FORUM
FORUM Does Shanks Support Kahane's Philosophy? Hershel Shanks' Perspective, "Do Jews Have the Right to Live Anywhere in Jerusalem?" (August 1990), gave surprisingly shallow treatment of a highly...
...The word derives from the Hebrew where the masculine singular noun or adjective is meshug'a and the plural is meshuga'im...
...Even a congregation of 30 or 40 households can keep a stricken family fed, chauffeured and babysat for weeks on end...
...Oscar Wald Chicago, Illinois Does the Principle that Applies In Jerusalem Also Apply In South Africa...
...Mickiewicz, Slowacki and Norwid's poetry...
...I have yet to hear a word of condemnation from any source, including the pope, of the renewed and virulent antisemitism occurring at this very moment in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union...
...Gebert's memories from his childhood...
...But Jews see these mountains of intellectual labor resting, as in a reverse pyramid, on a pinpoint of solemn affirmations that for non-Christians are obvious myths...
...Most community centers, after all, are partially subsidized by local federations and sometimes by government as well...
...And while Mr...
...I dreamt of the time when Poland would be a truly democratic state of free and equal citizens...
...But I am saddened at his judgment that Jews know less and care less about Christian faith-assertions FORUM than Christians do of Judaism ("Rethinking Christianity: A Challenge to Jewish Attitudes," August 1990...
...If other European nations have transcended their purely national identities, why can't the Poles...
...I see no reason to establish a synagogue for singles, couples, widowed (who are also single, though generally not thought of as such) or any other subgroup of the population...
...I grew up on Chopin, Moniuszko and Wieniawski's music...
...Would you apply this principle elsewhere...
...Beryl Lieff Benderly Washington, D.C...
...He may say he understands them...
...The many centuries of permutations and combinations of theological investigations and statements simply do not impress non-Christians...
...Myer S. Kripke, Rabbi Emeritus Beth El Synagogue Omaha, Nebraska Is Salvation Only Through Jesus...
...Say in South Africa...
...I am curious...
...Having spent the Spring 1990 semester at the Warsaw University in a faculty exchange program, I read Konstanty Gebert's article, "Do Jews Have a Future in Poland...
...I admire Mr...
...They've all improved because of MOMENT...
...Your [Hershel Shanks'] Perspective ("Do Jews Have the Right to Live Anywhere in Jerusalem...
...I walked the old streets of the Warsaw Ghetto—Krochmalna, Mila, Zamehoffa, Nowolipki...
...Synagogues will thrive only if they strive to become religious communities (or collections of communities) in every sense of the word...
...Although Father Pawlikowski's own efforts are serious, sincere and diligent, the fact is that the work of a few people like him over a couple of decades has not made much difference: Have the people in the pews or the students in the classroom really been made aware of the Church's new views...
...The national figure is three times as high...
...How will Hershel Shanks respond when a literate Ku Klux Klansman cites his August Perspective ("Do Jews Have the Right to Live Anywhere in Jerusalem...
...We know because we've done it...
...In our 12-year history, we have experienced two major medical catastrophes (a death from cancer and a shooting that left a child paralyzed) and many lesser, though still serious, illnesses...
...But this is no justification for Jewish infringement on the principle of exclusivity in the Christian Quarter...
...You prefer the principle that "Christians and Moslems [should] have their traditional quarters of the Old City reserved for them...
...Or, I am tempted to say, they are stuck with it more than we are...
...When necessary, we also turn out en masse, covered dishes at the ready, for shivah (mourning) calls...
...We are not highly observant, but we take our responsibility to sick members as both a sacred duty and a point of pride...
...Nor can I fully appreciate the joy of growing up and living in a Jewish community in Israel or in the States, which was his happy lot...
...But it is far too difficult—and far too early—for Jews to reciprocate...
...I accept the proposition that an equally valid covenant exists between Christians and their God, but it is a separate one...
...What for...
...He concludes that these together are a "powerful bulwark against the development of an enhanced understanding of Christian traditions amongjews...
...I belong to Kehila Chadasha, a smallish, unaffiliated chavurah (group...
...Caring for the Sick I was touched by Rachel Cowan's column on the mitzvah of bikkur cholim (visiting the sick) in your August issue...
...However, the notion that the Church "shares in the original covenantal relationship between God and the people Israel on an equal basis with Jews" is still unacceptable...
...I walked the streets of the ancient Jewish Kazimierz in Cracow...
...I looked in the faces of the people: Do they know anything about the life that teemed with the tradition of centuries within the very walls of the homes they are now calling their own...
...The names and stones do it much better...
...All it takes is organization and the will to succeed...
...The 7 percent could be made up of Jews in their 70s or 80s who came over from other countries and did not have the opportunity to complete their education...
...John's Hospice on the principle of the physical integrity of the four quarters: Armenian, Christian, Moslem and Jewish...
...Jews are largely flabbergasted by Christian theology...
...There is a terrible asymmetry here...
...I can't believe what I read in "Gallup Looks at American Jews" (June 1990...
...As a young student I was hungrily absorbing Mark Hlasko's first home-grown attempts at literary critique, and Slawomir Mrozek's ridicule of the social changes in Poland of the early 1950s...
...This is a defense of the status quo and prevents change...
...Very few of my friends ever knew or suspected my Jewish origin...
...Gary Tobin's article, "Will the Synagogue Survive...
...We are all very grateful, I'm sure...
...Melinda M. Stein Savannah, Georgia Is There a Place for Jews In Poland...
...Pawlikowski states that Christians have begun the process of "aggressive programming to eliminate antisemitism...
...The Greek Orthodox leadership made it plain that the Jews were unwelcome in their neighborhood solely because they were Jews...
...Based on my 12 years living in the Deep South and an active involvement in Judeo-Christian (Baptist/ Methodist) relations, I can say that both lay and ministerial Bible Belters are no more knowledgeable about the beliefs and practices of Judaism than vice versa...
...Yet Shanks observes that "Moslems have also encroached on establishments in the Christian Quarter...
...They almost forced me to uproot myself, to sign without protestation the humiliating declaration that I willingly relinquish my citizenship and will never try to recover it...
...Shanks notes in passing what Jordan did to the Jewish Quarter after 1948, but he doesn't observe that Jordan built many mosques in the Christian Quarter, stimulating the movement of Moslems into the Christian Quarter...
...At a time when Israel's right to Jerusalem is being called into question, that would have asserted the Jewish claim in a manner that friend and foe alike would understand...
...In cold fact, Father Pawlikowski, a Jew cannot be comfortable in the very first faith affirmations a Christian makes...
...There is a lack of dignity in his idea of synagogue users as "pay-for-service" consumers...
...Membership would presumably become what it generally is in community centers: the most economical way to obtain certain packages of services...
...What should he have expected...
...In the closing decades of the first century of the Common Era, when the incipient Christian Church and the Jews who survived the Roman destruction were intellectually at each other's throats, I suspect the Jews got off some nasty, vituperative remarks about Christians...
...And it is true: Our gentile friends are much more interested in theology than we are...
...not so, Judaism...
...The practical results in pew and classroom are, thus far, minuscule...
...He may say that he is pleased—indeed, he is pleased— that these affirmations lead Christians to the ethical life...
...August 1990) contains a reasonably accurate analysis of the demographic and sociological challenges the American synagogue must overcome...
...John's Hospice...
...I teach in a theology department, and therefore find myself writing or typing the word "theology" fairly often...
...I don't want to educate children without touching their parents' lives...
...for there is always a distasteful possibility of conversion efforts in such contacts...
...Now that Poland is almost Judenrein (free of Jews), there are very few Poles who will ever think about the historical debt that country owes to the remnants of its Jewish minority now driven out and destroyed...
...Rabbi Elyse M. Goldstein Temple Beth David Canton, Massachusetts Synagogues for Singles I disagree with Gary Tobin's suggestion in "Will the Synagogue Survive...
...How wonderful that the Church has abandoned its long-cherished view ' that it replaced Judaism in the covenant with God...
...Christianity, to explain itself, must at once posit its relationship with Judaism...
...Another principle you use is the "mosaic principle...
...He is wrong, however, if he envisions synagogues succeeding by jettisoning their religious functions and seeking to function as amateur, unsubsidized community centers...
...August 1990) attacks the move of 150 Jews into the Old City's St...
...I reject the notion of a three-way deal, a trinity, a menage a trois...
...Does Tobin envision selling tickets for Shabbat services...
...Unfortunately, the nasty and vituperative remarks of Christians about Jews were attributed to Jesus...
...But in any case, before Shanks proclaims that the move of those awful ultra-religious Jewish nationalists into the Christian Quarter was wrong, as opposed to merely impolitic or ill timed, he ought to ask how the neighborhood in question became a Judenrein (free of Jews) "Christian Quarter" in the first place...
...Jews ruefully admit to themselves that their college students are insufficiently prepared to withstand the blandishments of a majority faith and, in some cases, the traditional Christian falsehoods about Judaism that come from various cults and sects on campuses, as well as from well-intentioned, honest Christians...
...I looked in the sad faces of the few Jews I met in Cracow, Warsaw, Tarnow and Nowy Sacz, some of them childhood friends who, like Mr...
...Rabbi Jacob Chinitz Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada Will Fee-for-Service Synagogues Solve Our Problem...
...As soon as a Jew confronts Christian theology, he enters a realm where in good conscience he can tread only as a stranger...
...My marital status is irrelevant...
...When he moves from description to prescription, however, his connection to reality becomes somewhat more tenuous...
...Their eyes told it all, with an eloquence of desecrated gravestones—the humiliation at being forced to hide one half of their being deep underground, the mute fear of being pointed at and picked at as Jews or, worse, Zionists...
...Ida Cohen Selavan Cincinnati, Ohio Is It Too Soon for Jews to Reciprocate Christianity's New Views of Judaism...
...But I doubt if he and the few other Jews who remain in Poland will ever be cast in any role other than that of a perennial scapegoat...
...Shanks' view is that the Jewish, Moslem, Christian and Armenian communities in Jerusalem each have the exclusive right to determine who may live within their respective quarters...
...August 1990), even if you claim the settlers were wrong, certainly the Jordanians were more than wrong when, between 1948 and 1967, they did not allow any Jewish worship in the Old City...
...I haven't seen it...
...Ironically, the same Poles are now searching the pedigrees of Mazowiecki, Gieremek, Michnik and other intellectual leaders of the Solidarity movement in an effort to prove that, once again, Jews are ruling their Poland...
...The Polish legislature has been struggling for several months with the wording of an act to restore to their rightful private ownership industrial and commercial enterprises confiscated by the state during the late 1940s and early 1950s...
...Please note, I have not said I approve the move into St...
...Too many Jews already think of the synagogue as nothing more than a place they can call at the last minute for quickie solutions, with the rabbi in the role of a hired day-laborer...
...Second, as Pawlikowski notes, there are the long and bitter centuries of Christian persecution of Jews...
...Christians and the Moslems respect the integrity of the Christian Quarter only with respect to Jews...
...There must be some catch...
...Synagogue is community, and a synagogue that is limited (voluntarily or not) to one segment of the population is incomplete...
...Could it be that Rabbi Meir Kahane is right on target when he says the Jews don't really believe the Land of Israel is theirs...
...Quite frankly, I didn't become a rabbi to be bought for a price by strangers at the most important ritual moments of their lives...
...it became the image of the Jew among Christians for century upon weary century...
...August 1990) in justification of an attempt to keep Jews or blacks out of a previously 100 percent Aryan neighborhood...
...Allan S. Goodkind Skokie, Illinois Where Are the American Jews Who Never Finished High School...
...Her call for bikkur cholim (visiting the sick) will strengthen the sick and the visitor, spiritually as well as physically...
...If we favor democracy, it shouldn't matter what country we are talking about...
...So far, the results of the Jewish-Christian dialogue have been confined to the upper echelons in Church and Synagogue, or to their public relations people...
...If the Church is truly rejecting nonpluralism and repudiating Jesus' "I am the resurrection and the life" and the dogma of salvation solely through.that route, then this is monumentally good news...
...It deserves to be announced by a far higher Church authority than Father Pawlikowski and to a far wider audience than the readership of MOMENT...
...Gebert for his pride in being in Poland and for telling everyone around that he is and the few others like him are still there despite everything that has happened...
...But he cannot say that he appreciates these affirmations as such...
...It harks back to Father Pawlikowski's understanding that Judaism is far less theological than Christianity...
...One must give as well as receive...
...What can anyone in Poland, gentile or Jew, tell me or my children more than the fallen gravestones in the devastated Jewish cemeteries in Tarnow or Cracow, overgrown with a jungle of weeds, strewn with the broken glass of vodka botdes...
...and Matejko and Sienkiewicz's depictions of Polish history...
...F O R U M Nor are we encouraged by the regurgitated antisemitism in the Soviet Union, in the countries of Eastern Europe and even in places like France...
...I must, however, take exception with one of his examples of Polish antisemitism...
...Prus, Orzeszkowa and Konopnicka's portrayals of social issues...
...Except for two short visits in the summers of 1984 and 1985, my recent semester in Warsaw was my first return to Poland since my emigration to Israel in 1957...
...The article evoked very mixed emotions...
...To take one example, Tobin proposes that synagogues imitate Jewish community centers by de-emphasizing membership in favor of a fee-for-service structure...
...Strengthening the Visitor, Too Hurray for Rabbi Rachel Cowan (Column, August 1990...
...Had my parents decided to emigrate when I was his age, I might be writing today a letter similar to his...
...That little chat should have been followed by the jailing or deportation of the fellow who tore the star down...
...Third, he understands that Judaism is less "theological" than Christianity...
...He may, of course, yet prove right, but there is no reason to predict disaster...
...Does he expect a rabbi who visits the sick or pays a shivah (mourning) call to send a bill...
...The Christian practice of not protesting about what Moslems do to them is now traditional...
...And, fourth, he understands that a minority—Jews—is always wary of mutual appreciation between itself and a majority—Christians...
...I looked in the faces of the people—do they know anything about the wholly different world that once existed and perished on these very streets...
...I didn't want to emigrate...
...When we stood at Sinai and joined in the covenant with God, through the declaration, Na'aseh v'nishma' (We will observe and we will hear), Christians were decidedly absent...
...How could I part with all that...
...Only some years later did I realize how much I owe my parents for their wisdom in their firm resolve to emigrate, despite their full knowledge of the personal deprivation that awaited them—the fate of most middle-aged or older, penniless emigrants...
...Shanks should also try to understand that observant Jews do not object to nonobservant Jews living in their communities...
...Father John Pawlikowski has devoted a large share of his thoughtful, caring, productive life to Catholic-Jewish understanding...
...Everything, from the Russification of the Polish territories lost in September 1939 through the subsequent massacre of Polish officers in Katyn forest, is blamed on the Jews bent on destroying everything Polish...
...Where are those 7 percent of American Jews who do not have high school diplomas...
...Then my parents asked me how long I thought my disguise would last...
...To issue a blanket statement such as "Christians are far more interested in Judaism than Jews are in Christianity" requires, at the least, some documentation...
...If Jews owning property in Greece were to state publicly that their sole objection to a tenant was his Greek background, after which they ripped down a cross and stirred up anti-Greek propaganda, would the Greeks tolerate it or would they make life very hot for those Jews very fast...
...I also share the idealistic endorsement of the Polish cultural identity he recalls from his youth...
...Rabbi Cowan is right...
...August 1990), with great interest...
...When I subscribed to MOMENT and sent gift subscriptions, I expected a balanced treatment of Israel...
...August 1990) opposes the right of Jews to lease a building in the Christian Quarter of Jerusalem by rejecting the principle that "Jews have the right to live anywhere in Jerusalem...
...Yoram Eckstein Kent, Ohio Konstanty Gebert replies: /fully share and understand Mr...
...Zalman Gaibel Chicago, Illinois Only Jews Are Objectionable Hershel Shanks' Perspective ("Do Jews Have the Right to Live Anywhere in Jerusalem...
...Joseph Lerner Jerusalem, Israel Asymmetry between the Israelis And the Jordanians Whatever view you take about the Jewish takeover of the building next to the Holy Sepulchre (Perspective, "Do Jews Have the Right to Live Anywhere in Jerusalem...
...His background in Jewish-Christian relations notwithstanding, numerous points he makes require a deeper examination...
...Should the principle of the four distinct quarters apply only to the movement of Jews into the Christian Quarter...
...Synagogues cannot survive, as community centers can, by offering enough concrete programs and services to make membership worthwhile...
...August 1990): Where is Jewish self-respect...
...Meshuge is an adjective...
...Synagogue membership will be attractive only if it connotes more than a dues-paying category...
...I feel at home in my synagogue because of its warm atmosphere and theological perspective...
...Yaacov M. Gross Lawrence, New York Will the KKK Cite Shanks...
...And I won't...
...They too are "looking Western—healthy, tall, good-looking, well dressed, with relaxed faces that belong in Paris or Rome," and I am now wearing the kind of "beautiful Jewish face" imprinted in Mr...
...But to what end...
...August 1990) that "Congregations for singles...should be established...
...I felt as if I was parting with my entire cultural heritage...
...Antisemitism spread as a great spiritual plague that polluted the Western world, wherever Christianity reached...
...Shanks' blessing of this arrangement may be confined to Jerusalem's Old City, logically, why should it not be extended to all of Israel...
...Synagogues, however, would find it difficult to sustain themselves on that basis...
...The masculine singular noun is meshugener, the feminine is meshugener, the plural is meshugoyim...
...Eckstein cannot know from experience the other side of the picture—the Poland as open land that I have experienced, not as a literary figure but as a concrete experience in solidarity with Polish men and women with whom I share common ideals...
...I know from experience that organized care for the sick need not be a prerogative of Orthodox congregations...
...A proper response to the outrage would have been to summon the ecclesiastics to the Ministry of Religions for a reminder that in the Jewish state, the immunities customarily extended to religion and to FORUM Christian ecclesiastics do not cover the tearing down of stars of David or political demonstrations...
...Douglas Aronin Forest Hills, New York Rent-a-Rabbi Gary Tobin's picture of the near-future synagogue ("Will the Synagogue Survive...
...Is this not the underpinning of Meir Kahane's philosophy that Israel is a Jewish community/state which may properly expel outsiders on racial and religious grounds...
...The problem faced by the proponents of the legislation is how to frame the act in such a way that it would provide for the selective return of the confiscated property only to non-Jewish owners...
...Moment Sets a Standard In the 15 years of its existence, MOMENT has set a standard of readability for all Jewish periodicals...
...Jews are not particularly fond of theology...
...A mob led by Christian ecclesiastics tore down a Jewish symbol, a magen david (star of David), from a home duly leased by Jews in a bona fide commercial transaction...
...In his article, he himself has given a well-thought-out and cogent list of reasons why this is so...
...Gebert, should have the right to choose where to live...
...However, the real problem is the lack of serious commitment to Judaism by a large segment of the American-Jewish public...
...There has been no discrimination against Jewish rights in connection with the law of ownership restoration: Some Jews are already claiming their or their ancestors' property...
...This is better known by its proper name of preserving the ghetto...
...Everyone, including Mr...
...Yaacov Luria San Diego, California The writer is a regular columnist for the National Jewish Post and Opinion.— Ed...
...Aside from earlier conquests of the Jewish homeland in past centuries, the Arab riots of 1920, 1929 and 1936 under an indulgent British regime sufficed to rid the neighborhood of the last residents of Mosaic persuasion...
...Simon Fellner Long Island City, New York A Proper Response to the Christian Hospice Furor Re Hershel Shanks' Perspective ("Do Jews Have the Right to Live Anywhere in Jerusalem...
...You recognize this and admit that "In America, the answer would be different...
...It would have gotten Israel the respect due one who knows what is his and says so forthrightly...
...Eckstein's anguish at seeing the great past of Polish fewry not only murdered by the Nazis but then forgotten and rejected by the Poles...
...Shanks' attempt to draw parallels between this and the St...
...Would he institute an admission charge for the daily minyan (prayer quorum...
...They need to provide many of their services without charge (and to subsidize many others for those who cannot afford them...
...It is true, as Father Pawlikowski asserts, that statements of Jewish leaders on the merits of Christianity are grudging and, indeed, not as understanding as statements coming in the other direction...
...John's Hospice dispute reflects a lack of understanding of both issues...
...Fortunately, these have been lost to history...
...But neither I nor my children need an anachronistic Jewish holdout in the dead moonscape of the Jewish world of Poland 1990 to tell us about our origins...
...Synagogues cannot compete in our over-institutionalized community by undertaking functions that other institutions can do better...
...Finally, we come to the part about spiritual monism...
...Synagogues, furthermore, are forced to spend significant portions of their resources on services for which fee-for-service will not work...
...As a result of my Freudian typing metathesis, the word, on several occasions, came out "theolgoy...
...But Mr...
...This customer mentality is demeaning enough without officially sanctioning it through fee structures...
...Part of the reluctance of Jewish religious leaders to study Christianity more closely and appraise its merits is a result of aggressive conversion efforts aimed at Jews on American campuses and elsewhere...
...Half-hearted measures surely won't...
...My blond hair, blue eyes, an acquired very Polish-sounding surname and, above all, an impeccable Cracow accent in my perfect Polish served me well as a perfect disguise...
...others think of pooling their efforts in order to create a fund for the preservation of Jewish culture based on such restored wealth...
...This is a monstrous notion, one that would convert the City of Peace to the City of Shame, where residents are banned or expelled solely on the basis of their race or religion...
...They didn't need to explain what events like the Kielce pogrom of 1946 and the antisemitic purges of March 1968 did to their tormented souls...
...She was using the absolutely correct Yiddish plural for the noun, meshugener (a crazy person...
...There is more, if we may permit ourselves to be painfully honest...
...I can also hardly agree with his statements about the lack of a role forJews in the contest for Poland's future "other than that of a perennial scapegoat...
...We recognize the mountains of labor and thoughtful-ness and philosophical acumen that have gone into this enterprise over the centuries, and the brilliance of many of the thinkers of the past and present who have devoted themselves to it...
...They can succeed only by excelling at those things of which only they are capable...
...The poll included no one under 18...
...Father John Pawlikowski has written a thought-provoking piece, a challenge to Jewish attitudes ("Rethinking Christianity: A Challenge to Jewish Attitudes," August 1990...
...There were no complaints then, not from the Vatican, not from the United Nations, not from the United States...
...He is correct that synagogue leaders need to undertake major r??valuation of the programs and structures—including dues structures—of their institutions...
...Tobin is right that too many synagogues still function as if it were the 1950s...
...Antisemitism, so out of favor in temporarily ashamed Christian communities, is back in favor...
...That should raise the question: Why do Shanks and other Jews who share his view feel compelled to sanctify the anti-Jewish violence of the past...
...Gebert, decided to stay put...
...Shereen Rothman Cabin John, Maryland According to the Gallup Organization: This figure is consistent with surveys over a long period of time...
...Observant Jews may object to the public desecration of the Sabbath in their communities, but they do not seek to ban nonobservant Jews from living in these communities because of their secular beliefs...
...Gebert, I was very idealistic and viewed myself overwhelmingly as a secular Pole...
...The Greek patriarch and his minions made common cause with Israel's enemies in a joint demonstration with Palestinian nationalists...
...This guarantees that, on a concrete level, synagogue members will always pay for more than they get...
...Father Pawlikowski's effort to supply the antitoxin of honesty is admirable and warmly welcomed...
...The Greek Orthodox Church testified in Jerusalem that it would not have been distressed if it had found that Moslems had acquired possession of the hospice...
...Our sick members all get the "Kehila treatment": a flood of visits, cards and phone calls, home-cooked meals delivered to the door, babysitting, blood donations, prayers, errands, anything the family says they need...
...It got that way because the Jews were kicked out...
...Our parents' choices have pre-empted ours...
...Susanna Levin New Rochelle, New York Mishegoyim Are Not Necessarily Goyim Peter Fine ("Homeless on Shabbat," August 1990) was mistaken in translating Betty's Yiddish mishegoyim as the combination of two Yiddish words, meshuge (crazy) and goyim (gentiles...
...Many Poles blame the ascent of the Communist regime and all that followed in Poland during the last 45 years on the long list of Jews who were in the Polish Communist establishment...
...I still remember the homely face of the barely literate internal security functionary who handed me the forms to sign...
...I was then a 19-year-old student in Cracow and, like Mr...
...A normal people living on its own land would react...
...It is amazing how few Poles realize that the Jewish exodus from Poland was a net loss to Poland's soul...
...Tobin correctly states that some synagogues need to do a better job of serving some segments of the community...
...Since 1967 thousands of Moslems have moved into the Christian Quarter...
...I now have three children of my own, two born in Israel and the third one in the United States...
...I have long admired his writing...
...It's not a question of degree of observance but of sense of community...
...I want only to help think about it...
...August 1990), gave surprisingly shallow treatment of a highly complex and emotionally charged issue...
...I want to be more than a "rent-a-rabbi" at sacred times for people I don't recognize...
...August 1990) frightens me...
...I'll settle, then, for smaller numbers of members who see the synagogue as their spiritual home...
...American Jews need to understand that participation in synagogue life is a two-way street...
...Even worse, and with dire results, this vituperation became part of Christian Holy Scripture...
Vol. 15 • December 1990 • No. 6
