At that time, the number of Jewish students totalled 19,509, in a student body of 617,141...
...Comparison with Moscow data published a decade ago covering the academic year 1970-71 records the dramatic decrease in Jewish enrollment...
...if the fact that the full power of the Soviet state is arrayed against this woman and her son does not shame you...
...The incredible 40 percent decline is certain to have dropped even further since then...
...Shame on those who foment hatred toward the Jews...
...Andropov, you have suggested to Georges Marchais, the leader of the French Communist Parly, that clemency might be shown Mr...
...Only six percent had white-collar origins, while a little more than a quarter came from the proletariat...
...Milgrom's face...
...For the pictures of their faces are with us, as—so we believe—they themselves will one day be...
...A contemporary Russian writer described the trauma as "unending torture...
...That policy had swung, pendulum-like, from a pro-West position ("collective security") to a pro-Nazi position (the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact) and then back to a pro-West position (the Grand Alliance...
...Please, Mr...
...Begun writes: "...it proves to be an unsurpassed textbook of blood-thirstiness, hypocrisy, treachery, perfidy and degradation—all the basest human qualities...
...If both chauvinism and totalitarianism lent themselves to the absorption of popular anti-Semitism at high levels, the background of the Party leadership since the late 30s helps explain the transmission and persistence of folk imagery about the Jew...
...that they don't like to work hard and refuse to serve in the front lines of the armed forces...
...The pogromist experience prompted him to conclude in his book that "Judeophobia is a psychic disorder" which is "hereditary and, as a disease transmitted for 2,000 years...
...The 1950-51 "Harvard Project on the Soviet Social System" was based on interviews with Soviet refugees in the U.S., people who had defected or had been captured during World War II or who had fled during 1946-50...
...In November 1926, the Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the Soviet regime acknowledged that Soviet white collar workers were "more anti-Semitic today than . . . under Tsarism...
...It triggered the mass emigration of Jews to the West even as it spurred the first Zionist movement in Russia—the Biluim and the Hovevei Zion...
...The number of Jewish students enrolled in higher education throughout the USSR plunged downward from 111,900 in 1968-69 to 66.900 in 1976-77 (the last year of published data...
...When Nikita Krushchev objected to Yevtushenko raising the shameful issue, the poet would not be silenced...
...But with the Jewish community the task was simplified...
...The city, until now, has produced a very small percentage of the total emigration group...
...Igor Gouzenko, a former Soviet diplomatic official in Canada who later defected, related that in 1939 he was told of a "confidential" decree of the Party Central Committee that had been sent to all directors of educational institutions ordering them to establish quotas of admissions for Jews...
...In 1942, one year after the Nazi invasion of Russia, the Soviet authorities handed down a secret order establishing quotas for Jews in particularly prominent posts...
...Secretary, look at Mrs...
...Unlike Cassandra's, their cries must be heard...
...William Korey, B'nai B'rith's Director of International Policy Research, is currently Guest Scholar at the Wood-row Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, D.C...
...Totalitarianism, of course, could tolerate no genuinely autonomous or corporate social units independent of the central manipulators of power...
...A dispersed people, the Jews would find that their communal establishment could, simply and literally, be pulverized...
...This creates the classic authoritarian personality—rigid, disciplined, obedient, adoring of the symbol of his own nationality, suspicious of the alien and the outsider...
...Such cynicism enabled the Jew to be cast in the role of scapegoat, to be blamed for failures or difficulties in the regime's internal and foreign policies...
...In her view, they were "artificially exaggerated and widely used by Jewish entrepreneurs and rabbis...
...At the heart of the prejudice, as it had been in the 1880s and afterwards, was "talk of Jewish domination...
...Pinsker was convinced that Jews had no future in Russia...
Vol. 8 • March 1983 • No. 3
