This Space, Reserved
Howe, Irving & Rosenberg, Bernard & Tyler, Gus & Edsall, Thomas B. & Paz, Octavio & Engelstein, Stanley & Coser, Rose Laub
— usually for comments, more or less weighty, on topics of the day. But this time we want to break with our tradition and say a word or two about ourselves. Dissent is now into its 29th year—a...
...Consultant firms like 3M are metastasizing at a great rate...
...Furthermore, many traces of their cultures appear in our beliefs, institutions, and customs, mixed in with our Hispanic heritage: the family, social morals, religion, legends and folk tales, mythology, arts, cooking...
...Yet surely, the Administration has won approval of its long-range commitments in the form of budget authority, and it will be extremely difficult to put a stop to that...
...Even though public-service unions only partly enjoy legality, they accomplished a great deal, not least for minorities previously all but excluded from decent whitecollar employment...
...BECAUSE THE OLD NLRB did something to resist this tidal wave, its composition now has to be altered...
...Even a fully secured loan from a nonmember with a standard rate of interest is forbidden under the rule...
...At this writing, most economists are predicting a weak recovery...
...makes it virtually impossible for insurgent candidates seeking high union office to mount an effective cam394 paign against an incumbent leadership...
...In Westbury, New York, only the hospital was charged with unfair labor practices...
...In a landmark decision in 1973, Hall v. Cole, a different Supreme Court had held that Title I of the LMRDA was "specifically designed to protect the union member's right to seek higher office within the union...
...they were given a 5 percent cut on personal income taxes, a benefit that added up to billions for an economic elite...
...But, at this early stage, these are merely conjectures and notes on a highly unpredictable process...
...As an associate of the Heritage Foundation, Hunter wrote the labor section of Mandate for Leadership, a huge book that sets forth the New Right's strategy for social policy in the 1980s...
...A Labor Board packed with Reaganites can hardly be expected to accept mere equity in its decision-making...
...With the strategy of intimidation these technicians have perfected, management under their guidance has beaten the labor movement in more than nine out of ten cases...
...And although this has helped in some cases to make sex discrimination illegal (as Ronald K. L. Collins has noted in the New York Times), American family life has suffered no more in these states than in those that have not adopted such amendments, nor have the more subtle types of discrimination been affected...
...It arranged for proadministration locals to propose resolutions at the union's convention that would bar outsider contributions...
...And any further expansion of U.S...
...At the same time, aside from Ted Kennedy, there are not many prominent liberals up for reelection who will prompt conservatives to spend money in order to defeat them...
...There is not even an exact name to designate this reality: should it be "Latin America," "Hispanic America," " I beroamerica," " I ndoamerica...
...Whether they call it "maintaining a union-free environment" or "improving labor relations communication" does not matter: they do not believe in the laws of this country...
...We cannot claim to have done all we wanted to do, or to have done it as well as we hoped...
...However, soon after, and with equal violence, Spain and Portugal closed their doors, locked themselves in, and rejected the modernity that was just dawning...
...They are many and they are decisive...
...These cuts will be compounded by whatever reductions Congress makes in programs to meet the 1983 budget targets...
...And independent Senator Harry F Byrd of Virginia, who has voted to help form the Democratic minority, is retiring and is almost sure to be We print below the first few paragraphs of Octavio Paz's brilliant essay on Latin American history and society, which forms the opening item in a paperback, Democracy and Dictatorship in Latin America, issued by the Foundation for the Study of Independent Social Ideas...
...The presence of blacks has also had a great influence, tending, it seems to me, in the opposite direction from that of the Indians...
...Air traffic controllers should enjoy the same rights as airline pilots, stewards and stewardesses...
...But labor, more loyal to Democrats than business is to the GOP, faces two major difficulties...
...Whether the consultants' characterizations are accurate or not (they are and they aren't), nonwork-related criteria for hiring and firing have become widely operative...
...If there is one factor that is certain and can be relied upon in union affairs, it is the utter loyalty of the appointed staff to the leadership...
...But perhaps the most important element that might affect the elections is the tarnishing of many of the conservatives' claims...
...These party financing ventures include the granting of maximum contributions to primary winners...
...It took a struggle of more than 70 years to obtain the women's right to vote...
...Since 1890, 16 states have adopted an amendment for women's equal rights in their constitutions...
...Dissent is now into its 29th year—a fact that astonishes us quite as much as it may you...
...Probably...
...Low levels of operation" means that facilities are being run at levels far below their capacity...
...Therefore, the major approach the Reagan administration advocates still is the continued reduction of domestic spending programs...
...Indeed, in an excellent statement of congressional intent in passing the Landrum-Griffin Act, the opinion states: [Congress] recognized that democracy would be assured only if union members are free to discuss union policies and criticize the leadership without fear of reprisal...
...IN EXPLAINING what is happening, Commerce Sec...
...There have been worse times than today—anyone whose youth was spent in the era of Hitler and Stalin knows that nothing could be more terrible than the year 1939...
...A candidate for the top offices in the USWA must try to reach the union's 1.3 million members, dispersed throughout the United States and Canada, who elect their officers by referendum vote...
...In a supervised, rerun election, Sadlowski won by a margin of 2:1...
...There can be no more effective central issue for conservatives than deficit-spending...
...Yet since now men along with women are beginning to recognize the injustices of the system, the Equal Rights Amendment is not as far away from passage as some may think...
...494] A candidate unable to rebut this presumption may be disqualified, fined, suspended, or expelled...
...Emphasis added.] It is not even as if the Court failed to recognize that the outsider rule "does affect rights protected by the statute" and that a candidate's "ability to criticize union policies and to mount effective challenges to union leadership may be weakened...
...A struggling colleague of mine, who must have been sorely tempted, was recently offered $1,000 a day plus perks—apparently the going rate—to join an outfit like 3M...
...The economy has failed to respond to supply-side tax cuts...
...I quote from part of his recent testimony (Feb...
...Yet the official family emerged intact from this unprecedented assault on its fortress...
...access to extraordinarily detailed polling data...
...Thus when a union passes a rule to avert some danger to it "as an institution," it need not prove that the danger truly is real...
...THE LEGAL REASONING of the Court's majority opinion was as shoddy as its grasp of union affairs was bizarre...
...it minimizes the advantages of incumbency...
...There is a faster way of making a fast buck: by speculation...
...and Sen...
...However, since elections in which ballots are "secretly" cast and "honestly" counted must be held as a matter of law, as a matter of union policy they must not be lost...
...The GOP's continued talk of cutting back on Social Security has caused deep anxiety among older people...
...We Latin Americans speak Spanish or Portuguese...
...The Supreme Court opinion not only inflates the probability of rank-and-file contributions...
...The Union's first response to Sadlowski's challenge was to file a suit against the Association for Union Democracy and eight charitable foundations...
...Instead, 13,000 controllers—all those who refused to scab—were fired...
...But it was not supposed to be that way...
...When it comes to hard-won rights that to be sure were eroded by Taft-Hartley in 1947, public employees cannot even play the game...
...And it is to stimulate both hope and thought that we continue the work of putting out Dissent...
...The United Rubber Workers' new master contract provided a special infusion of SUB funds, but these will not last much longer...
...This movement began with the discoveries and conquests of the Portuguese and the Spanish...
...Democrats proposed a $3 billion job program (for 1982 alone), but this initiative died in the budget debate, as the issue of deficit-spending submerged all other questions...
...The majority of the Court risks the candidate's ability to mount an effective campaign on the guess that what has never happened before will now begin to happen...
...to Republicans forced by redistricting to face serious Democratic challenges...
...And so it happened...
...The AUD is a nonprofit organization dedicated to the defense of union members' civil liberties and rights under the Landrum-Griffin Act...
...When presented with a list of more than a dozen groups, women have increasingly chosen "women as a group to which they feel similar in ideas, interests, and feelings...
...So far, it remains a force mainly within the Democratic primaries...
...the training of candidates in the handling of television appearances and diffusing controversial questions...
...For such a major tax debate the unions, the beneficiaries of social programs, and other groups representing citizens earning less than the median income are even worse equipped than in the debate over socialspending reductions—yet surely, any drive for a major simplification of the tax system has a great potential for lessening the burden on the rich, and for increasing the burden of Americans in the lower income brackets...
...Some of the Indians are descendants of the advanced pre-Columbian civilizations of Mexico, Central America, and Peru...
...The NLRB, while often under fire from labor, has at least been a forum for the workers' voice in important disputes, many of which have been fairly adjudicated...
...In the key marginal races, where the composition of the next Congress will really be determined, this ratio is shifting to 80:20...
...on to the possibilities of tomorrow...
...Labor Dept...
...But these funds are running dry...
...We are talking here about activities of "consultants...
...It was the up395 heaval of the campaign itself—the rallying of large parts of the membership against the policies of the official family—that had to be eliminated by every possible means within the law...
...The determination of what constitutes an employer's good or bad faith in the private sector is a function of the five-member National Labor Relations Board whose original purpose was to protect workers' rights, especially the right to unionize...
...The first is the presence of non-European elements...
...May they be remembered when the dismal politics of this period are finally cast aside...
...The "consultants" (whether they are lawyers or not) do not accept this philosophy nor recognize the laws which incorporate it...
...It's an interesting historical question, why certain moments should be characterized by a rise and others by a decline of hope, certain moments by a surging belief in a possible better future and others by skepticism...
...the exception has taken precedence over the rule...
...That's our job here—as long as flesh, blood, and printers allow us to do it...
...This "stability," ironically, may contribute further to the present decline of the labor movement...
...But I doubt that there has ever been a moment these past 28 years when large portions of the population—and we might as well be honest enough to admit, some portions of the left too— have felt so dispirited, so flat...
...The Union's complaint alleged that the AUD had "laundered" employer money funneled to it through the foundations in order to support Sadlowski in violation of the Landrum-Griffin Act...
...According to a study by Patricia Gurin of the Research Center for Group Dynamics at the University of Michigan, women have become more identified as a group...
...Courts have had to balance the rights of individuals specifically granted by the Act against legitimate interests of the union...
...The people of the USWA are not, after all, the Teamsters or the Laborers, with their unofficial "families" at the ready...
...Then and there Le Cowboy must have been transformed into Le Grand Simplificateur that he is today...
...The struggle for it during the last decade has had its unanticipated consequences: it has raised the consciousness of men and women, and it has brought about important changes through laws and other court actions...
...Not only does the business-conservative alliance of political action committees provide a financial edge that will reduce the effects of small shifts to the left in the electorate...
...But Kennedy's exertions produced no more than half a loaf, which is itself in danger of being whisked away just as labor ought to be reaching for the other half...
...The Counter-Reformation was the most complete, radical, and coherent expression of this rejection...
...employers engage...
...But to speak in terms of domination is deceiving...
...And defense spending now is likely to be slowed...
...q The Reagan administration, no matter how its economic policy fares, achieved an extraordinary political victory with the passage of the 1981 tax cut, reducing federal revenues by $749 billion through 1986...
...Its hard core is Sunbelt business, including a network of independent oil PACs—Dallas Energy PAC, Houston PAC, Louisiana National Energy PAC—and such firms as Fluor, Brown & Root, Dart & Kraft, Coors, Amoco, Eaton Corp., and Bechtel...
...so are women, older workers, the handicapped, retired military people, and students...
...Then tell the Federal Reserve Board to lower the interest rates...
...With the assistance of several foundations, it had set up an observer project at the union's 1977 election to monitor compliance with the law, since the attempt to steal the election in District 31 in 1973 had been only the most recent incident in a history of stolen elections in the USWA...
...Ideologies fail as predictors where individual union members' rights come into conflict with union leaders' interests...
...In addition to filing suit, the official family You probably didn't notice because it was just a small item on a back page in a few papers and was totally absent in most papers and in the electronic media...
...For all these reasons we are one outpost of the West in America...
...By its application of the "rational relation" standard to establish the "reasonableness" of the outsider rule, the Court's majority opened the door to further incursions into rights of union members...
...None of these mechanisms is available to public employees...
...Others would jump at the chance...
...This, therefore, is the area of greatest resistance...
...ISSUES OF UNION DEMOCRACY split conventional alliances and make for bizarre alignments...
...The nu400 clear-freeze movement has an underlying anti-Reagan and anti-Republican edge...
...agents of 3M reviewed with certain supervisors how these supervisors expected the employees in their respective departments to vote...
...Sadlowski now prevents the union member from raising the necessary funds to run an effective campaign for such office...
...For it is in elections that members can wield their power, and directly express their approval or disapproval of union leadership...
...One more stumbling block is that it is hard for women, as Alice Rossi has shown years ago, to constitute an independent militant group because of their intimate relationships with men...
...Robert L. Muehlenkamp, vice-president of the National Union of Hospital and Health Care Employees, has put the case as well as anyone can...
...Although unemployment is at its highest since World War II, with over 10 million people out of work, and bankruptcies are endemic, neither has caught political fire...
...The GOP now is functioning as a party...
...The expression "Third World" is vaguer still...
...involvement in El Salvador or other foreign trouble spots will work against the Republicans...
...396 decided to legislate its own immunity from electoral defeat: the outsider rule...
...all federal judges are unbiased...
...but any upward trend is likely to benefit the party in power...
...Our unions are in trouble...
...Intact but nervous...
...The suit was summarily dismissed as a matter of law by the Federal District Court and the Appeals Court...
...It is not farfetched to see in these characteristics the traces of Islam and the Islamic vision of the world and of history...
...To hell with the doldrums of the early '80s...
...It is one of the ironies of American politics that black loyalty to the Democratic party has, in recent years, resulted in the party's declining response to black concerns...
...Francis Hospital in a systematic anti-union campaign consisting of illegal interrogations, promises of benefits . . . and threats of reprisals against employees for engaging in union activities...
...App...
...McBride got less than 10 percent of his campaign funds from the rank and file, despite the activity of virtually the entire staff on his behalf...
...The wellknown advice to keep blacks out as much as possible because they are more unionizable than whites has been extended to American Indians and Puerto Ricans...
...He's conservative, but not an ideological zealot...
...There is much more to this story...
...Reagan, like his hero Cal Coolidge, turns out to be an accomplished union buster...
...Other times, other officials...
...Why did the USWA, a union vaunting its democratic character, pass such a stringent rule, and why at this time...
...But it's precisely at the kind of moment in which we now live that there is need stubbornly to keep asserting the idea of social transformation, the values of striving, energy, hope, idealism...
...The Democrats have, however, gained a significant edge in the past year on the issue loosely described as equity and fairness...
...In other words, pursue Reaganomics in reverse...
...If the candidate has won with the use of employer money but the amount was insignificant and had no effect on the outcome, again nothing happens...
...Women, particularly working women, are becoming increasingly disenchanted with the GOP and Reagan...
...This resurgence of the Republican party has brought about the emergence of a smaller subset within the business and trade association PAC community that is willing to take a very aggressive posture in support of pro-business, conservative challengers...
...Until the USWA rule, no union had ever proposed any such ban on candidates' right to get funds...
...The Administration is seeking to encourage productivity and savings by the wealthy and the business community through a series of tax incentives, while increasing the "cost" of work to those with incomes from $8,000 to $15,000 by forcing reductions in Food Stamp, welfare, and Medicaid benefits for every dollar earned through work...
...And so the little countercurrent of unionism is sucked into a tidal wave of antiunionism...
...One may now expect that many a clever rule for the perpetuation of incumbent domination in a union will be seeking shelter in this proviso...
...Understandably, people sometimes get tired of being asked for financial help—not everyone signs on for life...
...specific provisions contained in Title IV [of the LMRDA] provide support for our conclusion that the outsider rule serves a legitimate and protected purpose...
...The congressional goal, according to Senator McClellan, chairman of the Select Senate Committee, was to end "autocratic rule by placing the ultimate power in the hands of the members, where it rightfully belongs so that they may be ruled by their free consent, [and] may bring about a regeneration of union leadership...
...The Spanish monarchy identified itself with a universal faith and with a unique interpretation of that faith...
...Where Congress sought to minimize employer influence on union affairs because of presumptive antiunion bias, the outsider rule seeks to exclude all outsiders from contributing to insurgent candidates because of presumptive antiadministration bias.* If Title IV gives no support to the validity of the outsider rule, despite the analytic legerdemain of the Supreme Court's majority opinion, the application of the outsider rule will in fact help to realize the policy underlying Title IV...
...In many Latin American nations there is a substantial population of Indians, and in others of blacks...
...Let the government make an unacceptable offer on which it will not yield—and bargaining is terminated...
...When Wilson and Askin wrote about this case in June 1981, they thought it might have far-reaching implications, "suggesting that Washington officials believe the time is ripe for moving against 3M...
...Bob Edgar (D–Pa...
...Revealed truth has become the "scientific truth" of Marxism, incarnate not in a Church and a Council but in a Party and a Committee...
...Since outsider contributions could logically lead to outside domination of candidates, the union's fear becomes "reasonable," and it is not irrational for that union to ban all outside contributions in order to prevent the possibility of any outside interference...
...Democrats, conversely, have a potential chance of taking over GOP Senate seats in Connecticut, Utah, and, if the economy worsens, in a number of other states...
...And, conversely, will Republicans pick up enough Senate seats to ensure control for four to six more years and hold their own in the House...
...Plainly, American business is putting less into business this year than last year...
...Ford, General Motors, and Chrysler are paying benefits only to workers with very high seniority, and then at a reduced rate...
...In a 5:4 decision, written by Justice Marshall and joined by Justices Powell, Stevens, Rehnquist, and O'Connor, the Court upheld as "reasonable" a 1978 amendment to the constitution of the USWA, "the outsider rule," which had imposed an absolute ban on the solicitation or acceptance of monetary or other material contributions by a candidate for International office from any person who is not a member of the union...
...IN UPHOLDING the outsider rule, the Supreme Court's majority opinion displayed a shocking ignorance about the realities of life in the union...
...but I do think that political moods seem to sweep across the entire world, affecting different kinds of society and felt by people with varying opinions...
...George J. Mitchell of Maine...
...How could any candidate "correct the effects of the prohibited support...
...analysts suggest that this may be because the 1981-82 recession came so closely on the heels of the 1980 slump that many workers did not get back on the job long enough to qualify for full benefits...
...The second, no less profound difference comes from something that is very often forgotten, namely, the peculiar brand of Western civilization embodied in Spain and Portugal...
...OCTAVIO PAZ 403 which can wield the threat of "targeting" to defeat liberal Democrats, have chilled the Democrats' moderate-to-liberal wing in Congress...
...the other is the United States and Canada...
...When Daniel Williams, a Boston Globe columnist, wondered about this, Ray Denison, the AFL–CIO legislative director, explained, "Because it's not worth the candle...
...Cutbacks in college-assistance programs will be felt this fall...
...Some of the budget cuts will come home to roost just before election day and will, in some cases, affect groups of Americans who vote in large numbers...
...Instead of seeking some middle ground, such as imposing ceilings on contributions and requiring disclosure—a modification of the absolute ban that would have adequately satisfied the union's concerns while preserving the values of union democracy—the Court's majority acquiesced completely and crudely to all the demands of the union's leadership...
...The right to campaign remains, but the act of campaigning could now easily become a futile exercise...
...The 1982 election results will be determined as much by the economy as by anything else...
...In a number of major industries, notably auto, rubber, and steel, an unemployed worker could expect something close to his regular pay from a combination of unemployment insurance and company-provided supplementary unemployment benefits (SUB...
...they now seem to be able to correct some of the earlier abuses...
...It is unlikely that 1982 will see a repeat of the 1980 swing of 12 votes to the GOP in the Senate...
...The Abscam conviction of Harrison A. Williams of New Jersey, which resulted in his resignation, has given the GOP a strong shot at his seat...
...Nowadays, however, it is not identified with divine revelation...
...The unreconstructed NLRB first noted 3M's complicity in labor law violations during Jimmy Carter's last year, when it overturned an election at St...
...Reagan was once a union official in Tinseltown, his natural home...
...The Court's majority opinion considers the absolute ban on all outsider contributions to be "consistent" with the ban on employer contributions...
...Under Title IV of the LMRDA, if a candidate using employer money wins an election, then the losing candidate, through the secretary of labor, can get the election invalidated and have a supervised, rerun election if it can be shown that the employer contributions were so substantial as to have affected the outcome of the vote...
...Each of these names ignores one part of its complexity...
...Democrats are letting Senate Republicans take the initiative here, so that the GOP will have to bear the complaints from corporate interests that will have to pay many of the new taxes...
...A number of shifts in the electorate are working in favor of the Democrats...
...These two trends, taken together, demonstrate an increased awareness of injustice but a reluctance, except for a minority of women, to translate this awareness into action...
...It forbids any candidate for union office and his supporters from soliciting or accepting financial support from any non-member...
...Backed up by such major trade associations as the Realtors' PAC and the American Medical PAC, these groups are actively seeking out candidates in the Northeast and Midwest to challenge liberal incumbents...
...But as soon as we admit that we are an extension of Europe overseas, all the differences between us and the Europeans spring into view...
...but these groups, tions and cultivate reticence and inwardness, the former celebrate orgiastic, sensuous values...
...Now both women and men demand equality on the job, in education, and in business...
...James R. Sasser of Tennessee...
...We're now entering our 14th Fund Appeal, and there are friends who will have helped us (at least) 14 times...
...The same may be said of Indonesia, Vietnam, Senegal, indeed, of most of the former European possessions in Asia and Africa...
...a somewhat smaller number of others are left over from the nomadic tribes...
...What of its new chairman, John Van der Water...
...Mexicans and Cubans, on the other hand, are recommended as "cooperative" employees...
...Incumbents have no problem in building the substantial war chest necessary for such a campaign...
...employees are getting only 30 percent of the regular payment...
...First, the fact...
...we still find the splendor of the Spanish Arabic civilization astonishing, and those centuries of struggle were also a time of intimate coexistence...
...The Court's implied syllogism is as follows: all employers are outsiders...
...Ergo: all human beings are unbiased...
...We have John Kennedy to thank for the recognition of organized public employees...
...The solicitation and acceptance of money from outside friends has been a widespread practice in the union movement...
...It is impossible to understand either the history of Spain and Portugal or the truly unique nature of their cultures if this fact is forgotten...
...Just as the women's right to vote did not bring about their full equality or other basic changes in their social place to the extent that it was hoped or feared, so the ERA as such would not accomplish these aims either...
...Though courts in various jurisdictions have differed in their emphasis on individual rights versus institutional protection, they have generally protected the right of rank-and-file insurgents to run for union office...
...For instance, what relationship exists between Argentina and Angola, Thailand and Costa Rica, Tunisia and Brazil...
...Many of these workers no longer enjoy the other protections they once had...
...The staff constitutes a built-in campaign organization of individuals who will give their own money to the incumbent candidates and will solicit other members for more...
...They believe employers should have absolute power and employees should have no rights...
...The general evolution of society and of the modern states tended to affirm the individual interests of each nation—relativizing politics, stripping it of its once sacred aura...
...The pity is that the Spanish rulers imitated the sectarian politics of the former and not the liberal tolerance of the latter...
...And if the Senate Finance Committee is any gauge, up to $3 billion will be cut from Medicare...
...Where Congress under Title IV invalidated the election, the official family under the rule incapacitates the candidate...
...In 1959, Congress passed the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act (LMRDA), also known as the Landrum-Griffin Act, after extensive hearings into the corruption, dictatorship, and racketeering that existed in some major unions...
...The proviso has swallowed the Rights...
...instead, it gave the official family's view of union-staff independence...
...But this datum tells us just about everything we have to know about what has increasingly come to be known as Reaganomics...
...The situation that now is facing the Democrats is reflected in the advice given House Speaker Tip O'Neill by party pollsters: "It's all right to attack the wealthy, but don't defend the poor...
...The concept of "underdevelopment," for instance, may be applied to economics and technology, but not to art, literature, moral values, or politics...
...Because most of the people in this country —those who live on wages and salaries—have seen their buying power shrinking, so they can't buy...
...The results are bizarre...
...Preemployment screening has become one of their specialties...
...The Supreme Court majority concluded that the union's "reasonable fear" that outside contributions might lead to any outside domination of candidates justified a total ban of outsider contributions of any kind or size...
...Taking It on the Chin The following item about the sufferings of unemployed workers comes from the ultraconservative magazine, Business Week, May 31, 1982...
...Perhaps more important than the party money is the ability of the Republicans' party structure to provide its people an entree to the business and trade associations...
...our customs, institutions, arts and literature are direct descendants of those of Spain and Portugal...
...The exercise of the right of free speech by advocating dual unionism, for example, would be considered disloyal to the union as an institution and legally subject to union discipline...
...Not only has our tax law been the terrain of lawyers and lobbyists representing corporations and the rich, but any simplification of the rate structure will tend to reduce the existing progressivity—unless significant and politically difficult steps are taken, either to retain overall progressivity through rate steps or to raise personal exemptions high enough to protect those now in the lower brackets...
...The modern world was ushered in by a series of events that include, together with the Reformation and the Renaissance, European expansion in Asia, America, and Africa...
...However, if a candidate who used employer money has lost the election, nothing happens...
...indeed less of it is Reprinted from the AFL-CIO News, June 26, 1982 being invested in 1982 than in 1981 before the great tax bonanza...
...Ironically, now that the outsider rule has been upheld, rank and filers are less likely to give money to insurgent candidates since the name of every union member—the insider—who gives more than $5.00 to a candidate goes on a list submitted to a committee that is appointed by the official family to administer the rule...
...Fortney Stark (D–Calif...
...In the private sector, since 1935, employees unable to reach an agreement can ask for mediation and if that fails go on strike...
...Reagan's latest appointee to the Board, one Robert Hunter, former aide to Senator Orrin Hatch and chief counsel of the Labor and Human Resources Committee, a body chaired by Hatch but including such liberals as Senator Edward E Kennedy, which has unanimously voted to accept Hunter's nomination...
...The NLRB charged that 3M exercised "complete control and use of supervisory personnel at St...
...IT WAS FOREORDAINED, therefore, that Sadlowski would get fewer votes than the administrationbacked candidate when he ran for director of District 31, the union's largest district, in 1973...
...In these pages the democratic left and left-liberals have found a place to assert, think, speculate, argue, and doubt...
...Long years on the corporate lecture circuit supplied him with the rhetoric he will never stop using...
...For a little magazine of critical and often unpopular views, this is something of a record...
...Was it perhaps in this ironic sense that the Court's majority found the outsider rule to be "consistent" with the policy of Title IV...
...The candidate cannot accept contributions from members of his family, relatives, friends, or wellwishers unless they are members of the union...
...This ban reflects a desire to 397 minimize the danger that employers will influence the outcome of union elections...
...In the hotly contested 1976 –77 USWA campaign, the rank and file did not give much money to either Sadlowski or McBride...
...In the congressional voting on such issues as the regulatory powers of the Federal Trade Commission, corporate tax-rate cuts, inspection powers of the Occupational Health and Safety Administration, and a host of others that arise daily, the threat of being targeted by such groups as the Chamber of Commerce, the Business and Industry Political Action Committee, the Independent Petroleum Association, the National Conservative Political Action Committee, or the Realtors has a powerfully inhibiting effect...
...supervisors were given instructions to speak to employees about the hospital's literature on a one-to-one basis...
...Malcolm Baldrige says: The general downward revision in business investment reflects low levels of operation and the continuing interest-rate problems...
...Democracy means turmoil...
...American corporate leaders are continuing to scale back their plans for spending on expansion and modernization, the government reported today...
...Finally, raise the tax on capital gains (unless it is on new issues) so that speculation will be discouraged and true investment encouraged...
...EDS...
...In addition, the large majority of the nation's blacks is concentrated in the income groups earning below $20,000 a year...
...The Supreme Court refused to hear the case...
...It's just when hope reasserts itself that it most needs the ally of thought...
...For some conservatives, firm and unchanging union leadership makes for institutional stability and industrial peace...
...There, in the key races, many Gypsy Moth Republican representatives of beleaguered Frostbelt districts will have to spend much of their electioneering time justifying their support for the Reagan budget and tax cuts...
...Yet the passage of the ERA would have marked a symbolic stemming of the tide of sexism and would have helped to facilitate legal improvements...
...Not only have women moved massively into the labor force, but their husbands have begun to share women's traditional family responsibilities...
...There are some signs that this year labor will change its contribution patterns and seek out marginal races, but it is too early to tell the degree of effectiveness...
...404...
...It is an "iron law" of union life that incumbents in high office do not lose elections—though they may die, a fate they share with rank and filers, may retire, or may even be pushed aside in a "palace revolt" by another member of the "official family" (this was the label that I. W Abel, ex-president of the USWA, candidly applied to the union leadership...
...Continuing interest-rate problems" means that our interest rates are too high...
...all employers are presumed to be antiunion...
...they were given lower taxes on capital gains...
...Congress also recognized that this freedom is particularly critical and deserves vigorous protection, in the context of election campaigns...
...This year, funds received from these interest groups are being channeled into races where freshmen Republicans have a tenuous grasp on their districts...
...While the latter suppress their emo402 replaced by a Republican...
...The businessmen estimate a 2.4 percent decline this year from their 1981 outlays, after allowing for inflation...
...These incumbents often hold safe seats, but they have insisted on getting large backing from labor, in part to have money to spread among local political organizations at election time and in part to make sure no potential opponent gets big ideas...
...The potential for such a change has already emerged in the growing debate over various "flat tax" alternatives...
...Ergo: all outsiders are presumably antiunion...
...The percentage of women in Gurin's sample who identified with the group "women" rose from 34 percent in 1972 to 67 percent in 1979, Similarly, in 1972 only 33 percent, but 55 percent in 1979 of the women questioned attributed disparities in opportunity between men and women to discrimination rather than to individual deficiencies...
...In theory, the amount of money channeled by these organizations to candidates of the political right could be largely offset by organized labor, along with some of the nascent liberal PACs that are beginning to spring up...
...Finally legal action was taken against 3M itself last April in Milwaukee...
...But the ERA has not died in vain...
...Mistaken ideas about the historical reality of Latin America have been appearing for almost two centuries...
...The idea of the universal mission of the Spanish people, as defenders of a doctrine thought to be just and true, was a medieval and an Arabic legacy...
...it isn't even trickling down...
...The opinion concludes: "Although [the USWA's rule] may interfere with rights Congress intended to protect, it is rationally related to a legitimate and protected purpose, and thus is sheltered by the proviso to Sec...
...The strangest thing is that this theologicalpolitical conception has reappeared in our time...
...and conceivably Senate minority leader Robert C. Byrd...
...Was ever a union more skillfully finessed than the Professional Air Traffic Controllers...
...It is not often that Chief Justice Burger joins Brennan in dissent or that Rehnquist signs Marshall's opinion for the Court...
...In many states, extended unemployment benefits—going for an extra 13 weeks to many of the blue-collar workers who switched to the GOP in 1980—will be eliminated on September 25, unless Congress intervenes...
...The rich were enriched because, it was proclaimed, their riches would enrich everyone as those great riches flowed into the economy—to expand and modernize...
...All of them, the former especially, have refined our countries' sensitivity and aroused our fantasy...
...Thus the operation of the rule will tend to diminish those very rank-and-file contributions that the Court's majority relied upon as a ground for validation of the rule...
...Economic, social, and political labels are equally misleading...
...In a nugget of naïveté, the Court's opinion states that "staff officers have a contractual right to choose whether or not to participate in any USWA campaign without being subjected to discipline or reprisals for their decision...
...It is not that the Court underestimated the importance of campaigns for a democratic union...
...Elections will become honest insofar as opposition withers away...
...If such splendid ideas do not an ideological zealot make, what does...
...Despite two centuries of European domination, neither India nor Algeria changed its language, religion, or culture...
...it wears the mask of a so-called universal science of history and society...
...The Supreme Court majority ignored these facts, which had been submitted to it by Sadlowski's attorneys...
...Men too increasingly have acknowledged that the system discriminates against women...
...and to Boll Weevil Democrats who voted for the Reagan budget and tax bills...
...But a magazine like Dissent simply cannot be self-sustaining, despite our fanatical economies...
...According to recent census data, those earning less than $20,000 a year make up more than half of the population (55.1 percent), but their turnout rate is more than 20 percentage points below that of persons earning more than $20,000...
...399 As we go into the 1982 elections, we face two related but separate sets of questions: (1) Will Democrats make significant gains in House elections and either weaken the GOP majority in the Senate or eliminate that majority altogether...
...The opinion states...
...See John Herling, The Right to Challenge...
...The fight for the Equal Rights Amendment, which began in 1923, may take as long...
...What then is Robert Hunter, who boasts that his greatest achievement as Senator Hatch's aide was defeat of the Labor Reform Bill in 1979...
...American business was given gigantic tax breaks so it would put more into expansion and modernization, to create new jobs and to make facilities more productive...
...Though three of his running mates were staff members, Sadlowski and his slate received less than $5,000 from the staff...
...Speculation on how much rank and filers will give in union elections is not warranted...
...The reason is the same today as it was then: the general fear of the public, of men and women, that the official recognition of women's right to make individual decisions and to equality in the workplace will weaken their commitment to the family...
...26, 1981) before the New York State Assembly Labor Committee: The law of the United States, as expressed in the National Labor Relations Act, is to encourage the practice of collective bargaining...
...He was head of the labor project that recommended restructuring of the Labor Department 392 along precisely the lines that Raymond Donovan, this Administration's secretary of labor, has followed all year...
...In effect, the Court's decision has turned the Bill of Rights on its head...
...It is a source of money, training, and discipline...
...Steel Corp...
...You need only compare the early '60s with the early '80s...
...The term is deceiving as well as imprecise...
...Retired members such as Edward Sadlowski, Sr., may not contribute, neither may members not in good standing...
...Supporters of the Association for Union Democracy believe that only a democratic trade union movement truly responsive to its membership can grow and perform the progressive role that it is uniquely capable of in a democratic society...
...IF THE PRESIDENT and Congress really want to get businesspeople to invest productively: Repeal the tax cut for the elite and give a better break to the other hard-working citizens...
...As Wilson and Askin point out, the decision fits innumerable cases in which a consulting firm has prepared much, and perhaps all, [of] the literature that the respondent [management] delivered to its employees...
...This help is extended to the challengers of such liberal Democratic incumbents as Rep...
...If, within a century or so, labor relations have gone substantially from status to contract, there is every reason to fear that they will soon return from contract to status: plenty of status for the well-heeled and their sycophants...
...The fusion between religion and politics, for example, or the notion of crusade, appears in Hispanic attitudes to a heightened and more intense degree than in other European countries...
...They counsel against hiring prestige seekers, frustrated types, overqualified individuals "who may become on-site activists," or persons heavily in debt "who may become eager for a union-won increase...
...Rep...
...Unlike their English, Dutch, and French rivals, the Spanish and the Portuguese were dominated for centuries by Islam...
...Even in the unlikely event that Democrats take over the Senate, the driving force in 1983 will continue to be deficit reduction...
...The Court cursorily rejected Sadlowski's argument that any legitimate concern the union might have about outside interference could be satisfied by placing ceilings on contributions and requiring disclosure of sources...
...The rule itself was written by the union's general counsel and rubber-stamped by an administration-dominated convention...
...insurgency forces unpredictable power adjustments...
...Institutional stability outweighed democratic rights...
...It is that the majority of the Court then concluded, by a leap into faith, that "as a practical matter the impact may not be substantial" and "in fact . . . the rank and file probably can provide support," since union members "earn sufficient income to make campaign contributions...
...He had the goodness to refuse...
...4-5...
...There are no more than a handful of academic labor institutes in the United States, which were designed to provide staff for unions...
...Title IV prescriptions for honest elections will become normal operating procedure...
...I. H. Mr...
...The Democratic party, in comparison, is almost nonexistent...
...Quentin Burdick (D–N.D...
...Another reason for this reluctance, as mentioned above, is the general resistance to grant women the right to individual decisions and accomplishments to the degree that they are enjoyed by men, because it is feared—whether rightly or wrongly is not to the point here—that the family would suffer...
...And so, while other European states showed an increasing tendency to represent the emerging concept of the nation and to defend its values, the Spanish state confused its cause with that of an ideology...
...With such home truths is the road back to square one paved...
...But these high rates were set high as a means to restrain the economy, in the cockeyed belief that that's the way to check inflation...
...In that election he was credited by the union with a quarter of a million votes, or 43 percent of the total, although his slate was able to post observers at only 800 of the 5,000 polling places...
...Alan Kistler, director of Organization and Field Services, AFL–CIO, who, along with his assistant Charles McDonald, keeps tabs on the union-busting racket, reports additional undesirable characteristics against which the employer is to guard himself, among them: sympathy 393 for the underdog, involvement in liberal causes, a keen awareness of personal rights, or activism in tenant and consumer organizations...
...and our productive plant is idled...
...This is an example of the elementary, logical fallacy of composition in which a property of some members of a class is attributed to all members of the class...
...The adroitness of it all may be comparable to that of Silent Cal when he roused himself from his congenital torpor long enough to break a policemen's strike in Boston...
...The impact of the rule with respect to Edward Sadlowski, Sr., illustrates the rigor of the rule...
...once injected into the doctrine of the Hispanic monarchy, it first inspired the actions of this monarchy, but eventually immobilized it...
...That's the lead in the story sent out by the Associated Press from Washington, D.C...
...In these times they do not, have enough poorly paid jobs for their graduates, some of whom sell their expertise as traitors to the cause of labor...
...Antiunion "libertarians" such as the National Right to Work Committee litigate for the "rights" of workers in order to weaken unions...
...ALL IN ALL, however, Congress is almost certain to maintain its conservative posture after the 1982 election...
...These regulations specify: When prohibited support is contributed, there will be a presumption that it was accepted by the candidate or his supporters, unless they have taken affirmative steps in good faith to dissuade the non-member from providing such support and have taken action to correct the effects of the prohibited support...
...Mary's Hospital in Waterbury, Connecticut, because of management's improper tactics...
...The exceptions are Uruguay and Argentina and, to a lesser degree, Chile and Costa Rica...
...If you would like to read the rest of this, as well as the other nine essays by eminent Latin American writers, please turn to our back cover for information on how to obtain this publication...
...101 (a) (2) [a provision of the LMRDA Bill of Rights...
...Hunter's hearing...
...2) Will the rightward trend—which was reflected in a clear conservative majority in Congress at the mid-point of Carter's term and reached unprecedented heights with the 1981 budget reconciliation bill and tax cut—continue to dominate the federal government, no matter what the partisan shifts after the November elections...
...May not be substantial...
...There is no reason to believe that by the time you read this in Dissent things will be any better: Only 39 percent of the unemployed are eligible for benefits of any sort, a remarkably low number for the depths of a recession...
...They have been pummeled by corporate powers that never have come willingly to terms with them...
...Given the pressure of the tax cut and the political strength of business and conservative organizations, it seems likely that the agenda of the 98th Congress will remain an essentially Republican agenda, no matter what the formal composition of the House and Senate turns out to be...
...Over these 28 years, we've lived through several large shifts of national mood...
...In 1981 the Reagan administration won approval of tax legislation that targeted the largest reductions to the rich and to capital-intensive corporations, while initiating budget cuts that fell most heavily on the poor, particularly the working poor...
...Kinsey Wilson and Steve Askin, who have examined union-busting in depth, find that Modern Management, Inc., the worst offender (also known as 3M) "has sunk its deepest roots in the service sector of the economy...
...Why...
...He lost...
...THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR that will determine the complexion of the 98th Congress will be, to repeat, money...
...This is a draconian rule...
...Or of Mr...
...These GOP difficulties will be compounded by the mandate of the budget resolution to raise taxes by nearly $100 billion over the three fiscal years from 1983 through 1985...
...the facts are in...
...In many of the Southern, Western, and rural states where the competitive seats are located, backing by labor is more of a liability than backing by the oil industry...
...I don't know the answer...
...So, please, when you flip back a few pages and see our fund appeal, respond quickly and generously —in the 3 figures, if possible...
...Last year's big strike was to have been that of the aggrieved postal employees who instead—after the PATCO case— quickly accepted a minimal contract...
...Since the immediate effect of the rule will be to render nugatory any insurgent campaign, there will be less need to create phantom voters or misplace opposition ballots...
...Young people are being systematically recruited to abort or wreck the American worker's only hope for self-help, dignity, and decency...
...For we know that, in unforeseen ways, social moods suddenly change and there is always a need for intellectual preparation...
...Iranians, Hindus, and Chinese belong to civilizations unlike that of the West...
...We may be sure that the victory of the official family of the USWA over its own rank and file is being celebrated today by the country's powerful and growing antiunion forces...
...For certain families, particularly those dependent on Medicaid for their medical treatment, these budget reductions are the equivalent of a tax rate well in excess of 100 percent on income earned at the range where the eligibility cutoffs from benefit programs begin...
...The Great Communicator had sent his message: such a strike "against the government" was as reprehensible in this country as it was laudable in Poland...
...The opinion states that staff officers are forbidden by law and by union rules from campaigning on union time— as if that formality had ever stopped this universal practice...
...This law grew out of a recognition that when employers have absolute power, that power is abused...
...Labor has acceded to this process, and as a result, much of its money has been wasted on campaigns that did not need it...
...The GOP has developed mechanisms of financing campaigns so effectively that not only marginal incumbents are given the maximum legal backing ($68,000 in a House race in party money alone), these funds have also enabled the party to develop a growing roster of new electoral candidates...
...However, the exercise of these rights was limited by a proviso permitting a uniop to pass "reasonable rules as to the responsibility of every member toward the organization as an institution...
...With industrial employment in sharp and probably permanent decline, all that can save unions from desuetude is the organization of service workers...
...Sadlowski then successfully challenged the legality of the election, charging that irregularities had affected the outcome...
...It was not enough that Sadlowski had lost and that the Sadlowskis of the future would probably also lose...
...This last bit of bipartisanship now is cementing the revived alliance of Republicans and Southern Democrats that has taken over control of the House since the 1980 election...
...Key provisions of the LMRDA's Title I, the "Bill of Rights of Union Members," sought to guarantee union members freedom of speech and assembly and the right to run for union office...
...Sec 481(g), prohibits the use of employer as well as union funds in election campaigns...
...As of January 1977 McBride, the administration candidate in the 1977 election, had received a total of $182,000, and more than 90 percent of it was obtained through "contributions" from union officers and staff...
...The Spanish king was a mixture of Theodosius the Great and Abd-er-Rahman III, first Caliph of Cordoba...
...Organized labor, in contrast, is bound to a whole network of incumbent Democrats, many elected in the 1960s and early '70s...
...ROSE LAUB COSER 398 dates who participated in the election...
...But there is still another reason why businessmen are not putting money into their businesses...
...This reasoning is similar to the following: all federal judges are human beings...
...But that money is not flowing into the economy...
...Finally, a significant alteration of the tax system may be in the offing...
...Bob Beving points out in Turn Left that "Janitors in the public and private sectors should enjoy the same basic rights...
...That bill incorporated a number of NLRB reforms sought by labor...
...Yet Gurin also found that "there has been no strong support among women for the idea of organizing and acting together to bring about change" (ISR Newsletter, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Spring/Summer 1982, pp...
...They see their task in the financing of a radical alteration of Congress and are prepared to target their money to key swing races, where an accumulation of $5,000 contributions (the maximum allowed) makes a big difference...
...Almost $83 billion went into businesses buying businesses last year instead of businesses expanding and modernizing businesses...
...Shifting from a mid-1970s posture of supporting incumbents—mostly Democrats—the business and trade association committees (PACs) now are giving funds to the GOP in about a 60:40 ratio...
...More Democrats now will be up for reelection-21 of the 33 open seats...
...Any staff officer reading this will surely not know whether to laugh or to cry, particularly since the Supreme Court, less than a month earlier in Finnegan v. Leu, had ruled that elected officers are entitled to have a loyal staff and could legally fire appointed staff who had campaigned for the losing candidate...
...Even with a tax increase of $21 billion for 1983 and about $100 billion through 1985, the deficit in 1983 will be at least $110 billion...
...Several states have specific mechanisms for dealing with deadlock, among them fact-finding by an impartial expert, mediation, arbitration and, as a last resort, the right to strike...
...But how much can be expected of a board deliberately tipped in an antilabor direction...
...When a relatively democratic union such as the Steelworkers legally establishes a permanent fiefdom for its official family, it may well lose whatever is left of its appeal to unorganized workers...
...This fact explains, in part, why the country seems divided, almost in half, in regard to the passage of the ERA...
...The scope and stringency of the rule cannot be doubted...
...Then, in 1977, Sadlowski mounted the first complete rank-and-file slate for top offices in the union's 45year history...
...The Court reversed the decisions of two lower federal courts, which had held that the outsider rule violated Title I, the "Bill of Rights" section of the LMRDA...
...Moslems, Jews, and Christians lived together on the Iberian peninsula until the 16th century...
...The Administration's military vigor has created more anxiety than it has resolved doubts...
...we are or have been Christian...
...But they don't and they're not about to...
...In the House, prospects for the Democrats may be significantly more favorable...
...The press reports that no AFL–CIO lobbyists were present at Mr...
...An appalling decision handed down by the Supreme Court on June 14, 1982 in United Steelworkers of America v. Sadlowski et al...
...PATCO endorsed Reagan in 1980, and thought it would enjoy a quid pro quo when the time came to negotiate...
...The third difference, I think, has been the decisive factor...
...This process, however, is not merely a liability for the Republicans...
...By contrast, a breach of the union's outsider rule could lead to disqualification, fine, suspension, or expulsion of the candidate...
...A union rule that seeks to reduce the influence of outsiders other than employers is clearly consistent with that goal...
...still, there is something to be said for steady work...
...The scope of the outsider rule was summarized in the vigorous dissent written by Justice White and joined by Chief Justice Burger and Justices Brennan and Blackman: It is incredible to me that the union rule at issue in this case can be found to be a reasonable restriction on the right of Edward Sadlowski to speak, assemble, and run for union office in a free and democratic election...
...They were given investment credits...
...Though the coalition of judges in Sadlowski was unpredictable, the result is not inconsistent with the Court's overall conservative cast...
...True "libertarians" who see even union membership as a violation of some anarchistic ideal will defend the concept of individual rights regardless of its effect on the unions...
...The basic reason is money...
...It prohibits him from contributing to the campaign of Edward Sadlowski, Jr., even though the elder Sadlowski is the father of the candidate, was a charter member of the USWA, remained a member for 32 years prior to his retirement, and receives a USWA pension, the terms of which are negotiated by USWA's officers...
...In 1980, the willingness of these groups—backed up by such organizations as the Committee for the Survival of a Free Congress and the Conservative Victory Fund—to get early into key Senate races was a major factor in the shift to the GOP: of the seats taken over by Republicans, 8 out of 12 were won by margins of 2 percent or less...
...when the employees decide to exercise their rights under the law...
...In considering Title IV, Congress was concerned with the validity of the election itself, not with sanctions against candiThe ERA Did Not Die in Vain is it not a disgrace that a society priding itself on its advoacy of human rights, on its sense of equality and individualism, would deny the symbolic recognition of these rights to women...
...use of computer information detailing an opponent's voting history and the records of presidential candidates...
...The aggressive business PACs, on the other hand, are often new, 401 and without ties to incumbents...
...This policy has been possible largely because most of the beneficiaries of welfare programs and most of those earning marginal incomes do not vote...
...Because of the Reagan tax cut, the issue of deficit-spending will dominate Congress for years to come...
...Section 401(g), 29 U.S.C...
...For some liberals, raised on the concept of progressive trade unionism, bureaucratic rule is a price worth paying for a "strong" trade union movement...
...In the steel industry, five of the largest producers have cut off SUB benefits altogether, while laid-off U.S...
...His part of the Foundation report proposed elimination of all public unions as well as enactment of a national right-to-work law through a constitutional amendment...
...The black vote is neither a growing nor a competitive arena, and consequently it has been taken for granted in general elections and legislative decisions...
...Many of these incumbents are vulnerable: Quentin N. Burdick of North Dakota...
Vol. 29 • September 1982 • No. 4
