Never Stop Running: Allard Lowenstein and the Struggle to Save American Liberalism, by William H. Chafe
Bromwich, David
NEVER STOP RUNNING: ALLARD LOWENSTEIN AND THE STRUGGLE TO SAVE AMERICAN LIBERALISM, by William H. Chafe. Basic Books, 1993. 556 pp., $28.00. Allard Lowenstein was a liberal insurgent at the...
...Never was there a more passionate recruiter...
...Allard's mother had died when he was a year old, and though no one in the family ever told him so, he had a hunch, followed it into a Who's Who article on his father and, at the age of thirteen, found out that Florence Lowenstein, who had raised him and loved him, was his stepmother...
...Thus, looking at Lowenstein's strictures against the violence of SDS (Students for a Democratic Society) and the radical student mob, Chafe writes: "By selectively magnifying the most outrageous acts of the left, Lowenstein accentuated his own case...
...Sirhan Sirhan, the convicted assassin, had held a gun that could fire eight bullets, yet at least ten bullets were fired (the FBI report said twelve...
...On matters requiring more detail, the rendering is worse than dim...
...What Lowenstein failed to realize," says Chafe in a caption-summary of the book's title, "was that traveling itself was part of the problem, and that he could never find the relationship he craved until he stopped running long enough to decide who he was...
...He passed up a chance to run for Congress in 1960, at the advice of the New York...
...The author is eager to dissociate himself from the low facts of politics, and now and then deplores that Lowenstein should have "indulged that side of his personality that willingly engaged in intrigue and behind-thescenes maneuvering...
...He asked his audience to think—to imagine vividly the abuses of power and to work out practical remedies from the open indignation that is the surest motive of reform...
...He broke twice with the revolutionary left of the sixties, both times over tactics that implied a difference of principle...
...he also provoked the left to equally distorted expressions of anger...
...It is seen as drawing upon an energy more appropriate to a cause than a person...
...yet Lowenstein made his conversions by fair means...
...on the New Left, his allies were puzzled to reconcile his "activism" with his anticommunism...
...He would bring back the name of Robert Kennedy in almost every speech, and talked in a strain that identified Kennedy, generously and ideally, with his own hopes for America...
...He saw a distinct relationship between the unsolved killings of the sixties and prospects for reform: We have made a good start toward preventing the repetition of some past abuses of power, especially government abuses, because we have learned about those abuses and have set out to guard against them...
...and another, "The Political Side of the Personal" (italics in original...
...The unpolitical reader is kept warmly hoping that Allard Lowenstein will achieve a therapeutic outcome and be rewarded at last with a normal life...
...the speaker seldom coined a phrase...
...Posthumously, he makes unsatisfied friends of us all...
...After his death, Teresa Carpenter wrote for the Village Voice a story about the victim and the assassin, a story politically thoughtless, emotionally lurid, and marred by an undertone of gloating satisfaction, which appeared to be based on an interview with Dennis Sweeney that Carpenter had never in fact conducted...
...It is true that compared to Lowenstein, the organizers of the New Mobilization were political innocents, but they should not have been proud of their innocence...
...From this deficit of intellectual sympathy, it is hardly possible to convey the character of his politics, rooted as they were in loves and hates so earnest as to seem "obsessive" to the clueless...
...It is time to accept the fact that the question is not whether groups with such power exist, but how these groups use their power, who their allies are—in and out of government—and what if anything can be done to protect democratic process against forces and alliances that operate out of sight and often beyond the limits set by the law...
...The discovery may have fortified his early intuition that there are more people to care about than we can easily bring to mind...
...the stream of presidential lies about the Vietnam War...
...There was a charm that was almost a demand, in the patience with which he drew himself out and drew his listeners in...
...A similar adroitness came to be discernible in the best of his followers...
...The SDS reviled him, and never won an argument against him, but once, in desperation, they tried to scatter his wits by a piece of guerrilla theater...
...In this sense the historians and the biographers, like the memoir writers and reporters who fail to capture his tone, are making a mistake no worse than many people meeting him today would be likely to make...
...In an aftershock from the earlier clash over SNCC's identity politics, Lowenstein was held answerable for the FALL • 1994 • 553 letdown...
...The man now beside him on the bus had told him then, "I'm an unforeseen circumstance," and his life made thousands know what that could mean...
...When, in the summer of 1964, the Mississippi Freedom Democratic party tried to unseat the Mississippi delegation at the Democratic convention, a symbolic compromise was worked out with the approval of Martin Luther King, Jr...
...Lowenstein married and had three children, but he spent as little time with his family as most politicians, and was drawn to young men in ways he could not acknowledge directly...
...Allard kept a map of Spain in his room, and the defeat of the Spanish Republic, which plunged him into a wordless grief for days, was the formative public event of his youth...
...It seems elementary, for example, that if groups do exist that can eliminate national figures and get away with it, they are unlikely to have sprung into existence only on occasions of state murders...
...In 1968, in the shadow of larger defeats, he was elected to Congress from Nassau County and became the most resourceful new member that the House of Representatives has seen...
...A reader in search of historical information could not reconstruct from Never Stop Running the most modest and approximate picture of American politics in the years of Lowenstein's apprenticeship and ascendancy...
...The lame ducks like me will quack, and the lame quacks will duck...
...The working method of the folklorist is to turn the most divergent principles into mutually worthy pieties...
...The case against him made by political enemies and backed by some historians is circumstantially plausible but unproved...
...His several subsequent runs for Congress were unsuccessful...
...Well, none "beyond attending the lame-duck session of Congress...
...And then I remember taking him to the airport afterwards and watching him walk up the ramp, and I thought, my God, there goes one man trying to take on the entire FALL • 1994 • 551 system alone, and I felt a certain chill...
...The adulation felt for pop celebrities and the heroes of sports is a different phenomenon that really points to the depth of our acquired timidity...
...Clever people think of reverence as contaminated by desire, and think of desire itself as having a physical correlative and payoff...
...The convictions of Allard Lowenstein were as inveterate as instincts, and his every speech and gesture held practical proof of the idea that one person can make a difference...
...This was a few days before the 1968 Democratic convention...
...and after serving as president in 1950-1951, he kept up an advisory interest in the group well into the sixties...
...Personal happiness turns out to mean, to Chafe, an honest avowal of carnal desires...
...Somebody said after hearing him speak, "I was a bit put off by his neediness," and that response catches a genuine part of his appeal, which his followers heard more susceptibly...
...The failure of the journalists and scholars who have written his life is above all a failure of political interest...
...Lowenstein, who had no theory of the assassination, only questions, made the best case that has ever been made for pressing such inquiries patiently...
...He entered Yale Law School in 1954, where he absorbed himself in political work and nursed doubts about his suitability for a career in law...
...But a private recognition seems to have been as important...
...James R. Hoffa did not vanish after a rendezvous with a James Earl Ray "acting alone," loose nuts did not do in the Yablonskis, new editions of Lee Harvey Oswald or Sirhan Sirhan did not murder Sam Giancana in the basement of his home while he was under twenty-four-hour guard by the FBI...
...so that, after many detours, we are comfortably back in a familiar genre after all—the popular ego-analytic fifties tearjerker, which proved that Karl Marx hated his father and that Darwin was a basket-case hypochondriac...
...How are they occupied between-times...
...In its many digressive subchapters, Never Stop Running fairly bursts with beaming affirmatives and imperatives...
...It is odd to find ourselves regretting this defect in a political worker...
...His individualism is the other quality that is said to place him at a distance from the institution-oriented reformers of today...
...William Chafe's new biography has less political data than Cummings's, with more cluttered paraphernalia of sympathy, and the effect is oppressive...
...And: "Whatever the actual truth, the impression arose, based on months of tension about the Freedom Summer project, that this was precisely the kind of compromise Lowenstein might have engineered" (italics in original...
...There is much tut-tutting about his anticommunism, as if that was not a common element of liberal ideology for three decades or more...
...One thing about Lowenstein no study has quite evoked is his sense of humor...
...Lowenstein's college years were distinguished by political activity in North Carolina and by his teaching of the vocation of politics to contemporaries and elders...
...Over the next few years, he used university appointments at North Carolina State and Stanford as bases of operations for civil-rights work in the South...
...He spoke consistently from the floor against the Vietnam War...
...Lowenstein was born in 1929 to a prosperous Jewish family...
...At critical points the narrative shifts to the manner of a blandly impartial guidance counselor...
...One piece of arrogance, at least, we can guard against: the assumption that our side of the anachronism affords a special insight into his motives in politics...
...On all of these matters Chafe is full of speculation...
...Briefly in the late seventies, Lowenstein worked at the UN under Andrew Young...
...Eleanor Holmes Norton, who was on the scene and knew him well, said later that he dealt squarely and did not deserve to be blamed...
...Or, failing that, "Go all the way into your marriage, commit yourself, stop running from yourself...
...To give a gratuitous shock to the feelings of large numbers of Americans would, he believed, harden their contempt for the protesters without in any measure advancing their knowledge of the issue...
...Of course, concedes Chafe, "Lowenstein had the genius and rhetorical skill to galvanize generations of American young people for a life of political commitment and political reform...
...I told him," Frank recalled, "he was such a 'grass root,' I didn't know whether to debate him or water him...
...The epilogue is a meditation about how intertwined Lowenstein's private deficiencies were with his public strengths...
...more like one who says: "I feel your desire to do good, each of you in your way...
...Even his nearest associates said, "This time he's cracked...
...and the barest sketch is offered of the party system Lowenstein inherited, built from city and state machines where a young man would be drawn by loyalty to established elders...
...reform Democrats who knew him best—prudential advice, of the it-can't-be-done variety that he would learn to disregard as he came into his powers...
...Robert Kennedy was his initial choice of a candidate, but at first Kennedy held back...
...There are people who knocked on a few doors and went to a few marches and when they didn't get everything they hoped for, they said: 'You can't change the system.' This is only a beginning...
...As for moral analysis: "partly because of his anticommunism, Lowenstein was a profound individualist...
...Five minutes of talk with Lowenstein would have shamed a wellmeaning scholar out of resorting to so dingy a sophistry as "The personal is the political...
...Lowenstein saw this early, and he gave a warning...
...ceiling panels, impounded by the police and said to contain embedded bullets, had mysteriously vanished...
...Yet he has written a book about a great speaker and a fine writer that scarcely quotes his subject's speeches or writings for more than a phrase...
...For a short time Gabriel Lowenstein taught biochemistry at the medical school at Columbia, then left teaching (much to his regret in later years) 550 • DISSENT to start a chain of restaurants...
...The self-pity is worth dwelling on...
...It is ignored by Chafe, who is too busy sifting Lowenstein's imputable anxieties to offer a cogent account: "What is unmistakably clear . . . is that Lowenstein was perceived, particularly by SNCC supporters, as part and parcel of what they considered a 'sell-out' to the white liberal establishment...
...In 1970, the Republicans gerrymandered his district to cut out the antiwar constituencies...
...His message was always the same...
...Mississippi is not a foreign country in our midst—it's the foreign part of all of us in our midst...
...It is not one for most people, including writers of the lives of politicians, but it was for Lowenstein, and to understand him you have to imagine what it would be to relish a knowledge of alignments and opportunities and the usable history of local feelings, as if those things could be depended on for their daily pungency...
...in New York, he worked in political campaigns for Morris Hillquit and Eugene Debs and helped to organize the garment workers...
...It was pretty damn impressive...
...to persuade without its undersong would have gone against his nature and made the voice no longer his...
...He was shot to death in his law office in 1980 by Dennis Sweeney, a friend and young co-worker from the civil-rights struggles who in later years had taken a more violent path, lost his reason, and fixed the blame on a few old associates...
...related distantly to...
...Lucky in the journalistic coverage he attracted when alive, from David Halberstam, Flora Lewis, Hendrik Hertzberg, and many others, Lowenstein has been remarkably un552 • DISSENT lucky in his biographers...
...at Chapel Hill too, he found a mentor in Frank Porter Graham, the president of the university...
...That was very important, that we were not alone...
...All the more global judgments are deeply caring...
...A few weeks earlier Kennedy had announced that he would not run except in "unforeseen circumstances...
...Chafe is a great believer in normality—an idea whose range of reference has altered since the fifties without fundamentally changing the conformist message...
...David Harris's memoir, Dreams Die Hard (1982), was a group portrait of Lowenstein, Sweeney, and Harris himself, by a Stanford radical who for a time had admired Lowenstein and been respected by him in turn, a man of sufficient courage to go to prison for resisting the draft...
...Or as Chafe puts it more bluntly: "Al lacked self-esteem, and this lack was somehow connected to his ethnicity...
...the failure of the country's representative bodies to check the abuses of constitutional power that sustained the war...
...Chafe has discovered that the personal is the political...
...Somebody who misses this point cannot be trusted to rise above intellectual folklore...
...if directed upon a person, the feeling had better lead to some consummation...
...Her testimony is quoted by Cummings...
...Here, is the default of imagination his or ours...
...The motive could seem partly unconfessed, as it often does with people who treat ideals as if they were real...
...But he came down and he was organizing and putting it together, telling us it could be done, that we were not alone...
...Two years in the army followed...
...To what end has this huge clearance been made...
...When he did enter the primaries, however, he wanted Lowenstein at his side: on a bus ride from a Democratic dinner in Buffalo, he made his appeal and Lowenstein said: "As much as I'm for you, I'm staying with McCarthy...
...What were his plans after losing the congressional race in 1970...
...In fact, for Lowenstein as for many others, the relation between these beliefs was just the reverse...
...His feeling for the helpless, which he spoke of as his motive for getting into politics, had at heart a wish to multiply the impalpable ties by which people are bound to one another...
...The swelling of sympathy to a brink where it passes into a promise of intimacy—a promise that nothing political could ever fulfill—was the personal trait the warmest of his followers were never sure how to read...
...Here is the way he talked extemporaneously, to a crowd at Stanford University in 1963: I couldn't honestly be optimistic now about Mississippi except that I think you know, and I know, that we are going to win in Mississippi, that the feeling that somehow there is no progress is wrong...
...A certain pleading (never plaintiveness) was in the voice...
...Chafe would like in retrospect to offend none of the protest-movers of the sixties, and he thinks Lowenstein reacted too strongly against the anti-American displays of some of the marchers...
...That pretty well sandbags him from both sides...
...In its pages can be found a description of Father Michael Scott that is also a portrait of the author, "full of a restraining patience and an urgent impatience, as if the two go hand in hand: the patience of a man certain that time would bring victory, an impatience that men do not prod time as much as they could...
...He taught reformers to watch out for thugs, and he was not thanked for the lesson...
...The 1972 election unhappily confirmed his view...
...When it lacks that, we must be dealing with a symptom that "masks" something...
...That lesson is then read out with Lowenstein's life as the text, and so pleased is Chafe with his emphasis that he "thematizes" the chapter titles: "The Personal Side of the Political" goes one...
...There was a grown-up ethic of capitulation in those years, which no one yet has explained— people who seemed to say "Ask me for anything and let me cave in...
...By the end of the book, he is also regretting that "from college all the way through the late 1970s, [Lowenstein] eschewed acting intelligently in his own interest...
...For politics can be a passion...
...His father, Gabriel, had come from Lithuania in 1906, an anticzarist radical...
...His close ties were with mentors like Frank Graham and Eleanor Roosevelt and cherished old friends like Lucille Kohn...
...What shall we say...
...It was not expert or orotund...
...Dreams Die Hard, The Pied Piper, and Never Stop Running are variations on a single title—a three-word backhanded blow by the undeceived against the self-deceived...
...After them in his affections, but over shorter periods, came the young men he trusted as organizers...
...voted against ABM (antiballistic missiles), against preventive detention, for national health insurance...
...Others, as the anecdotes make clear, expected such an approach and were disturbed when it never came...
...An original choice over Columbia and Harvard, it gave him the opportunity to work for racial integration at the age of sixteen...
...Not Pleased with Self, Not Sure Law Is It"), are used by Chafe so sparingly one may forget that they exist...
...However, the identity-archive style of history writing seldom descends to politics...
...But the self-pity had a longer lease than the public engagements of the people it inhabited...
...Nominated in 1948 as vice president of the NSA (National Student Association), he gave a memorable speech from the floor on racism in America...
...One of the earliest whole-length critics of the war, Lowenstein opposed the inclusive strategy that brought flag-burners, terrorists, and frank advocates of victory for the communists into the big protest family...
...Never Stop Running is a trove of other people's thoughts about Lowenstein's thinking, his influence, and most of all his probable or possible motives...
...Accordingly, "many if not most of Lowenstein's political decisions reflected private insecurities and concerns...
...But Chafe has been obliged by his plotline to uncover public weaknesses (that "reflecting" again) to match the private ones...
...An impressive plurality of the democratic left who entered politics in the sixties and seventies owed their political awakening to him, and some of their names have become familiar: Bob Kerrey, Tom Harkin, Bill Bradley, Barney Frank...
...This was the crisis of his later life...
...but" (you might think that was enough for one life, but) "did he have the ability to find personal happiness as well...
...Allard Lowenstein was a liberal insurgent at the heart of the civil rights protests and the antiwar protests of the sixties...
...Someone called "Big Daddy" (the radicals' nickname for Lowenstein) plays a recorder to entice them to come to Chicago...
...the fatal shot was point-blank to the back of the head, yet Sirhan was in front of Kennedy at all times and never closer than several feet away...
...In 1967, when he thought of the movement to dump Johnson, he started alone...
...How to answer the shocking crudeness of the self-pity...
...These men led unbalanced lives, and they are not to be taken as role models for the young...
...He thwarted his family's expectations by going to college at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill...
...He craved the intimacy of the long talk that led to a long embrace, and about this nothing wiser is likely to be said than the words of his best friend from childhood, Sanford Friedman: "A really deep, personal, satisfying relationship was not in Allard's stars...
...Lowenstein did not join that drift, and one reason may have been that he understood, from within, the temptation of self-pity, its numbing authority and the distinctions it lets you lose sight of...
...To his collaborators in the civil rights movement, this harmonized naturally with his work toward integration in the South...
...The idea that Lowenstein, by speaking his mind, could do anything to intensify the noxious conduct of a man like Tom Hayden, is exorbitant...
...In the late fifties he worked for Hubert Humphrey, chiefly on issues relating to Africa...
...Richard Cummings's The Pied Piper (1985) was a competent journalistic biography, often iconoclastic to no point, pressing hard the CIA spy thesis, but filled with enough information to generate a smaller and better book...
...It was the original emotion of a generation, and it had.a soil in real catastrophes—the murder of President Kennedy and of Martin Luther King, Jr...
...In Mississippi, during the Freedom Summer of 1964, Lowenstein opposed the separation of white from black political workers enforced by the new leadership of SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee), and their demotion of voting rights to a secondary good on the scale of social change...
...He lost against a dirty campaign by Norman Lent, run partly from Washington, but he was still considered dangerous...
...Kennedy then wrote a note "For Al, who knew the lesson of Emerson and taught it to the 556 • DISSENT rest of us: 'They did not yet see, and thousands of young men as hopeful now crowding to the barriers of their careers do not yet see, that if a single man plant himself on his convictions and there abide, the huge world will come round to him.' " Nothing finer can be said about this statement than that it is true...
...His gift was for organizing and speaking, and he had command of the great ability a reformer needs—of turning indifference to interest, and showing that fear has a common ground with hope...
...His manner was fraught with a tremor of engagement always on the stretch: not like the liberal politician who says routinely "I feel your FALL • 1994 • 555 pain...
...In their company he asserted on occasion a physical intimacy: he liked to sleep in the same bed and hug...
...they come, and are machine-gunned by figures in khaki...
...He did not care, either, for the same group's advocacy, and inculcation in schools, of the doctrines of Fanon, Lenin, and Marx — inspirations, as he saw it, of doubtful utility to a nonviolent democratic politics in America...
...He also started early and maintained a series of congressional forums that met every two weeks to promote an exchange of views on public issues with Long Island voters...
...By graduation, he was a keen participant in the postwar student movement...
...The following year he appeared as number seven on the Nixon White House Enemies List...
...give a fair sense of the precision of the style...
...And that from the perspective of the United States and of the world, this little island of embittered people, shooting and beating and turning to brute force to terrify, are in the backwater of civilization and are going to be lost...
...and Robert Kennedy...
...Lowenstein was an idealist who knew that protests are for recruiting public opinion to your side...
...This is historically false and comes from the trimming notion that some credit for goodwill can usually be shared by everyone...
...Come out, Al," it seems to say, "and discover your 554 • DISSENT gay identity...
...It is almost the only exception to the dismal record and is worth looking up...
...Yet Harris's book betrayed an involuntary apathy with regard to his earlier self, and his treatment of Lowenstein showed the acrobatic condescension of a weaker to a stronger mind...
...But on the basis of past experience, they will recover...
...The phrase "many if not most," and the weasel-word "reflected" (derived directly from...
...And so, we are to conclude that this thoughtful and persistent man never quite found the proper "validation" for his "identity...
...The kids who went to Chicago were just machine-gunned by someone from SDS," Lowenstein summarized instantly...
...At the "Encampment for Citizenship" Lowenstein ran in the summer of 1965, Barney Frank was scheduled to debate Tom Hayden on whether it is possible to work within the system, and Hayden opted out by sitting in the audience, refusing to get on stage because that would be too hierarchical...
...its influence on American culture and politics would carry far into the next decades...
...People tended to revere him, as he revered select heroes like Norman Thomas, and there is a problem in our culture now about revering anyone at all...
...On the last of these topics, Lowenstein himself might be granted anyway a minimal authority...
...This way of assessing the emotion of reverence is new, but it has become fixed in American culture since the seventies, so that someone who defies the pattern seems involved in a sort of evasion...
...Ronnie Dugger remembered what it was like in Texas in August 1967: [Lowenstein] didn't even have a candidate at that time...
...When, in 1967, it came to be known that the NSA had been funded by the CIA, it was conjectured that Lowenstein had been a "witting" accomplice, but he always denied knowledge of the connection, as those who knew him have denied he had such knowledge...
...The very language that Lowenstein spoke, with its assurance of great leaders in a vivid past, can seem an anachronism...
...He never fed the self-pity, as so many popular artists did, or bowed when its resentments turned to demands, as so many educators did...
...Something similar would occur in his relations with the organizers of the "New Mobilization" marches against the Vietnam War in 1969...
...In 1967, Allard Lowenstein organized the Dump Johnson movement in the Democratic party, persuaded Eugene McCarthy to enter the New Hampshire primary, and eventually extracted the decision not to seek re-election from a president who three years earlier had won the biggest landslide in American history...
...His discouragement deepened in the mid-seventies with the refusal of the Los Angeles police and the district attorney to explain discrepancies in the public record of the shooting...
...In a system like ours, the exertions of individuals who band together can make a difference...
...The voice was clear and it covered the range from declamation to the gentlest testing of a thought...
...He wrote one book, Brutal Mandate (1963), on South Africa, a polemic of the Garrisonian kind that does not date...
...late in 1969, he sought a vote of No Confidence on President Nixon's conduct of the war, and he worked without pause for reform of the House rules to allow debates of more than thirty minutes on such matters as appropriations for the war...
...He was a hater of every kind of enslavement, and saw no contradiction in using his energies to oppose them all...
...A review of Cummings's book by Hendrik Hertzberg, in the New York Review of Books, contained a sensitive portrait of Lowenstein...
...But justice is not a pleasant halfway point between truth and lies...
...Bayard Rustin, and Joseph Rauh, as well as Lowenstein...
...By these advances some of his followers were surprised, or repelled...
...Lowenstein's influence in turning American policy from cooperative endurance of apartheid to active pressure for its abolition would be the achievement he pointed to with most substantial pride in later years...
...As those hopes went unrealized in the Nixon years, Lowenstein's thoughts about June 5 sharpened his sense of the debt political power owed to violence in America...
...He was a political worker—a fact the biographers forget at intervals...
...And we help ourselves, I think, as we help Mississippi...
...Robert Kennedy was murdered on June 5, 1968, on the way to his room at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles: a phone call had already been placed for him to ask Lowenstein to join the campaign, and on the other end Lowenstein was still holding the line when the news flashed on television that Kennedy had been shot...
...But it is good to think of Kennedy writing it, good, even, to think of him remembering Emerson's word instincts as convictions...
...The political thug and the street thug were types known to him by more than their costumes at a time when young marchers had lost the ability to pick them out in a crowd...
...Still, to those for whom the presence of the man left a residue more memorable than argument, just listening to him seemed to show that politics can have a melody...
...Since facts are constituted by "impressions" and "perceptions," how can we know for sure...
...We certainly all want happiness, and have long wished for better advice on how to obtain it, in this our talking America...
...After you had gone," wrote a friend, "it seemed that our ranks had been depleted by more than one...
...but the diaries he kept, with their public-headline style, samples of which were reproduced by Cummings ("After One Month, A.L...
Vol. 41 • September 1994 • No. 4
