With the John Wayne centenary, it's time to take another look at an icon of the right, says
Taylor, Charles
ONE OF THE great joys of the movies is their ability to convince us that we know the people on screen. Even the varied performances of the most versatile stars are often not strong enough to...
...Hawks, the iconoclast, gives us something more unexpected, and truer to the desperation born of weakness: Dude waiting for Chance to turn his back before clubbing him unconscious...
...Over and over, Hawks tells the stories of disparate individuals who, by necessity or fluke, drift together into groups that meld their professional and personal lives...
...Burdett, rich enough to believe the law doesn't apply to him, orders his men to bottle up the town...
...Rio Bravo pits Chance's refusal to discount people against the cynical appraisal of the Nathan Burdetts of the world...
...And it's been reinforced by the fact that Wayne worked primarily in Westerns, the most frequently, and often baselessly, stereotyped of movie genres...
...Sheriff John T. Chance (Wayne) arrests Joe, intending to hold him in the local jail for the six days it will take the marshall to arrive and transport Joe to trial...
...Human frailty (Dean Martin's alcoholism in Rio Bravo...
...A conventional director might have followed through with Dude steadying himself, rising to his feet, and walking out of the bar, still dry but with his remaining dignity intact...
...When you've got some talent, your job is to use it," Hawks said...
...But the image that persists of him seems more reinforced by things like his public support of conservative causes, as well as by his directing and starring in the pro-Vietnam War picture The Green Berets...
...And yet Wayne, whose centenary occurred this past spring, remains in some ways the most undefined of iconic movie stars...
...When Chance's friend, the cattleman Wheeler (the inevitable Ward Bond), derides his deputies by asking, "A bumlegged old man and a drunk—that's all you've got...
...That his screen persona was neither swaggering nor crude hardly mattered...
...The suspense of the sequence where Dude and Chance follow a killer into Burdett's saloon doesn't come from whether or not they'll get him, but from whether Dude is going to be able to recover his confidence enough to keep in charge of the situation...
...It's the single best line reading of Wayne's career...
...And in our first glimpse of Wayne, a low-angle shot, he literally towers over us...
...You start," Hawks said of casting the movie, "with the idea that if you don't get a damn good actor with Wayne, he's going to blow him right off the screen, not just by the fact that he's good, but by his power, his strength...
...Joe Burdett, the youngest brother of ruthless power broker Nathan Burdett, kills an unarmed man in cold blood...
...To be true to the contradictions and moral ambiguities of Wayne's best performances—Stagecoach, Red River, The Searchers, True Grit, El Dorado— you'd have to say he stands not so much for American power as for the American experiment— and thus for the possibility that it could all go wrong...
...He may inspire them to rise to their feet, as he does with Dude, but each one is finally capable of standing alongside him...
...Existing for no other reason than to impart a lesson in good citizenship, High Noon was a transparent metaphor for the failure of Americans to stand up to Joe McCarthy...
...To the left, Wayne has always been close to a comic-book version of American power in all its swaggering crudeness...
...CHARLES TAYLOR is a columnist for the Newark Star-Ledger and a contributor to the New York Times, Newsday, the New York Observer, the Nation, and other publications...
...And Hawks pushes that even further, undercutting Chance, the authority figure who is valued for what he is, by making him prone to harried misjudgments...
...When Joan Didion met John Wayne on the set of the 1965 The Sons of Katie Elder, she wrote of having the sense that his face was more familiar to her than her husband's...
...It's inevitable that with nearly two hundred pictures to his credit (Wayne's 1939 breakthrough, John Ford's Stagecoach was his eightieth movie), some of Wayne's roles do fit the traditional macho hero mold...
...The story, by the veteran screenwriters Leigh Brackett and Jules Furthman, couldn't be simpler...
...The only evidence he has to go on is a handbill sent out by a sheriff describing a woman who sounds like Feathers and the card sharp she travels with...
...His plan is to bust Joe out and kill anyone who stands in their way...
...When she asks Chance what she can do about that, he tells her to stop playing cards and to stop wearing feathers...
...It turns out that Feathers is the man's widow, and he became a cheat only after falling on hard times...
...But much of what's "known" of John Wayne depends on ignoring what's on screen...
...pART OF THE beauty of Wayne's performance here is the way, even when Chance is refusing help, he never undervalues others...
...By contrast, when Dude finds a fifty-dollar gold piece on one of Nathan Burdett's hired killers he says, "That's just about what Burdett would figure a man's life would be worth...
...So Hawks made a movie in which Wayne's sheriff turns down the help offered him, and needs it at every turn...
...Women are assumed to be every bit as capable as men...
...And in Howard Hawks's 1959 Rio Bravo, the director's masterpiece (now out in a beautifully remastered DVD from Warner Bros...
...But it's Rio Bravo that remains Hawks's deepest expression of his delight in people, and his warmest, most casual vision of the ordinary and profound ways they lift each other up...
...High -Minded Noon it might have been called...
...But he could have been articulating his own delight in the people he gathers in front of his camera, his respect for them as individuals...
...Broke and in bad need of a drink, he slinks into a saloon where Joe Burdett cruelly tosses a gold piece into a spittoon...
...Walter Brennan's in To Have and Have Not) is acknowledged but never judged to be the sum of a person's character...
...She's on the up and up, but this handbill follows her from DISSENT / Winter 2008 n 107 town to town, making trouble...
...Let me offer my own overstatement: If I were asked to choose a film that would justify the idea of America, it would be Rio Bravo...
...I'm not going to do that...
...The dramatic weight in Rio Bravo is reserved for the moments when the characters' faith in each other, or in themselves, is tested...
...None of this is conveyed in the speeches or grand gestures common to prestige pictures...
...That action undercuts any potential for the scene to turn into Dude's sentimental redemption...
...Even the varied performances of the most versatile stars are often not strong enough to prevail against the overarching image we've formed of them...
...Instead these values are conveyed in the smallest moments...
...Chance answers, "That's what I've got...
...The point of view is Dude's...
...Chance is the heroic figure whose self-sufficiency inspires the others to rise above their shortcomings...
...Even Chance, the strongest person in the movie, can't do without those people...
...Chance's only help comes from his two deputies, the once-capable Dude (Dean Martin), who's been in a heartbroken alcoholic stupor for two years, and the elderly, crippled Stumpy (Walter Brennan), swindled out of his land by Burdett years ago...
...Hawks recognized the differences between responsibility and duty, sympathy and pity, honesty and cruelty, individualism and selfishness...
...Hawks's faith in the cast he assembled here mirrors 106 n DISSENT / Winter 2008 NOTEBOOK Chance's faith in his comrades...
...In one remarkable sequence a card game in which Feathers is winning turns out to be rigged, and Chance accuses her of being the cheat...
...Each incident flows so unobtrusively into the next that you're scarcely aware of structure, but so delighted by the supreme relaxation of the performers {particularly Martin, who's superb) that you're never bored...
...It was easier to think of Wayne as something like the vigilante of the plains—macho, indomitable, always in the right, ordering women and Indians around because that's the way God planned it...
...Hawks hated it...
...Hawks would offer another celebration of the group three years later in his rambling African adventure Hatari...
...Hawks was offended by the idea that a sheriff would endanger the lives of the people he was meant to protect by trying to recruit them to save his skin...
...Looking up, Dude sees Chance, whose stern face conveys both disgust that anyone could sink so low and the conviction that no one need do so...
...108 n DISSENT / Winter 2008...
...Dude stoops down to fish it out only for a boot to kick the spittoon away from him...
...In other words, it was another of Hawks's celebrations of the sustaining communities that are at the heart of his best films...
...That's most apparent in Wayne's scenes with Angie Dickinson, an extended comic duet in which she gets under his skin just by smiling sweetly in the manner of a woman more amused than impressed by his bluster...
...The ad hoc communities of Only Angels Have Wings, To Have and Have Not, The Thing . . . From Another World, Hatari!, and El Dorado are held together by an unspoken ethos that values competence, confidence, resourcefulness, respect and self-respect, stern generosity, shared good humor, empathy, and the ability to recognize and appreciate those qualities in others...
...But just a few moments later, proving Chance's implicit admonition that he can pull himself up from the depths, Dude saves Chance's life when the Burdett men have the sheriff surrounded...
...The characters who save Chance's life—not just a bum-legged old man and a drunk, but Nelson's teenage gunslinger, and Feathers, an independent woman who lives her life as she chooses, played by Angie Dickinson—are all discounted by a society that sees what they are without bothering to find out who they are...
...And that's the key to the profound inclusiveness of Rio Bravo...
...Wayne gave us the richest, most likable, and probably the most daring version of his screen persona...
...When we say we "know" Humphrey Bogart or Greta Garbo, or George Clooney or Julia Roberts, we're talking about the intimacy we feel from having watched them at work...
...Rio Bravo rejects the notion that there are people who can be thrown away When the film critic Robin Wood was writing about the movie, he said, "If I were asked to choose a film that would justify the existence of Hollywood, I think it would be Rio Bravo...
...He was answering the people who'd criticized him for giving Ricky Nelson a song in the film...
...John Wayne represents more force, more power than anyone else on the screen," his frequent director Howard Hawks once said...
...And in 1967 he'd rework the main elements of Rio Bravo into El Dorado, a raucous and grimly comic Western about the decrepitude of age...
...But only the crudest reading would reduce the overwhelming force of Wayne's persona to gung-ho cheerleading for American right and American might...
...And, true to his better nature, as well as to Hawks's faith in people to get past their shortsightedness, Chance is chastened...
...He's wrong...
...The inspiration for Rio Bravo came from DISSENT / Winter 2008 • 105 • NOTEBOOK perhaps the most praised of Westerns, Fred Zinnemann's 1952 High Noon...
...A performer who wields that kind of force, and has a physical presence to match, does not provide nuanced pleasure...
...Bill Clinton might have been instinctively paraphrasing Wayne with the phrase he kept repeating during his 1992 campaign, "We don't have a person to waste...
...But because this is a celebration of democracy, the result isn't a race of isolated heroes but a community in which the strength of each individual buoys up everyone else...
...There's a world of respect in the weight he puts on that one word, "what," an irreducible sense of people's worth as individuals...
...Because that's what I'd do if I was the type of girl you think I am...
...If the frequent sequences where the screen is bordered in black and James Caan reciting Poe's line "Down the valley of the shadow" weren't unsettling enough, there was Wayne, a few years after winning his initial battle against cancer, once more undercutting the image of the invincible hero by playing scenes in which he seizes up and becomes paralyzed—as if we were watching him suffer a stroke...
...GIVEN THE traditional solitary nature of the Western hero, Wayne would seem to be the wrong choice for a Western that celebrates community...
...Narratively, Hawks felt it made no sense for Gary Cooper's sheriff to spend the movie soliciting the townspeople's help to fend off the killers coming for him only to prove, in the end, that he didn't need help...
...No," she says...
Vol. 55 • January 2008 • No. 1
