Forum
FORUM Our Enemies Could Do No Better Your Perspective column concerning your difficulty in obtaining Jewish mailing lists ("Choking Jewish Communication," Perspective, December 1987) hit a real...
...It may even legitimize the Modern Orthodox in the eyes of the Orthodox Right...
...Many artists and writers have chosen to live there...
...Fenyvesi asks an Orthodox person...
...Shlomo Juster Karmiel, Israel Modem Orthodoxy's Loss of Nerve Orthodox rabbis who privately admire Yitz Greenberg yet feel compelled to distance themselves from him publicly ("Can 'Yitz' Greenberg Really Bring the Jewish People Together...
...Your abuse of your nonprofit status and mailing privilege has been a profound disappointment...
...The last time I was there it had some thriving coffeehouses where they gathered, gave readings and displayed their work...
...It fails, however, to address the central question of modern Jewish identity— why be Jewish in a world in which the claims of modern culture are so attractive and skepticism towards traditional values so rampant...
...FORUM Our Enemies Could Do No Better Your Perspective column concerning your difficulty in obtaining Jewish mailing lists ("Choking Jewish Communication," Perspective, December 1987) hit a real sore spot...
...The number is similar to the enrollment of last year...
...While I did not find everything credible (especially lacking in this regard was Max Singer's piece ["A Futurist Looks at the Jewish Future," December 1987], which I found rather incredible), it was all thought-provoking and challenging...
...He considered his vision in line with the "prophets of old": I pictured the institution of a world-university wherein the best brains of the world would study and develop law, economics, ethnology, history, etc., as affecting the nations, not a nation, so as to insure 'loving kindness, justice and righteousness' as the guiding principles of the government of every nation...
...At the time, I was not psychologically ready to undergo circumcision...
...This appears to be a shallow student only interested in materialism and the nearest disco...
...The alternatives were there, but they did not fit into the Zionist long-term goals...
...Roni C. Rabin's report on the current financial problems of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem ("Is Hebrew University Going Down the Tubes...
...Rabbi Alexander Graubart Congregation Beth Sholom San Francisco, California I must tell you that, although I enjoyed the "old" MOMENT, I find the "new" MOMENT even more to my liking...
...To me this is good...
...Here's wishing you every success in creating what I believe will be a very important journal of American Jewry...
...Ask the student there how many days the library was open last year or how many classes were canceled...
...She refers to one student as saying, "Arad rots . . . There's little to do and it's at the other end of the world...
...Steven DaGama Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio JuHus Lester's Halachk Conversion Thank you for the lovely job of excerpting from my book, Lovesong...
...The circle of writers was altogether too limited...
...Modern Orthodox rabbis who cannot join in the struggle to clarify that vision are expressing their own failure of nerve to confront modernity seriously...
...However, there is some comfort in knowing that Gore Vidal is not an elected official...
...Give food and words and you give the finest gift of comfort: yourself...
...Eshed's review is most unsatisfactory and misleading...
...As to commitment to Judaism and as to contributing to the collective mind of Judaism in the future, there is not even a basis for comparison...
...The world Jewish community might do some hard thinking about world education priorities...
...His classes were widely considered by students to be among the most stimulating and demanding offered at the institution, and his warm, intense personality insured a dedicated following...
...Lawrence M. Reisman New York, New York In Praise Of Arad In Miriam S. Cohen's otherwise fine review of Taking Time Off in Israel, by Fern Reiss ("Where Time Off is Prime Time," Books, October 1987), she notes that Reiss details both compliments and complaints about the described programs...
...For these three ideals best interpret according to another of our prophets, Jeremiah—what is meant by 'the knowledge of the Lord.' And a world-university means a source whence such knowledge shall flow until 'the earth shall be filled with the knowledge of these ideals as the waters cover the sea' (Menorak Journal IV/3,June 1918...
...The new MOMENT has taken some time to get warmed up, but by the December issue I think you have hit a good stride...
...November 1987) signal, in fact, a deeper problem: Modern Orthodoxy's loss of nerve...
...Our tradition teaches us to recite only partial praise of a person in his presence...
...considering that your readership would not yet have read it in its English translation...
...I found every article worth reading from beginning to end, and many of the articles were of a length to rival the old MOMENT...
...They might have accomplished more but for Stephen Wise...
...Rabbi James S Diamond Clayton, Missouri Because of MOMENT'S constructive examination over the years of the issues raised by the continued occupation of the West Bank, the Foundation for Middle East Peace has been a fairly consistent supporter...
...I fear that the article creates such an impression...
...As a student at Yeshiva University in the 1960s, I was attracted by Modern Orthodoxy's vision of synthesis of Jewish tradition and modern culture, which sought to integrate the best values of Torah and Western society...
...First, in this instance and several times throughout the essay, Fenyvesi allows his subjects to remain anonymous in their criticism of Yitz Greenberg...
...But one begins to get the sense of possible impending hemorrhage in educational life...
...There is one caveat: whatever assistance is forthcoming, it must not be for perpetuating self-congratulating physical structures...
...I will be forever grateful to the Reform movement for its willingness to view halacha as a guide, a way, and not a set of rigid rules which ignore the soul of an individual...
...Douglas Wertheimer Editor, The Jewish Star Calgary, Canada Praise for Yitz Greenberg The November 1987 issue of MOMENT included an article about Yitz Greenberg ("Can 'Yitz' Greenberg Really Bring the Jewish People Together...
...First, using the term "terrorist" is inappropriate because, in the type of situation under discussion, homes are demolished before any determination is made of whether a terrorist is involved Persons should be presumed innocent until proven guilty...
...I ask you, however, to consider the pain that your terminology caused me, and, perhaps, others like me...
...For example, half a million dollars would enable 500 Israeli students to attend the Hebrew University for another year...
...Prior to Pearl Harbor, it was possible to bring Jews out of Europe through the Soviet Union and into Japan or Shanghai, with the cooperation of the Japanese government...
...and to peripatetic professors...
...Although I very likely said what I am quoted as saying, and indeed have on many occasions told Rabbi Greenberg in person why I disagree with his anxiety about the future of Jewish unity, I regret that the author did not also include what I told him about my high personal regard for Rabbi Greenberg's integrity and for his extraordinary role as teacher and role model for the widest variety of Jews throughout the length and breadth of this land...
...I did not give birth to them, but I have loved and reared them since their early infancy, and my husband and I are the only parents they have ever known...
...Fenyvesi's handling of his subject falters, however, when he raises this matter again...
...Rochelle Zide-Booth Jamaica Estates, New York Food for Mourners Carol P. Hausman's "First You Mourn" (MOMENT, September 1987) was moving in its sensitivity and broad in its understanding of grief...
...How the Financial Crisis is Creating an Academic Crisis," October 1987) helps penetrate the wall of American disbelief about the seriousness of problems at Israeli universities (although the vulgar phrase "going down the tubes" was not necessary to communicate the message...
...Most recently I was in Arad in 1983...
...Had Britain allowed immigration into Palestine, it could have created the one issue that would have galvanized the Arabs to unite and become Hitler's full-fledged allies...
...Gordon FJromtsky, Ph.D...
...To be sure, the vision did raise intellectual and social doubts, such as the impact of modern science and critical historical scholarship on traditional faith, the enormity of the Holocaust as a challenge to Divine justice, and the limits of pluralism for believing Jews...
...The New moment Is Marvelous I couldn't let those first two letters in the December 1987 issue ("The New MOMENT Is Awful" and "A Palace Coup at MOMENT") go without sending in my emphatic disagreement...
...Brenner's letter notes that several organizations were sending food packages to Poland...
...In 1968 there was such unease about his determination to introduce a new course on the Holocaust that it had to be disguised as a semester offering on modern totalitarianism...
...Forum, November 1987), Melvin Urofsky's defense (Forum, November 1987) is just as wrong in that it refuses to acknowledge that there were things that Stephen Wise could do and didn't...
...It is imprecise because Orthodoxy is no more monolithic than Judaism itself, and it is naive and misleading to frame an issue without indicating that this is so...
...Questions may even be raised about funds which were given for Judaic studies— about where the funds ended up in some cases...
...The Arabs looked upon Britain as a colonial power, and some looked to Germany to free them from the British just as they looked to Britain to free them from the Turks in World War I. Fortunately for the Allies, and for the Jews of Palestine, most of the Arab world stayed neutral or helped the Allies...
...Pereira-Mendes' Zionist dream has been in large measure fulfilled—in greater measure than many other dreams for the State...
...To me, the answer is clear, as I believe it should be to anyone who relies on Israeli universities as a resource for scholarly life (every Judaica scholar, for example, suffers when there are problems in Israel), or as it should be to those interested in the centrality of Israel to Judaism...
...Rabbi Joshua 0. Haberman President Foundation for Jewish Studies Washington, DC Although I think that MOMENT, in the past, was a quality publication, I ceased subscribing since every issue treated in the magazine was predictable...
...Shouldn't the preferred term for Ms...
...Everyone admitted that such an organization could do a great deal of good...
...Yes, it is true that we have made severe cutbacks in staff, equipment and services, and further belt-tightening is taking place that will require forbearance on the part of both students and employees...
...Eshed's discussion of "the destruction of a terrorist's home" is faulty on two counts...
...I was puzzled by many aspects of this article, especially that only three rabbis were willing to be quoted for the record—myself and my cherished colleagues Rabbis Joseph Glaser and Eugene Borowitz It is surprising that the author repeats the opinions of so many personalities who chose the cloak of anonymity and so few who were willing to speak for the record...
...But there are more liberal-minded individuals in the Orthodox camp who—like his students from the early days of his career—support his work, admire his determination and are inspired by his innovative approach to one of modern Judaism's greatest challenges...
...He says that during the war there was no alternative to Palestine, and in the same paragraph he states that Australia and the Dominican Republic offered to take in Jewish refugees at the 1938 Evian Conference...
...and this includes to American Jewish life...
...What if the Arab world had opened its lands and oil fields to Hitler...
...And especially the Federations admitted that they had on their lists Jewish lawyers who were not affiliated...
...True, the British objected, even though they had no objection to far greater American food shipments to Axis-occupied Greece and Yugoslavia...
...Stephen Wise was not an egregious incompetent...
...Gershon Greenberg Professor of Philosophy and Religion The American University Washington, D.C "EUotogicaT Rather Than "Natural" Mother As an adoptive mother, I found your articles on hi-tech birth and single parenthood fascinating ("Jewish Views of Hi-Tech Birth" and "A Precious Gift: A Single Woman Chooses Motherhood with the Help of Science," November 1987...
...he protests too much There are many more values and insights in Grossman's work than he indicates...
...Our enemies could do no better...
...Scopus—Binyan Frank Sinatra et al...
...In the current atmosphere of dissension among Reform, Conservative and Orthodox, I do not want to risk leaving the impression that Rabbi Lander was lax...
...Or how many changes there were in the academic calendar...
...Those remarks quoted anonymously about Greenberg read like gripes and complaints coming, one imagines, from people who desire to see him fail, or who are jealous of his institutional and personal successes...
...However, I would like to point out an inadvertent behavioral error which might have serious consequences...
...Such a redefinition of "synthesis" may succeed in preserving Orthodoxy structurally as a movement...
...The excitement lay in the challenge of wrestling with two competing claims for truth and the effort to find common ground between them...
...The bitter, inflammatory words of a minor American writer and talk show decoration are regrettable (' 'Gore Vidal on How to Stop Arab Terrorism," Notes and News, December 1987...
...It is easy to say that Jews did not have political power...
...The question is: Is it better to let money go to waste in America or to make it possible for 500 Israelis to study for another year at the university...
...While I greatly enjoyed the old MOMENT, I did find that many of the articles went on longer than was necessary to make their point, and I also found many pieces to be of lesser interest...
...Yitz Greenberg was by no means alone among the faculty and administration to articulate that synthesis, although he communicated it powerfully and most effectively...
...You not only gave the magazine a facelift but widened its scope with a variety of stimulating and beautifully illustrated articles reflecting the multidimensional character of Judaism...
...The student who had the shallow sensibility to say "Arad rots" could npt understand these feelings...
...To the Zionists, the only place to bring Jews was Palestine...
...If you wish to circulate a catalogue of Judaica items and compete with legitimate taxpaying businesses like Hamakor Judaica, Inc., that is quite acceptable, but you should do it as a for-profit activity and not force the taxpayers to subsidize your greatly reduced nonprofit mailing rates...
...Albuquerque, New Mexico Stephen Wise Could Have Done More While I disagree with the tone, and much of the content, of Lenni Brenner's attack on Stephen Wise ("Did Stephen S. Wise and American Jews Do Enough for Europe's Jews...
...Although Ambassador Hamdoon probably didn't mention it, that is something you should be aware of in future interviews...
...After being all over Israel, it is one of my favorite places...
...You referred to William Stern as Baby M's "biological" father and to Mary Beth Whitehead as her "natural mother...
...The catalogues were quite similar except for one point: the catalogue from MOMENT was mailed on a nonprofit mailing permit and, therefore, was mailed for a small fraction of what would have otherwise been paid...
...Food shipments to Polish Jews could have gone on quietly but for the active, noisy agitation of Stephen Wise to stop for England's good...
...While Cohen tries to list fairly both complaints and compliments, I think she goes a bit overboard on the complaints...
...Steven Bayme, Ph.D National Director Jewish Communal Affairs Department American Jewish Committee New York, New York Anonymous Gripes about Yitz Greenberg When I read the introduction to Charles Fenyvesi's article on Irving Greenberg (November 1987), it reminded me perfectly of Dr...
...But Israel is small so you are only a few hours from Beersheva, Jerusalem and Tel Aviv...
...I've been to Israel a number of times in the past 16 years, for periods of three weeks to seven months...
...For we must weigh not only the life of these children, but also the history of the People of Israel...
...And the excerpt from Julius Lester's book ("Lovesong: Becoming a Jew") was about the most moving thing I've read in either the old or the new MOMENTS...
...The narrowness of so many Jewish organizations is absolutely appalling...
...This reliance upon unnamed individuals does not instill confidence in the reader's mind about the opinions expressed...
...Sherman L. Cohn Professor of Law Georgetown University Law Center Washington, DC The writer served for eight years as president of the American section of the International Association of Jewish Lawyers and Jurists —Ed...
...With patience, cooperative effort and the support of our Friends around the world, we shall overcome our present financial troubles and perhaps even emerge stronger for it...
...Benny Mushkin University Spokesman The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem, Israel An Impending Hemorrhage in Israeli Educational Life...
...The anonymous response given is "no...
...When the rabbis were able to spark congressional interest in a resolution favoring a special rescue agency, Stephen Wise testified in Congress against the resolution, because it did not mention Palestine as the appropriate place of refuge...
...Readers gain a satisfactory insight into those who are not totally convinced by Greenberg's actions from the sources whose names are cited...
...Although ours is not a surrogacy arrangement, but a "simple," legal adoption, I am the mother of my children...
...Secondly, use of the possessive ("terrorist's" home) is inapt in any case, since the home destroyed does not belong to the individual suspected, but to someone else, such as a relative...
...Meanwhile, universities in America receive breathtaking sums from Jews and the money often ends up supporting athletics, buildings, campus entertainment...
...There are two reasons why this is a poor question...
...Before 1941, there was Shanghai...
...Give words and you could be giving much, but you could also be giving little...
...Arad is away from the main centers of population...
...Rabbi Wolfe Kelman Executive Vice President The Rabbinical Assembly New York, New York Gore Vidal's Inflammatory Words The breath catches when one remembers the innocent human beings who have suffered and died because the cruel remarks of small men became the bloody slogans of even smaller men...
...Over 60 percent are sabra, with the remaining 40 percent being divided among immigrants from English-speaking countries, the Soviet Union, South America and most recently from Ethiopia...
...Sadly, that vision seems to have become anachronistic in the 1980s...
...His ferocity gives him away...
...At the bottom of the page there is an asterisked footnote supplied by you: "His earlier conversion had been supervised by a Reform rabbi...
...However, he and others like him had priorities that did put rescue of the Jews behind all-out support of an Allied victory and post-war planning for a Jewish state in Palestine...
...Because the article was comprised of excerpts from different parts of the book, I am concerned that readers of MOMENT received a mistaken impression about the part of my conversion supervised by Rabbi Yechiael Lander, a Reform rabbi...
...In the photo, Shanks is shown exposing the sole of his shoe This is a serious insult in most Moslem countries and India...
...While the article for the most part was accurate and fairly written, the alarmist headline most certainly was not...
...has cost academic life dearly...
...Arthur S. Leonard Associate Professor of Law New York Law School New York, New York Congratulations on creating the new MOMENT...
...Arad is a place to get away from the crowds, but in a few hours one can take advantage of all that big cities offer...
...When the demonstration was first organized, Wise and Samuel Rosenman tried to stop it...
...However, Arad itself is a surprising cultural mecca for a small community of just 10,000 people...
...The population mix is also a very healthy one...
...For this reason, Britain could not offer Palestine as a place of refuge...
...Finally, Professor Urofsky concludes with a stirring defense of wartime Zionist activity that is anything but objective...
...However, if Hag-gai Eshed's approach ("Yellow Wind— A Whirlwind of Controversy," November 1987) is representative of MOMENT'S new editorial policy, continued support will be difficult...
...is our emphatic answer to the question posed in your headline in the October 1987 issue, "Is Hebrew University Going Down the Tubes...
...in which the author cites a rather brief and starkly negative quote from me about Rabbi Greenberg's views on Jewish unity...
...What if Montgomery would have had to fight both Rommel and the Egyptians simultaneously...
...Yet Haus-man misses the particularly Jewish (and, thus, the universally human) role of the Mourner's Meal...
...I told Rabbi Friedman that I wanted to have my conversion done halachically...
...I found the same thing to be true when I attempted to build up the International Association of Jewish Lawyers and Jurists...
...Greenberg when I was a student of his at Yeshiva College some 20 years ago...
...When that didn't work, they urged Roosevelt not to meet with the rabbis...
...The price they pay is considerable' the steady and increasing isolation of American Orthodoxy from the broader society and the retreat to a position that denigrates the very effort to integrate Torah and modern culture and confront the contemporary crisis of faith...
...It is generally accepted that the "white elephant" on Mt...
...I and many others look to publications like MOMENT to set the moral and ethical tone for the issues of the day...
...how well they have been used in others...
...Unfair...
...On p. 40 the excerpt reads...
...Anyone with a sense of justice and fairness would see this as unfair (if not also illegal) competition with a for-profit taxpaying firm...
...Stephen Wise was passionately committed to an allied victory at any cost, Jewish lives included...
...Yitz Greenberg's vision remains compelling for today's Modern Orthodox Jew...
...Ben Gurion himself said before the war, "If I knew that it would be possible to save all the children in Germany by bringing them over to England, and only half of them by transporting the'm to Eretz Yisrael, then I would opt for the second alternative...
...I may not be their "natural" mother, but I am certainly not "unnatural," with all that word's pejorative connotations...
...However, the Zionists were unwilling to consider any other alternative, and no cooperation was possible...
...They met with Vice President Henry Wallace, House Speaker Sam Rayburn and other congressional leaders, and they inspired public hearings on rescue possibilities in both the House and Senate...
...Rabbi Lander respected this, knowing that being a male Jew entails more than the absence of a foreskin...
...Stephen Wise spoke out against this, because Japan was a German ally...
...Sometimes, I only read one piece in the entire issue through to the end...
...For Great Britain, it was the only place they couldn't allow refugees to go...
...But considering that the work is so controversial...
...Professor Urofsky (and nearly everyone else) conveniently forgets that Great Britain was very worried that the Arabs might enter World War II on Germany's side...
...You have added a lighter touch here and there without sacrificing substance, and you proved that MOMENT can be an important magazine of opinion without being opinionated...
...Back in 1918, H. Pereira-Mendes of the Shearith Israel Congregation in New York envisioned a world-university in regained Palestine...
...Rabbi Brian D Fox Temple Emanuel Woollahra, NSW,Australia In Defense of YeMow Wind Your editorial handling of David Grossman's Yellow Wind ("Yellow Wind—A Whirlwind of Controversy," November 1987) leaves a lot to be desired and raises some regrettable questions about your journalistic integrity...
...Even at those times he was a controversial figure...
...I suspect that it will happen first at the most cosmopolitan and Americanized institution (and therefore internally most vulnerable)— the Hebrew University...
...Indeed, the tougher the externals, the more intensive the intellectual growth within...
...Robert A Frauenglas Brooklyn, New York moment's Catalogue Is Unfair Competition Recently two mail order catalogues of Judaica came across my desk on the same day, one, "The Collection" from MOMENT and the other, "The Source for Everything Jewish" by Hamakor Judaica, Inc., Chicago, Illinois...
...The new MOMENT is marvelous...
...My becoming a Jew would have been impossible if not for the Reform movement, and in particular, a Reform rabbi who chose the spirit of the law instead of the letter...
...That way your readers could have a more objective basis from which to evaluate Eshed's critique...
...Or how many books were available...
...Those of us attracted to the dream of a Modern Orthodox synthesis well understood the tensions and difficulties...
...Secondly, the answer to Fenyvesi's question about the "Orthodox" response is wrong, and the formulation of it is imprecise...
...Without help, these students will not be able to attend university, and I can cite—as others can—numerous individual cases of students who have left the university because of inability to pay...
...Whitehead be "biological" mother, as that clearly defines her relationship to the baby without any implications, moral or ethical or political...
...Not only is the Hebrew University of Jerusalem not going down the tubes, we have successfully opened the current academic year on our four campuses with an enrollment of some 18,000 students, more than one-third of them graduate students, in our seven faculties, our 12 schools, among which is the Rothberg School for Overseas Students, and in our pre-academic center...
...This synthesis sharply distinguished itself both from those who rejected secular values entirely save for vocational purposes and from those who embraced uncritically all facets of Western culture...
...Julius Lester Amherst, Massachusetts Hebrew University Replies, Objects To Title No...
...The love and caring and concern he showed enabled me to have my conversion done halachically when I was ready for the awesome ritual of circumcision...
...Americans such as myself who have had the chance to teach Israeli students over the years have witnessed their incredible resiliency to conflicting demands (army, family), to strikes (faculty, staff, student mail, etc...
...I am sorry that the author chose to reduce the part he attributed to me to eliminating any praise whatsoever...
...Becoming a Jew (December 1987) and especially my compliments to the persons responsible for the layout...
...Rather, Yeshiva sought to develop an integrated Jewish personality—one at home both in the world of the Talmud and in that of Kierkegaard, and struggling to determine what, if any, relationships existed between the two...
...Keep up the good work...
...You have dramatically broadened the editorial scope and, if anything, have raised the standards of the writing...
...Modern Orthodoxy today redefines itself as Jews who play basketball and wear knitted kipot, or, intellectually, as those who read Artscroll Bible commentaries while ignoring critical scholarship...
...The answer is wrong because it only considers those Orthodox people who today continue to object to what Greenberg does and what he stands for...
...Does Greenberg have "any following" among the Orthodox...
...But everyone guarded their lists as if they were the sacred Holy of Holies...
...In the book, I describe what my year of study for conversion entailed, that Rabbi Lander strongly urged me to have my conversion done halachically, and that it was my decision not to do so...
...The answers will shock those with American standards...
...Arad's location in the Negev Desert also gives one a sense of serenity and oneness with nature...
...Or how many times buses didn't run...
...I would evaluate the average Israeli student as better qualified for university study than 75 percent of the students in America...
...The sharing of food goes to the very depths of our feelings Give food and you give comfort...
...and considering the ferocity of Eshed's attack, don't you think that responsible editorial practice should have mandated you to try to secure permission to print excerpts from Yellow Wind...
...if they had been mailed at for-profit rates, the cost would have been 12.5 cents each.—Ed...
...I would be deeply hurt if anyone got the impression from the excerpts in MOMENT that Rabbi Lander was lax in his responsibilities to Judaism and the Jewish tradition in his supervision of my conversion...
...To present Haggai Eshed's review of this work is fine...
...Charles A. Garber West Chester, Pennsylvania The cost of mailing each MOMENT catalogue was 8.5 cents...
...In the confrontation with the realities of a state in the 20th century, this particular ideal has done quite well, and of this the Jews may say shehecheyanu\ But now, alas, there is reason to worry...
...There were whispers that his standing as an Orthodox rabbi was not beyond question...
...I have been a MOMENT subscriber for many years, and I wish long life to the new MOMENT...
...Still, 400 Orthodox rabbis marched from the Capitol to the White House in a demonstration on October 6, 1943, to call attention to the plight of European Jews...
...Everyone admitted that there were Jewish lawyers who were unaffiliated or who were barely affiliated and who might well be tempted to affiliate with a professional organization, as some already had done...
...Merle Thorpe, Jr President Foundation for Middle East Peace Washington, DC Exposing the Editor's Sole I greatly enjoyed Hershel Shanks' interview with Iraqi ambassador Nizar Hamdoon (November 1987...
Vol. 13 • March 1988 • No. 1
