Time for Some Answers
Geltman, Emanuel & Hausknecht, Murray & Carpenter, Luther & Hoffmann, Stanley & Laber, Jeri & Gacek, Stanley & Sandoz, Gérard & Hakim, Eleanor
It is clear by now that the Reagan administration is fulfilling the predictions of economic and social disaster that left-liberals made before Reagan's election. Capitalism isn't revitalized;...
...These anxieties we must share...
...I can hardly be accused of claiming that the Soviet Union is an inherently aggressive power, or that recent Soviet moves show a deliberate and increasingly confident expansionism, or that internal Soviet weaknesses will necessarily lead to external adventures...
...Much of what we want can be obtained by converting existing "tax expenditures" into direct expenditures...
...Negotiate...
...IS THERE, THEN, NOTHING worthy of approval in this welter of emotions and fears...
...A mere denuclearization of Europe would favor the Soviet Union, whose conventional armaments exceed NATO's...
...full employment is the key to everything else...
...It is whatever serves the constituencies...
...Hardly anyone denies that infrastructure is a legitimate public concern and that infrastructure expenditures can reduce shipping costs and aid expansion...
...140 Yugoslavia's human rights record has gone unchallenged by the West at the Helsinki Review Conference in Madrid...
...or that the Soviets now have weapons (such as the SS-20 missiles) for which there is no equivalent in NATO's arsenal...
...But the new meanness of spirit implies that this obligation is neither met nor respected, and when institutionalized there is, at best, an indifference to the consequences of inequality and, a worst, a positive antagonism to the claims of those who suffer from these inequalities...
...On this point there is an indisputable continuity with the policies of de Gaulle, Pompidou, and Giscard d'Estaing...
...c) a crow in sheep's clothing...
...They worry about the end of détente...
...For instance, "acts of collective disobedience" and "subversive propaganda," including "subversive" rallies and demonstrations, are subject to prosecution, precluding most trade union tactics...
...The official "cult of Tito" is even stronger in Yugoslavia since Tito's death...
...He also voted against the Chrysler bailout, although a Chrysler supplier was located in his district...
...government has chosen to look the other way...
...They'll find lots of soul," he says...
...The greed level, the level of opportunism, just got out of control...
...Or a social democratic one, adapted to the French situation...
...we may regret that their pacifism tends to be as excessive as the belligerence of past generations...
...Grass-roots coalitions can broaden the consultation...
...Yet nationalizations do pose a problem— even among Socialists...
...The Administration did not stop there...
...R & D is a special instance of the way our investment mechanism has become clogged...
...For in the last analysis, even the working masses under the sway of the CP, far from being convinced of the need for Leninist revolutionary tactics, now have a "reformist" bias...
...It has checked independent unionism by use of police violence and imprisonment of union leadership...
...It also made sense to co-opt CP representatives in order to bar the possibility of CP pressure on the government from the outside through strikes by the CPcontrolled union, the CGT...
...Developments in the past few years have confirmed this line of reasoning...
...I am not referring to either the nationalistic tone that has marked some of the speeches or the alleged desire for political German reunification, which lies hidden behind the attacks on NATO's plans...
...Once the Socialist Francois Mitterrand assumed power, the catchword "transformation" swept France...
...a) when they trust you as one who would not fire upon his own people...
...They foresee an epidemic of abnegation sweeping the world, with the Soviets having no alternative but to follow the example given by Dutch (or Belgian) self-denial or by British unilateral reductions...
...a) when he /she is tried by a military court...
...This movement is complex and heterogeneous, and one can generalize about it only at the cost of some unfairness...
...The government holds the purse strings to union budgets...
...These, elements have been much exaggerated...
...instead, they raise rates to anticipate inflation...
...The last Socialist party congress, convened after the election victories, voted for resolutions in which a "gradual break with capitalism" occupied a large place...
...b) next to a church, so that they can get the last rites in time...
...After all, the protests against an ever escalating arms race, the presence among the demonstrators of many young people and women, the role of Protestant churches and parts of the Catholic clergy, the close connection with ecological concerns, the fact that the rallies have attracted wide support from the non-Communist left and even the center in several countries: all tend to provoke not only sympathy but nostalgia on this side of the Atlantic, where American liberals remember the antiwar movement of the 1960s and deplore the present mood of skepticism, tepid prudence, and noninvolvement...
...Morality requires a willingness "to attack strong clients with weak claims...
...Like just about everyone else I met in Yugoslavia and elsewhere in Eastern Europe, Mr...
...On September 2, the Supreme Military Tribunal in Brasilia reversed the trial court's decision, finding that the lower tribunal had unlawfully proceeded in the absence of the defendants and their counsel...
...Veselica was convicted of disseminating "hostile propaganda" and "participating in hostile activities...
...But there is the need for some general remarks...
...As long as Washington does not practice self-restraint or abnegation, it is hard to believe that the Soviet Union will do so...
...Marko Veselica, a 45-year-old Croatian professor of political economy at the University of Zagreb who was sentenced to 11 years in prison on September 9, 1981...
...Full employment and economic reconstruction have to be given at least as much weight as rebuilding the social services...
...According to the right, the cabinet has passed legislation to give a share in the management of industrial enterprises to workers and their trade unions...
...This picture would be incomplete without mention of the four Communists in the cabinet, who hold the portfolios for Health, Transport, Public Administration, and Professional Education— four ministries whose decisions cannot significantly affect the government's strategy...
...Their rival—the target of their moves—remains the United States...
...Of especial interest is the present effort to widen access to culture, which entails the rejection of a policy that had, during the entire postwar period, favored cultural elitism...
...It has nationalized a number of the nation's largest companies, including virtually all banks and savings and loan associations...
...Mathias, Jr., Republican of Maryland...
...But because the European movement has never shown any inclination in this direction, it will remain a moral or moralistic protest rather than a responsible political movement...
...The Housing Fund also should finance renovation and should build for sale and for rental...
...The second reproach is closely related to the first...
...Their own attachment to it deserves to be examined critically, both because they sometimes behave as if détente were so desirable that it ought to be preserved no matter what the Soviets do, and because they have allowed the Soviets to exploit detente without being inhibited by it whenever their own interests prompted them to push it aside...
...Many of its leaders seem to believe or hope that a refusal to accept the Pershings II or the ground-launched cruise missiles that are supposed to be deployed in 1983 would be contagious...
...The thought gives one pause...
...France is now, after all, a second-rank power...
...Easy...
...Thus France has witnessed the astonishing spectacle of four Communist ministers endorsing the French government's severe condemnation of the Warsaw coup, while the leaders of the French Communist party refused to do so...
...His averred ideal is a socialism of the Swedish social democratic type...
...Its aim should be comfortable, energy-efficient, basic housing—integrated in terms of class and race, filling in and stabilizing existing marginal and working-class neighborhoods wherever possible...
...The New York Times (Feb...
...It was a calculated action designed to warn other federal unions as well as the entire labor movement that the power of the federal government was aligned with the interests of management...
...These groups' resistance (e.g., the doctors' "uprising" against the democratization of health services) must be taken into consideration...
...Second, it leaves the Democrats without a policy to apply if they regain the presidency in 1984...
...Yet—perhaps because of the cynicism or discouragement bred by years of futile discussion about "mutual balanced force reductions"—the 149 European movement has not addressed itself to the issue of conventional disarmament...
...The new Socialist cabinet has been tackling several important tasks at once...
...ambassador] estimates total guerrilla strength at 4,500 to 5,000...
...Meantime, Mr...
...In San Salvador...
...We have to close their loopholes and challenge their monopoly of powers over the economy—and get them to see that negotiation is better than the stagnation and bitterness that Reagan's policies cause...
...It's strictly a situation they have control over," he said of the workers, noting that Mr...
...Stockman says, "I went around and cut all the ribbons and they [the constituents] never knew I voted against the damn programs...
...But what incentive will the Soviets have to negotiate a sensible agreement that would involve a reduction of their own arsenal, as long as the antinuclear movement concentrates on reversing the military decisions of NATO...
...The government already finances much of our R & D, directly through the Defense Department and indirectly through tax expenditures...
...We want to use government to fill the needs that people can't obtain through a market economy...
...Hundreds of young people have been summarily sentenced after trials resembling courtmartials, with punishments ranging up to 15 years in prison...
...Just as Carter was the Democrats' Ford, someone else can become the Democrats' Reagan...
...On November 19, 1981, the Brazilian Army's Permanent Council of Justice in SR) Paulo reconvicted 11 metalworkers under NSL for having directed a general strike in the auto and metal trades in the greater Sao Paulo area in April 1980...
...Outside this movement, there are many critics of the NATO decisions of 1979 who believe that the planned missile deployments are unnecessary (for instance, Michael Howard in England, George Kennan and McGeorge Bundy in this country) or that extended deterrence is no longer credible...
...The defense attorneys have appealed the second trial to the Supreme Military Tribunal and an appellate hearing is expected soon...
...The student activists railed against "hypocrisy," which meant anything that smacked of "compromise" or a failure to hold out for the ideal solution...
...Government investment should no longer be restricted to "losers...
...We must present them as a social contract, an agreement between the people and the government...
...Another group of intellectuals recently filed a petition requesting permission to start an independent journal called Javnost (Forum...
...We may deem them misled or confused...
...Stockman also believes that government assistance should go only to those with "strong claims" rather than to politically powerful groups...
...These actions reveal a distrust of the United States' aims in that part of the world...
...The other side of the coin of contempt is a sense of moral superiority...
...Liberals and unions were disdained because their objective was an extension of the welfare state rather than "revolution...
...But in fact the Soviets have never shown much inclination to take the policies of these lesser powers seriously...
...The first is American policy toward the Third World...
...The new element is the institutionalization of meanness...
...And should it actually come to sending U.S...
...Once all the decreed nationalizations have taken place (all are to be effected by 1988, the end of Mitterrand's term), 84 percent of the country's industry will remain in private hands...
...But I think we have to recast our whole policy toward families, so these programs don't stand alone...
...There is something reminiscent of the '60s in Stockman's sense of his own rectitude vis-a-vis both his constituents and his fellow politicians...
...nonetheless, they aren't doing anything about it...
...There have already been some raids on the Highway Trust Fund...
...Weaving meanness into legislative and administrative action is not so easy, since it runs against the grain of the welfare state—even one so primitive as our own...
...Plugging the loopholes will make real investment more competitive, and also generate funds that the federal government could devote directly to investment...
...A few days after the murder, the local unions invited Lula and Jac() Bittar, president of the Oil and Refinery Workers of Campinas, to speak to the farmworkers...
...The Commerce Department's "survey of American business executives shows them planning a five-tenths of 1 percent decline in 'real,' or inflation-adjusted, spending in 1982 compared with 1981" (New York Times, Jan...
...Nevertheless, permission to start the journal was denied and the nine founders were attacked in the press...
...By the time this comment appears, the number will swell...
...Such a policy seems all the more necessary in that business, whose difficulties are very real in the current recession, must be encouraged to accelerate the rate of investment, which had sunk virtually to zero after the Socialist victory...
...While various labor laws do not apply in the Capitol, Mr...
...Years ago, I remember reading that half of America's scientists worked in defense and aerospace...
...News has been sparse from that part of the country and the issues there are complex...
...He knows exactly where and when the microphones were hidden in his office, but he has not tried to remove them since they will only be reinstalled...
...Revenues from paychecks of all workers are pooled into a common, state-controlled fund and are then allocated to the unions according to a predetermined formula...
...But it is also true that both the vulnerability of the proposed missiles and the ability of the Pershings II to reach Soviet targets in a few minutes are destabilizing factors serving as incentives to Soviet preemption...
...Like intellectuals in Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary, Yugoslav intellectuals maintain a "flying university...
...These conversions can keep our program from increasing the federal deficit...
...Seemingly principled action is accompanied by a streak of contempt for constituents and their needs...
...The French president, who likes to compare his position to that of Leon Blum, head of the Popular Front government in the '30s, has two great advantages over that Socialist figure: more time, and political stability...
...Yugoslavia's foreign debt is now estimated at $20 billion, higher per capita than that of Poland...
...In an interview with Jean Daniel, editor of the left-wing weekly Le Nouvel Observateur, Mitterrand explained that his approach was that of "radical social democracy...
...Most Democrats are sitting back, waiting for the Reagan administration to destroy itself...
...But a new spurt of economic growth would create a solid foundation for the profound transformations envisaged by the Socialists...
...It takes, most obviously, an oldfashioned, traditional desire on the part of those with wealth and power to reclaim the small inroads the welfare state has made on their privileged position—greed and hoggishness point the way to meanness...
...The exposure of bright, young students to new and cosmopolitan 136 perspectives is the stock-in-trade of colleges, making what is heretofore taken for granted highly problematic...
...WHAT CAN be expected of Mitterrand's France...
...There was, in short, no radical break or complete alienation from family traditions...
...But the government's evidence did not show that the defendants had ordered the metalworkers to walk off their jobs...
...It was sunny and warm, unseasonably balmy weather for November, giving the misleading impression that Yugoslavia is quite untouched by the gray chill that pervades the rest of Eastern Europe...
...The term is open to various interpretation...
...The French maintain that everywhere in these areas, especially in South and Central America, the United States firmly supports the most reactionary circles—thus abandoning to movements of right-wing and left-wing totalitarian inspiration fields of action that might be occupied by movements and organizations of liberal or socialisttending character...
...The government argued that the defendants' decision to lead the general strike constituted an unlawful act of "collective disobedience...
...Instead, the U.S...
...Of late there have been sudden unexpected shortages of staple goods, an unhealthy sign...
...Belgrade at first seemed very different from the other East European capitals I had visited...
...In the interests of independent trade unionism and worker solidarity, the AFL—CIO and the U.S...
...None of the West European governments has attempted to dismantle the welfare state in a way comparable to Reagan's reduction of a much less impressive set of social services...
...When the nutritional needs of children in poor families are routinely ignored in budgetary proposals, meanness has become institutionalized...
...Regardless of their ideological viewpoint, they're able to incorporate the squeaking wheel into their general positions...
...From the classroom Stockman went to work on Representative John Anderson's staff and eventually to Congress as a representative of his home district...
...Where...
...If you read the Socialist pronouncements or listen to the speeches of Socialist ministers and militants, you get the impression of internal conflict...
...Yet if France's position vis-a-vis the Soviet Union is unambiguous—that is, entirely firm in its opposition to Communist expansion—its position vis-à-vis the United States is more complex...
...And indeed with 250,000 new jobs under creation in the public sector, the government can scarcely afford anything that adds to an already serious budget deficit...
...By how much...
...Thus the Socialist government must be able to count on the understanding of the trade union organizations, which up to now have in fact "followed the rules of the game," and welcomed the rise of low-level salaries while refraining from asking more for high-wage categories than would be justified by the inflation rate...
...There is also a plan in the works for large-scale popular housing...
...A glance at their projects for the next few years shows that these are high ambitions...
...This shows up in two areas...
...10, in "Reagan's Articles of Confederation") says that we could get $16 billion in 1982 from reversing new tax breaks for oil companies and another $32 billion from "limiting capital gains deductions to productive investments, limiting nonbusiness interest deductions, and halving business entertainment allowances...
...The United States government's Helsinki Commission (CSCE), a monitoring agency that has done an outstanding job of documenting human rights violations in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and even the United States, has omitted Yugoslavia from its reports...
...Nor do they plan to do so...
...Nuclear restraint can result only from decisions made by both of them...
...For a purely "civilian" entity dealing only with commerce and agriculture cannot breed either a sense of responsibility or a shared patriotism among the Europeans...
...engagement in Vietnam was unpardonable...
...Most of the Socialist leaders reason that this decline will continue...
...Mauroy is a social democrat a la francaise, more eager to effect practical reforms than indulge in ideological harangues...
...The government's recent decision to conclude an accord with Moscow on the delivery of Siberian gas has tarnished Mitterrand's image and excited great doubts within the ranks of the Socialist party and the nonCommunist trade unions...
...I found great concern in Yugoslavia about deaths, arrests, and disorder among the Albanian minority in the Kosovo region, where the government has brought in tanks and troops to subdue student and worker riots...
...It was finally recognized by the Reagan administration in November 1981—but in a way that does not allow for much optimism, since it is hard to isolate intermediate nuclear forces from all the other long-range weapons, and to regulate the former even as the latter multiply...
...It won't be possible simply to reverse the cuts...
...The New Republic (Feb...
...But college turned out to be a sort of Trojan Horse, an unexpected intellectual trauma...
...These are important projects, whose realization will require a sustained effort...
...General Jaruzelslci's martial-law regime has swiftly and mercilessly trampled on independent trade unionism in Poland for the present moment...
...Srdja Popovic himself was arrested back in 1975 and sentenced to one year in prison, a result of his legal activities...
...Leftists shouldn't let their suspicions of business get in the way of encouraging people with ideas...
...or that the Soviets have shown 148 very little concern for the anxieties that their buildup has provoked, even among such détenteoriented political leaders as Germany's Chancellor Schmidt...
...Yet, to the very end, Stockman sees himself as a moral actor in a crowd of immoral others...
...Rather than exploit such sensitivity, the United States government has chosen a policy of exempting Yugoslavia from pressure, refusing to recognize that true stability cannot be achieved in Yugoslavia as long as independent thinking is treated as a political crime...
...This behavior is a new structural obstacle to real investment and can only be broken by using a Federal Investment Fund to finance investments directly...
...Advocates for this sort of "early Marxism" defend the idea of the collective appropriation of the means of production and exchange...
...It determines which professions or crafts are included in a particular union and the geographic area in which a union can operate...
...Most liberal Democrats have fought against sections of the Reaganite program, especially cuts in social programs...
...and (4) housing...
...Most of the recent trials in Zagreb have involved charges of disseminating "hostile propaganda...
...First, the budget for social research has been greatly expanded...
...Just as some New Leftists questioned the ideological concerns of their left and liberal-minded parents, Stockman seems to have done the same thing rather more indirectly and quietly...
...His appeals for support from international lawyers' groups resulted in vehement protest in the West, enough to convince the government to suspend his sentence and disbar him instead for a year...
...By the standards of Chile...
...For example, if "normal" supply and demand theory operated, the banks would lower interest rates when the money supply increases...
...But the French have a sense of providing for their own national defense, while in the other countries that have remained in the military organization of NATO, defense is felt to be an alliance function or an American responsibility: hence a sense of powerlessness, which breeds a mix of discouragement and irresponsibility...
...Appearances, however, are deceiving in Yugoslavia...
...But at some point the talking has to begin...
...The government is, of course, opposed to the monetarist policies practiced at present in the United States and Britain...
...that is, meanness of spirit is now expected and approved, while generosity is defined as worthy only of derision...
...let's convert it into an Infrastructure Fund, with rebuilding and maintenance as its primary purpose...
...Yet there are reasons why the European movement ought to be greeted with concern, and why sober ambivalence is preferable both to scorn and enthusiasm...
...slowly, because consciousness always lags behind social evolution, yet surely, because Bolshevik strategies will be increasingly out of gear with the real situation of the country...
...Businessmen complain that the U.S...
...was nowhere to be seen, nor were there lines of grim-faced people waiting in front of the shops...
...And we must warn, for that matter, against the kind of irresponsibility that consists of blaming the United States for imposing its views on Europe, while failing to propose an alternate European strategy (other than the chimera of unilateralism) that would strengthen European institutions...
...The hogs were really feeding...
...The traditional Republicans probably sensed, even if they didn't know it, that their ideas lacked intellectual responsibility...
...c) none...
...no word of criticism, no matter how oblique, is tolerated...
...It is interesting to note that Ms...
...The European movement now is guilty of unpolitical thinking, or of putting emotions far ahead of thought, in two related ways...
...The crackdown has been especially severe in Croatia where the government is fearful of the outspoken liberal intelligenCan they really be serious...
...His Republican maternal grandfather held an elective county office for 20 years, and his mother was active in local Republican politics...
...This has never been good for the peace of Europe...
...But even if the martial high court should overturn the November verdict (and there will be enormous pressure from the government not to do so), Lula and one other union leader face additional NSL charges...
...Among the inertial forces are Republican conservatives as well as the dread Democratic liberals, and a note of bitterness is added to that of moral outrage: "I have a new theory . . . there are no real conservatives in Congress...
...used an equivalent amount of money for cash family allowances to all persons with dependent children or aged family members, relative to family size...
...All that amounts to is an acknowledgment on the highest level that the U.S...
...The Yugoslav government, like other 138 East European governments, is wary of any contact between its citizens and foreign human rights groups...
...Tax expenditures include exemptions from taxes, tax credits, and lowered taxes on capital gains...
...On November 19, the Sao Paulo Council of Justice reconvicted the 11 unionists...
...instead, more than 25 percent of our productive capacity and almost 9 percent of our labor force are idle...
...Not at all...
...What then...
...Unions can strike only after fulfilling a number of intricate requirements that leave little room for "legal" strikes...
...Four ministers representing the French Communist party, one of the most doctrinaire in Europe, in a Socialist government...
...Is there a contradiction between what I take to be Stockman's view of himself and his actual behavior...
...Now does a Military Council maintain legitimacy in representing the best interests of the population of a nation...
...They also knew that the justices could not conduct a trial of the first instance without the presence of defense counsel, unless the boycott were of indefinite duration...
...There has been a rash of articles and statements on the demise of extended deterrence in an age of American strategic vulnerability, and on the need to prepare for "victory" by adopting a strategy analogous to that attributed to the Soviet Union...
...146 Yet France's greatest problem is that of all other industrial countries—unemployment and inflation...
...That this search should take the form of a "peace patriotism," rather than the militarism of the past, is highly welcome...
...They also mark the hope of Socialist France that a "totalitarian deviation" can still be avoided in Nicaragua, and that a liberal evolution may still be envisaged in El Salvador...
...Neither reducing the work week nor lowering the age of retirement—two measures already implemented— can decisively reduce the numbers of the unemployed, currently about 2 million It will also be very difficult to achieve a significant reduction in the rate of inflation (14 percent in 1981) merely by tightening price controls and freezing wages...
...In the first place, we must distinguish between idealism in politics— which is imperative—and a disembodied idealism that is shrilly moralistic and blithely repudiates politics...
...The other trend that West Europeans have watched with concern is the apparent drift from a strategy that stressed deterrence (while including a potential for fighting a limited nuclear war, should deterrence fail) to a strategy for fighting a largescale nuclear war...
...The term is rather apt, for since Mitterrand's victory there has been a wave of reforms...
...Like Stockman, the student activists were committed to "idea-based agendas" and were prepared to ignore the actual needs and wants of the people with whom they identified...
...Veselica's sentence is that he had written to the European Helsinki Group asking to become a member...
...The response was that it would not be "useful to comment" because the Yugoslav government's "positive approach to many aspects of human rights is an important component of the special respect that Yugoslavia enjoys in this country...
...The introduction of heavy inheritance taxes—though these are already in force in other West European countries—has elicited a violent reaction from the more privileged strata of society...
...Three changes warrant special mention...
...An American policy that treats arms control as expendable opens an abyss between our allies and ourselves...
...Stockman believes that service to a constituency conflicts with "the national interest" and makes "idea-based agendas" (his term) impossible...
...They have cut benefits such as Food Stamps and Social Security Survivors' Benefits to those who were just getting by—forcing them into poverty or into a bitter struggle to avoid poverty...
...Srdja Popovic was one of the defense attorneys for Dr...
...Nonetheless, the foreign policy of Socialist France, though clear enough as regards the Soviet Union and the United States, remains a bit tainted with a "nationalist" tone, especially in regard to the Europpan sphere...
...The professors were suspended from their university jobs...
...The Administration broke not only the strike but the union as well...
...For the last three years about 40 people have been meeting unofficially in a private home where they discuss ideology, history, and just about anything else that they find of interest...
...In the economic sphere such compromises may be unavoidable...
...Moreover, the indemnification of the former owners has generally been accepted as appropriate, even in financial circles...
...The government directs all of the bargaining sessions, which are limited primarily to the discus141 sion of wage bonuses...
...But in leading the battle for the Administration's budget and tax bills—a struggle in which Stockman proved himself to be an adept practitioner of traditional political bargaining—he consistently bowed to those groups with the most political muscle...
...The compromise we want will bring about a new 'power situation' characterized by certain structural transformations and quantitative modifications favorable to labor...
...Compared to stores in Prague and Warsaw, those in Belgrade seemed laden with food and appliances, many of the latter of Western make...
...He spoke softly, but without reticence, as he described to me some of the recent political cases in which he has been involved...
...Smith has approached various senators over the issue without so far enlisting active supporters...
...18 in Room G-219 of the Dirksen Senate Office Building...
...And if Washington is as blind or evil as some of the European "peace" leaders suggest, what chance then is there that the European example would be followed across the Atlantic...
...All these have given many Europeans the impression that the Americans are giving up on deterrence, are misinterpreting Soviet strategy, and are moving toward the view that nuclear weapons are as usable as traditional bombs or shells...
...There is little in the history of the arms race to suggest that, in the absence of NATO's initiative of December 1979, the Soviets would have either stopped the deployment of their new weapons aimed at Western Europe or started to dismantle them...
...but this limit should be high, perhaps one and a-half times the median family income...
...spends far less than Japan and Germany on research and development...
...He has been sentenced to a three and one-half year prison term along with several other defendants...
...They do, of course, meet real needs, and Food Stamps served a large section of the working population until the conservatives shamefully distorted eligibility requirements...
...But can they be so simple as to think they can impose a military solution in El Salvador—whether by sending Marines to the rescue or propping a decrepit and faltering junta with extensive arms shipments...
...Yet there is something sensible in their belief that, ultimately, coexistence without war requires not only military strength but also prudent diplomacy, not merely containment and confrontation but also bargains and an effort at defining mutual interests...
...We should also sympathize with the concern that lies behind many of the protests—worry and anger about the apparent priority that governments are giving to weapons over economic recovery and the battle against unemployment...
...The growth of the Soviet nuclear arsenal in the 1970s—the very time when, in several respects although assuredly not all, the American effort slowed down—makes one wonder whether any kind of unilateral disarmament in the West would be reciprocated...
...The world may see the junta crumbling but its leaders can deceive themselves so long as they receive encouragement from the U.S...
...But in 1964, after a relatively bloodless coup, the Brazilian military sacked the government...
...the other emphasizes European solidarity...
...For Mitterrand it seems to imply a determination to champion not merely the more feasible reforms, but also those that face strong opposition (which some of Europe's social democratic parties have not done in the past...
...a) a wolf in sheep's clothing...
...The Socialists, then, have made a huge bet...
...In its indignation over Western (and specifically American) policies, it dangerously misreads Soviet behavior...
...This is surely hyperbole...
...If we just dumped them, the way Reagan dumps the resources embodied in his budget cuts, they wouldn't be used...
...IN CONGRESS, Stockman applied himself to the traditional task of using federal programs for the benefit of his constituents by using "a computerized alert system for grants and loans from the myriad of agencies to make certain that no opportunities were missed...
...In that case, socialism a la francaise might well come to serve as a model for other nations...
...But even when the movement's resolutions have been dutifully addressed to both the Soviet buildup and the NATO decisions, the thrust of the rallies has been aimed much more at NATO than the U.S.S.R...
...What gives legitimacy to "democratic" "reform," "renewal," and "national accord...
...Among the defendants was the renowned Luiz Inacio da Silva ("Lula"), often called the "Lech Walesa of Brazil" by the Brazilian and European press...
...I know of only one public statement made by an official of the Carter administration about repression in Yugoslavia...
...For the Marxists, who are not without influence, nationalizations mean "breaking with capitalism," which was one of the planks in the Socialist platform during Mitterrand's campaign...
...The police keep close watch on this group but have not tried to break it up...
...In the Polish situation, however, the French Socialists severely reproved Willy Brandt, the president of the Socialist International, for his "soft" attitude toward the military regime, and for his refusal to firmly back Solidarity...
...This conception, spurned nowadays by most European social democrats, is still upheld by a minority in the French Socialist party...
...If we bring enough people into the bargain, then we can generate enough pressure to force business to negotiate...
...Even if only a threat, the hints dropped by Haig and other State Department officials express the one policy that will not bring peace to El Salvador...
...that's plural...
...State Department considers "crucial to European and world stability...
...It should not be dominated by Wall Street, nor deal through the stock exchanges and banks...
...By 1979, the Brazilian national security regime decided that it would return more of the state to civilian control and expand civil liberties...
...Labor must be a full partner—but, in return, unions may have to agree to an incomes policy...
...Nevertheless, we should not forget that the quest for German specificity has often led its champions either to look East rather than West or to want to play a role of intermediaries between East and West, which often turned into a game of Schaukelpolitik— balancing East • against West...
...I visited the Belgrade offices of Srdja Popovic, a courageous, dedicated lawyer who since 1965 has been representing people charged with political "crimes...
...By 1984, Reagan may have destroyed the federal government's capacity to manage the economy and to assist anyone not a businessman...
...Smith says the workers' constitutional right to petition Congress is being ignored as he seeks recognition for his group, the Capitol Employees Organizing Group...
...Indeed, it has been the policy of Adenauer and of the West since 1947 to try to anchor the Federal Republic in the West and to solve Germany's old identity problem by providing Bonn with an eminent role in the new West European entity...
...A "mere" conventional war would be rendered more likely by an end to the present quasi-certainty that any war would be escalated to the nuclear level on a continent stuffed with nuclear arms...
...The truth, however, is somewhat different...
...a) the loaded guns of the Military Council for National Salvation...
...A revolving Federal Housing Fund could contract with builders, including worker cooperatives, to build for working people (not public housing that is restricted to the poorest...
...All of the intellectuals I met in Yugoslavia were pessimistic about the future...
...This sort of "rgalisrne d'êtat" in the wake of the repression of the Polish labor movement has, on the whole, not been understood or accepted...
...Although his initial conceptions of how the world works have proved to be inadequate, he is prepared to revise them in the light of experience—thus his concession that supply-side economics is nothing but the old Republican trickle-down theory...
...THERE ARE two other features in Europe's peace movement that we should understand and approve of...
...Paradoxically, the system of the Fifth Republic, which Socialists so vehemently opposed for the power it lodged in the presidency, may now be put to use in the service of a Socialist current of thought...
...To serve as a social contract, they must be the result of visible public bargaining...
...The government determines the entire trade union structure, including the vertical relations between the local unions and their national confederations and the lateral relations between the local organizations...
...The French Socialist strategy in regard to the Communists consists essentially in despoiling the CP of the two levers through which it may exert force: the leadership of the CGT, and a strong presence in the mayoralties of several big cities...
...The government's options are limited by the enormous impact of the economic situation of Western Europe and the United States...
...Every objective source reports massive violations of human rights in El Salvador, with junta soldiers killing civilians by the hundreds...
...This strategy of inclusion is full of perils, yet based on an almost incontrovertible argument...
...I do not mean to denigrate Food Stamps and Aid to Families with Dependent Children...
...Besides, nationalizations have never produced cataclysms in France: government intervention in business has deep roots in French history, going back to Colbert, and General de Gaulle too didn't hesitate to resort to nationalizations at the end of World War II...
...My first professor was an atheist and a socialist from Brooklyn [Jewish, too, maybel , and within three months I think he destroyed everything I believed in, from God to the flag...
...Why then was it necessary to appoint Communist ministers in a Socialist cabinet...
...The remainder of the convicted metalworkers face sentences ranging from two to two and one-half years...
...We also need to remember that for our allies the only sensible strategy is deterrence: in any conceivable kind of war, Western Europe is likely to be destroyed...
...Corporations and wealthy individuals have not invested the proceeds of their new tax cuts in new plants and equipment...
...There is money floating around, but it doesn't get converted into real capital...
...I have emphasized housing because it is one of the main problems for working-class or lowermiddleclass families...
...He doesn't in the least mind being considered a social democrat...
...2) research and development...
...The general strike of April 1980 was motivated by legitimate trade union concerns—better wage rates and job security...
...Franjo Tudjman, a 59-year-old historian and former army general, was sentenced to three years for giving an interview to foreign journalists...
...we may fear that enthusiasm for peace in the abstract could become, in practice if not intention, dangerously close to appeasement in concrete instances...
...Take the air controllers' strike...
...We have to eliminate these breaks...
...These mentors were undoubtedly useful in providing a picture of how the world works that reconciled the conservatism learned at his mother's knee and the realities of a modern capitalist economy...
...True, there have been no protests in France, although the defense budget has regularly gone up...
...a) little...
...In 1975, after ten years of publication, the journal was suddenly banned, presumably on orders from Tito who believed that he had been implicitly criticized in its pages...
...It would be equally hard to discount the fact that building a seemingly redundant new arsenal must have a specific meaning...
...In "The Growing Money Muddle," by Leonard Silk, New York Times, Feb...
...To rebuild the economy, we need to stop the leaks and to create new mechanisms for public investment...
...It is a policy that precedes the election of Ronald Reagan...
...Even those who see some merit in the contention that many of the technological "breakthroughs" leading to a major escalation of the nuclear arms race have been America's responsibility find it hard to follow E. P Thompson and his friends when they argue that NATO's aggressiveness is to blame for Soviet insecurity and for Moscow's determination to keep control of Poland...
...YUGOSLAVIA'S SENSITIVITY to Western criticism Combined with its dependence on Western economic aid would appear to provide the United States with good leverage to effect some human rights changes there...
...While this effect couldn't possibly justify the suffering that's being inflicted, it could becloud the issues enough to keep the Reaganites in control of Congress in the 1982 elections...
...In its 1981 Report to Congress on human rights around the world, the Administration confirms that the situation is getting worse in Central America (and other parts of the world) but offers the pretense that it is improving in El Salvador...
...The defendants concluded that they could not participate in a proceeding with conviction the fait accompli...
...These nationalizations have met stiff resistance from the conservative right and the Constitutional Council, which has forced the government to modify its aims somewhat...
...Rather—as a high Soviet official once told me while arguing this dubious case—there is as much difference between the earlier missiles and the SS-20 as between the Wright brothers' airplane and a 747 jet (to be sure, both are planes...
...Not only such certified cold warriors as William Safire but more moderate commentators too have seen in this movement one more proof of the West Europeans' tendency to behave like ostriches— their alleged inclination toward appeasement...
...And in this sector we can break out of the trap that conservatives have forced us into, by identifying social services with programs aimed exclusively at the poor...
...in an interview reported in the papers in February he let it be known that El Salvador differed from Vietnam in that our national security was immediately at stake in the Caribbean, which it was not in the earlier abomination...
...Let's aim at freeing half of them for civilian use...
...made these cash allowances taxable, to get back some of the money from the wealthiest...
...Derian cited a report by the federal public prosecutor in Belgrade acknowledging that each year there are about 300 prosecutions for political crimes in Yugoslavia and that nine-tenths of those crimes are "verbal statements...
...Smith asks, "Where are all the liberals...
...The AFL– CIO's package, which includes credit STU Smith, a federal union shop steward who is attempting to organize the Senate's restaurant workers, complains that some of the same senators who loudly petitioned the Polish government on behalf of Solidarity's right to organize workers have been mysteriously silent when it comes to unionizing the people who serve the solons their meals at the Capitol...
...The government already provides lots of money to these areas—but in ineffective ways...
...Hinton [U.S...
...LET ME CITE THREE REASONS for being critical of the movement—reasons that might count not only if one is an American liberal, but also if one is a West European of the democratic left...
...Brazil, on the other hand, had the semblance of a liberal democracy with a market economy...
...The "social reforms" Mitterrand had promised were immediately implemented...
...the Duarte regime is faltering, and no charade of "fair" elections in March will save it...
...Often, of course, this identification has been dishonestly fabricated by conservatives...
...This search for a new identity—in a country that has been divided, subjected to powerful external influences, and deprived of political autonomy in international affairs— is not surprising, more than 35 years after the death of Hitler...
...Their demands were met with police violence, government intervention, imprisonment, and felony convictions THE POLISH TRAGEDY should not divert OUT attention from other despicable cases of worker oppression 142 throughout the world...
...We want everyone to have a valued place in society, instead of having a frustrated working or lower-middle class going backward and an underclass going nowhere...
...In this we see a characteristic meanness...
...Sao Bernardo is an industrial suburb of Sao Paulo, Brazil's largest city...
...Smith has presented his complaint to the International Labor Office, the United Nations affiliate, as a violation of basic human rights...
...This experience convinced him of the efficacy of international protest, but only on a massive scale...
...Upon graduation Stockman began theological studies at Harvard Divinity School, but soon drifted from theology to the social sciences, studying with James Q. Wilson, Daniel Patrick Moynihan, and Nathan Glazer...
...I shall not examine the validity of these reproaches...
...Well, the U.S...
...These moves have not been exclusively motivated by a concern for social justice...
...by their repudiation of what, in their eyes, are policies of force...
...Most of these students eventually lapsed into inactivity or, if they remained active, modified their conceptions of how the world works...
...The moral limitations of this pacifist or neutralist movement are seen as an idealistic cover for the materialism of governments eager to do business with the Soviets at almost any cost...
...Popovic believes that one of the reasons for the excessive length of Dr...
...I refer to a point that has been made by Richard Lowenthal in Germany and Pierre Hassner in France• many of West Germany's young indulge in a kind of antiAmericanism that is not just a protest against American policies, but also a revolt against the "Westernization" of postwar Germany...
...First, and foremost, he wants France to remain loyal to the Atlantic Alliance...
...that the linkage of arms talks to Soviet behavior seems to suggest that limiting or reducing nuclear arms is a "favor" we do to the Soviets rather than a vital common interest...
...Finally, it was advisable, and a way of taking advantage of the disarray of the CP—which the French public now views as an accretion of dead weight, desperately trying to maintain its "Leninist identity" in a society that tends more and more to look askance upon this dogmatism...
...The answer seems clear: "Since we have opted for a gradual transformation of the economic system, we must seek a compromise that will further significant social change and progress for labor...
...The same holds true of several other key ministers...
...There can be no off-the-cuff answer to this question...
...Government now is the main tool we have, so we are going to have to use it to pump money into the economy...
...What is the best location for beating citizens...
...Too many politicians are intimidated by the squeaking wheel...
...The worst that could happen would be mutually reenforcing, antagonistic utopias on both sides of the Atlantic: the illusion of toughness here, the illusion of romantic abnegation and neutralism there...
...Several people told me that political prisoners are tortured in Zagreb, the Croatian capital...
...My boss doesn't intend to stand in anybody's way," said Joseph E. diGenova, director and chief counsel of the committee...
...One less person imprisoned or tortured...
...Since Tito's death a number of petitions have been circulated in Yugoslavia, including one signed by 100 people urging the removal of Article 131, which forbids "hostile propaganda," from the penal code...
...Such a policy would help poor and working people feel part of the society...
...And the various guerrilla groups in their forays kill their quota too...
...The workers suspected that local farmers were responsible for the crime...
...Their tactic is self-defeating...
...5) observed that "Mr...
...A similar fund could operate in housing, where high interest rates have choked off new construction and the private housing industry won't build for ordinary people...
...There is also a continuity in France's will to maintain independence in dealings with the superpowers...
...To be sure, domestic politics and international relations are all too often corrupt, messy, brutal, and murderous...
...Indeed, experience has confirmed that greed and hoggishness and "a lack of intellectual responsibility" still dominate the self-proclaimed conservatives, and, therefore, he is needed more than ever...
...Perhaps Mitterrand overestimates his country's influence in this matter...
...POLITICAL REPRESSION in Yugoslavia has increased since Tito's death in May 1980...
...151...
...The Fund should have representation from labor, business, and consumer groups...
...He has merely hinted at the possibility...
...Helicopters and bombers, even if manned by junta personnel, will do little more than multiply casualties...
...but we are going to have to direct that money into rebuilding the economy, while conservative Keynesianism and supply-side economics let money flow into unproductive uses...
...and a law imposing heavy taxes on large fortunes and aiming at a more equitable income tax structure has been adopted by Parliament...
...Are we doomed to the logic of the cold war as expressed by the NATO military decision of 1979...
...One less killed...
...We have to fight this whole conception of the social services with an emphasis on universal social benefits...
...Sometimes moral superiority fades into intellectual superiority...
...Does it not encourage Moscow's tactic of exploiting the divergences between Europeans and Americans if the movement one-sidedly organizes vast protests against NATO decisions, as well as against objectionable American policies (such as in Central America), while remaining extremely discreet about the repression in Poland...
...Its conservative Keynesianism doesn't work well economically, and the Reaganites have already "out-Keynesed" us...
...troops, we'll offer the Administration another predictable scenario—wide protests here in the U.S...
...The defendants were predictably convicted and sentenced on February 25, 1981...
...There has been a constant buildup of Soviet military power in Europe...
...The Fund should take equity positions, and sell them (perhaps to employee cooperatives) when the company is stable...
...Political expenditures," a legal term that can extend to virtually all basic union organizing activities, if necessary, are prohibited...
...aim at reinforcing deterrence, rather than at making possible a nuclear war limited to Europe, as many European protesters seem to believe...
...And a conventional war would be quite enough to devastate Europe...
...One of Reagan's most loyal senators, Peter Domenici, admits that tax expenditures come to an astounding $266 billion...
...indeed, as we all know, in the last elections the party suffered one of the gravest setbacks in its history...
...Poland has been a Communist autocracy with a state-run economy for 36 years...
...a) in the Soviet Union, where they print martial law decrees for their Polish brothers three months in advance...
...First, it is hard to believe that the Administration won't get some Keynesian expansion out of a $100 billion deficit...
...But no West European government has been very effective in stopping unemployment or the decline of various industries...
...The official was then Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs Patricia Derian...
...Some compromises will be struck...
...Michel Rocard, minister of planning, was one of the advocates of an idea that has spread like wildfire in France and greatly influenced the non-Communist trade union organization CFDT: the idea of self-management, that is, the participation of the citizenry in economic affairs...
...People on the streets were cheerful and outgoing...
...In Mexico...
...Dobroslav Paraga, a 20-year-old student, was sentenced to three years in prison for collecting signatures on a petition asking for an amnesty for political prisoners...
...Senate staff workers deny this, but Mr...
...More Keynesian than Marxist, he advocates a policy of stimulating demand by raising the wages of low-income workers while also preserving capital's investment capacity...
...His premier, Pierre Mauroy, typifies French "municipal socialism" with its "reformist" traditions rooted in the working-class north...
...No government funds were requested and the petition was enthusiastically received by other intellectuals...
...b) a bear in sheep's clothing...
...The reality is, however, more complex—we had targeted Soviet forces long before PD 59, and the deployments of missiles in Western Europe that could hit the western part of the U.S.S.R...
...But his experiences have not altered his sense of moral and intellectual superiority or his contempt for ordinary citizens...
...Here, then, is one possible answer to what is required for the institutionalization of meanness in America...
...The 11 unionists were originally tried on the same charges on February 24-25, 1981...
...can and should play a role even if only because it has committed so much to the junta's hopeless position...
...We want full employment...
...The two regimes, of course, are very different...
...Similarly, Stockman's recent experiences affected his ideas of how the world works as he tried to remake it in the image of supply-side economics...
...It is simply not true that the SS-20 represents a mere "modernization" of older Soviet missiles...
...Emphasis added.] Precisely...
...Accordingly, the defendants and their lawyers decided not to appear...
...That is, there are those, like himself, who are principled but forced by circumstances to come to terms with institutional realities and there are others whose conservatism is merely a mask for "opportunism...
...The way Mitterrand has put together his cabinet seems quite significant...
...It is Mitterrand's bet that the presence of a Leninist party in French society is a historical anomaly, explained partly by the late industrialization of the country and partly by the fact that this lag hindered the growth of a reformist connection between a large social democratic party and a trade union organization—a pattern that may be observed in other European countries...
...They believe this would be a better deterrent than a dubious nuclear threat can possibly be and that closing the conventional arms gap would, in case of a failure of deterrence, at least make a resort to nuclear weapons less likely...
...For every outrage that comes to public attention, such as tax exemptions to subsidize school segregation, ten more end up in the back pages...
...Francois Mitterrand seems to entertain both these attitudes, and this at times gives rise to a certain wooliness in his European policy...
...We would provide genuine help to people who work and take care of children and the aged...
...Conservatives have intentionally wrecked such words as "welfare...
...Here we need a Federal Investment Fund, similar to Britain's National Enterprise Board...
...With his seven-year term, and a Socialist majority in Parliament until at least 1985, he has a reliable political power base...
...Is there to be conflict or compromise between these two centers of power...
...There are simpletons enough in the Administration...
...But however much we may approve of their criticism of recent American policies and of the rhetoric of the Reagan administration, we must warn against the kind of anti-Americanism that blinds Europeans to Soviet exactions and crimes...
...A little bit of protest will hurt rather than help," he observed...
...The answer offered by the Socialists is simple: since the Communist leaders—though only after great delay and with much reticence—encouraged their followers to vote for Francois Mitterrand, it was necessary to integrate their millions of voters into the new majority, and to give them the feeling that they belonged to the reformist current that had found its expression in the Socialist victory...
...Institutionalized meanness overlaps traditional capitalist orientations, but it also represents something of a departure...
...It is hardly a coincidence that some of the biggest demonstrations took place in West Germany, just at the time when the highly efficient German economic machine was sputtering, "negative growth" appeared, 150 and even the rate of inflation was increasing...
...Vlado Gotovac, a 51-year-old writer, was sentenced to two years in prison, also for contact with foreign journalists...
...But few know of another crackdown on workers that has been occurring in a nation that the Reagan administration considers a friend—Brazil...
...He believes that strong government influence in the key sectors of the economy is indispensable for catching up with other industrial nations in the machinetool industry, electronics, and metallurgy...
...They feared overbureaucratization and the hostility of business interests in a difficult economic period...
...The crimson flag of the U.S.S.R...
...foreign policy, which he deems uncertain, unpredictable, and sometimes dangerous...
...In effect, capital markets now act in an oligopolistic manner...
...139 tsia and of the powerful Catholic church...
...schools and universities are to be "democratized...
...Leif H. Olsen, of Citibank, says that investors are demanding more for their money, despite Reagan's recession...
...And third, the Socialist government has passed legislation that will tend to abolish, over the coming years, some centralized, "Jacobin" structures inherited from Napoleonic times, with the aim of replacing them with a more flexible system that will give municipalities, counties, and regions more autonomy...
...is miring itself in a policy of suicidal egoism that opens the way for Communist penetration...
...To be sure, this can be explained by the fact that the immediate goals of the movement are to prevent the deployments planned by NATO and thereby to give arms control a chance...
...Although an important participant in the final stages of the tax bill fight he could still say, "Do you realize the greed that came to the forefront...
...In Belgrade the poet Gojko Djogo was sentenced to two years in prison for antiTito sentiments that were discerned in his work...
...Stockman's confidence in the rightness of the world he had been raised in was further shaken by his participation in the antiwar movement, albeit as a member of the Methodist youth center on campus...
...What is the best defintion of a "nationalist...
...It is, rather, a reason to attempt to give that community more political substance, especially in terms of defense...
...THESE EMPHASES—rebuilding the investment mechanism for full employment and a positive family policy—can become the centerpieces of a new social bargain...
...At the same time, the government, fearing a speedup of inflation, has let it be known that there can be no question of an across-the-board wage hike but only, at the most, of compensation for the steady cost-ofliving increase...
...The same is true of the finance minister, Jacques Delors...
...The state establishes the jurisdictional boundaries of all trade unions...
...Nobody minded: Renault, which he nationalized, still is very much a going concern...
...THERE ARE FOUR obvious places to pump money: (1) rebuilding the country's infrastructure...
...a) by declaring a "state of war" against the population...
...But some facts are beyond doubt...
...Logically, hostility to the use, or the threat to use, nuclear weapons in Europe ought to lead either to a demand for a corresponding reduction in conventional forces by both sides —or to a willingness to increase the West Europeans' conventional efforts...
...And, finally, the National Security Court was abolished, a sort of exceptional judiciary body whose function has been to judge "political crimes...
...integrated AFDC into this family allowance system as an additional benefit for lowincome families, tapering off as family income rose—we could come up with a positive family policy or a social wage...
...In December 1980, after considerable protest from their colleagues in the West, they were partially reinstated: they are now permitted to conduct research in a special institute, but they have not been allowed to resume teaching or publishing...
...It would give us a positive answer to the Reaganites' double negative: they claim to be profamily while hurting people who aren't in traditional families, and prowork while hurting those who can't get work...
...This was recognized by the NATO decision of December 1979—the "double decision," as the Germans call it, since it asked for negotiations on theater nuclear forces as well as for new deployments...
...The French believe that, by its failure to take into consideration the basic needs of the underdeveloped countries and by its refusal to modify the terms of trade with these nations, the U.S...
...Then followed a liberal review of penal legislation that aimed at replacing repressive practices with a system favoring rehabilitation...
...Why, even at the White House dinner table where the delegates could eat off the new dinnerware...
...What is more, this somewhat masochistic view of the arms race is accompanied by a grossly exaggerated and, again, unpolitical view of the likely effects of the success of the European peace movement...
...As Milovan Djilas, the country's leading dissident, pointed out to me, "Yugoslavia is neither free nor stable, despite what people in the United States would like to believe...
...The Brazilian state has also entangled the unions in a web of complex laws, making them little more than progovernment welfare societies: • The government now has the legal authority to intervene in any union and may remove union leaders from office by promulgating an ad hoc decree-law...
...These measures, of course, have been violently attacked by the country's conservatives, who had found their defeat in the May-June '81 elections rather traumatic...
...He was the former president of the Metalworkers' Union of Sao Bernardo do Campo...
...But they all recommend that—in the absence of conventional disarmament—NATO, instead of continuing to rely on the threat of a first use of American nuclear weapons, increase its conventional arms effort...
...Some "radical socialist" project...
...I don't think they will create full employment by themselves, so we will have to consider general reductions in the work week...
...Derian's testimony was immediately attacked in the Yugoslav newspaper NIN...
...Formed in the Christian trade union movement and imbued with the "personalist" notions of the Catholic philosopher Emmanuel Mounier, Delors is essentially a pragmatist who has studied the problems of social relations, professional education, and popular culture...
...No doubt, many sup143 port them out of ideological considerations...
...On July 29, 1980, at a briefing commemorating the fifth anniversary of the Helsinki Accords, a State Department spokesman was asked whether the Carter administration would support an appeal by 36 Yugoslav intellectuals for political amnesty...
...c) by granting the population an extra potato for good behavior...
...We need to use this perspective to evaluate all the social programs that the Reaganites intend to destroy...
...Part of the answer lies in human weakness: high 137 office and power are not easily surrendered even when the power threatens to be circumscribed...
...Oh no...
...Questionnaire When is it permissible to fire upon workers...
...When he went to college in 1964 he had read and absorbed Barry Goldwater's The Conscience of a Conservative, so that how the world works was not a problem for him...
...New York State and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute have made space available at low rents to ambitious inventors...
...The unemployed and those who use public services are "sacrificing" in vain...
...In addition to the Labor Code, the Brazilian government has applied the vaguely worded provisions of its National Security Law (NSL) to labor activity...
...Two attitudes on Europe are prevalent among the French Socialists: the one, upheld by many "left" Socialists, is distinguished by a certain sense of a "special French mission...
...There is a further implication: in the formulation of policies the consequences of inequalities are seen as irrelevant...
...Another sign of change was his switch of major from agriculture to the humanities...
...If he is so principled a conservative that he is outraged by the greed and hoggishness he has exposed, and if it is true, as he states, that in the Reagan administration the claims of the powerful triumph over those of the weak, how can he continue to hold office in such an Administration— especially after calling attention to its immorality...
...134 A LOT OF WORK, obviously, must be done to quantify these ideas, make them into an alternate federal budget, and work out their econometric impact...
...The European movement, while its deepest impulses are unpolitical or antipolitical, nevertheless sees itself as, and wants to be, a political force...
...Nevertheless, an unfounded indictment, even without conviction, disqualifies the accused from union and political posts...
...I've already mentioned a number of them...
...While one can present this buildup as a response to military measures taken by the United States or NATO (as the brothers Medvedev have claimed recently), it is difficult to deny that this response has resulted in many areas (such as tanks) in considerable Soviet superiority...
...Whether the Communist ministers will choose to remain in the cabinet, and for how long, no one can say...
...The Federal Police instituted a formal inquest and charged Lula and Bittar with having "incited class struggle and violence among classes" (Article 36, Section 4, NSL...
...It is only with enormous reluctance that big business circles have accepted the recent nationalizations, the shorter work week, and the new participation in business management accorded the workers and their unions...
...It helps us understand, to use one of Stockman's favorite phrases, "how the world works...
...Speculation, subsidized by tax breaks, and high-yield tax-exempt bonds mean that a new process or plant has to promise a 25 percent or 30 percent return to be attractive...
...Should we try, we would condemn ourselves either to impotence, leaving the field to those whom we condemn, or to being manipulated by those who are always ready to exploit moralism for their own political ends...
...He notes that real interest rates (after subtracting current inflation) have averaged about 8 percent since the end of 1980, while for a quarter of a century before that they did not run above 4 percent and usually were well below it...
...It seems essential to Mitterrand that France, by possessing a nuclear deterrent, be able to influence—if only potentially—U.S...
...Those who separate themselves in this fashion neither recognize nor are affected by the pain they produce in others as they pursue their vision of how the world ought to work...
...could depend on Marines landing to put down rebellious peasants...
...Yet these same texts contain passages that seem to throw a different light on the current Socialist approach: "Political power," says one, "is located in our Administration...
...If we abolished income tax exemptions for children...
...14, p. D2...
...It is quite likely there was a professor from Brooklyn, perhaps even "an atheist and socialist," but he is probably emblematic of a far from unusual experience...
...Secretary of State Haig hasn't said that the Administration would send troops to El Salvador, not in so many words...
...We need to start work now on a labor-left-liberal program that can tell us which outrages to publicize the most, and we must give a positive alternative to Reagan's simple-minded Social Darwinism...
...Mitterrand's attitude corresponds with that of the Socialist International...
...These Latin American countries are no longer banana republics, and the time is long past when United Fruit Co...
...Afghanistan...
...There would have to be an income limit or the wealthy would get all the benefit...
...If Mitterrand has pushed through the nationalizations promised before his election, it is not for ideological reasons...
...unions outside the federation might publicly speak out for the unjustly convicted Brazilian unionists If the U.S...
...Djilas, like most of the Yugoslays I met, believes that the United States government is so intent on maintaining stability in post-Tito Yugoslavia that it refuses to acknowledge the serious political and economic difficulties that exist there...
...And, let's face it, the guerrilla factions can deceive themselves too...
...The beginnings of the almost palpable meanness of spirit that pervades the Reagan administration's domestic policies go back to the early Nixon years...
...My second criticism is that its politics are defective and clumsy...
...Although it is true that the Soviets could always hit military targets in Europe with their ICBM, it is hard to deny that the SS-20 and Backfire increase their ability to do so...
...But while we ought to reform the political realm, we cannot abolish it...
...How can we not be touched by the determination of so many West Germans to repudiate a militaristic past, by their will not to be or appear to be a threat to their neighbors...
...Mitterrand, since the 1960s a partisan of a united left, had an easily understandable concern when he inv;ted these Communists into his cabinet: he was aware 144 that the French left could not succeed in taking over from the conservative government if it was not able to integrate the powerful Communist party into the normal course of political life...
...I was warned that if I tried to meet with dissidents in Zagreb I would be arrested immediately and expelled from the country...
...The Polish coup has provoked violent conflicts in both the CGT's leadership and its rank and file...
...they have, however, shown considerable ability at taking advantage of political opportunities...
...His campaign is focusing on the Rules Committee and its chairman, Charles McC...
...Economic mismanagement has led to higher levels of inflation and unemployment...
...The Brazilian workers also struck to assert the same right sought by their Polish counterparts in the Gdansk shipyards—independent unionism...
...They now have denounced various nationalizations as an attempt to destroy the free-enterprise system, and a quasi-Bolshevik "collectivization...
...The same thing could be done elsewhere, using surplus schools or other public property, and providing some public support services (marketing advice, links to venture capital, and bookkeeping...
...The office says it is studying the matter...
...That they can frustrate a much better equipped, regular army of 18,000 surely reflects sadly on the American premise that the Duarte regime can gain favor with the population of 4.7 million without broadening its political base toward the left...
...First came the abolition of capital punishment...
...But this process of abertura, or "opening-up," has been marred by state repression of trade unionism...
...Among the better known victims of cultural persecution are the members of the "Praxis group," eight Marxist professors connected with the journal Praxis...
...In this way, the government controls the large and highly organized unions and the smaller, more militant organizations...
...it should recycle the proceeds for further direct investments...
...5, p. D2...
...Second, the budget "for reducing inequality in the access to culture" has been doubled...
...As France has succeeded, during the last 30 years, in closing this gap, and as the country's evolution tends to diminish the importance of the old industrial proletariat and to increase that of new strata characteristic of modern industrial societies, a change in thinking has come about...
...Whatever they'll decide to do, the French CP will end up in a weakened position.* WHAT NOW are the outlines of Mitterrand's foreign policy...
...Admittedly, the word comes more easily in the saying than in doing...
...A third reason for skepticism concerns the West German component of the movement...
...133 • The United States' infrastructure is crumbling— roads, bridges, railroads, water supplies, and the postal service, all of which were built with federal money...
...Americans who do share them ought to put pressure on their own government, in order to move it in directions that will not scare our allies or strengthen the more utopian or delusory aspects of the European protest...
...Gradually the decline of the French CP has become evident...
...Clearly, the most universal program—Social Security—stands up best against conservative hatred...
...These denunciations by American conservatives— who forget that most West European countries, unlike the United States, have a military conscription system, and that reactions in Utah and Nevada to the proposed mobile MX missiles were not so different from the European attitudes they deplore—would almost automatically lead American liberals to look with sympathy at the European movement...
...Even the Pentagon is reported as finding the prospect of military engagement in that unhappy country distasteful...
...Many see this as a reflection of the insecurity of the collective leadership that has replaced Tito...
...Radio Free Europe does not broadcast to Yugoslavia at all and the Voice of America, by some accounts, is indistinguishable in content from Radio Belgrade...
...I don't believe too much in momentum theory anymore...
...This repressive legal apparatus was recently applied to several Brazilian unionists...
...a new Administration will have to rebuild government...
...What is the difference between an "internment camp" and an "isolation center...
...And how does that current like to present itself ? French Socialists are fond of evoking the future "cultural, social, and economic transformation," adding that they will strive for a "consequential policy of reforms...
...BUT BEYOND the quarrel over nationalization, just what is the "vision" of the Socialist government...
...The notion of "the welfare state" creates a cultural expectation that the state has the duty to mitigate some of the effects of inequality...
...On February 23, 1981, Nelson Guimardes, the chief judge and only civilian justice on the fivemember military tribunal, informed the defendants and their counsel that he had examined the record developed in the pretrial procedure and had already reached a guilty verdict...
...There is also a Keynesian intention to create demand, and thereby to stimulate the economy...
...One is that of the movement's relations to the superpowers...
...government has a consistent commitment to human rights, it will strengthen its moral position by demonstrating a modicum of concern for several Brazilian labor leaders who are no less heroic than their Polish sisters and brothers...
...The Fund should be provided with a chunk of capital each year, to be used for direct investment in undercapitalized or struggling companies and to support new inventions or expansion in critical sectors such as energy...
...The other area of bad politics concerns Western Europe's own security...
...In Paris...
...not just a condemnation of capitalism and materialism, but also an expression of nostalgia for German purity, culture, and distinctiveness...
...Only in a second trial would the court be empowered to appoint counsel for the defendants and proceed...
...I believe in institutional inertia...
...There was the Carter administration's adoption of Presidential Directive 59, which made public the plan to strike at Soviet military and political targets...
...The third reproach— formulated by French Socialists at the time of the Warsaw putsch—is that the foreign policy of the United States, to all appearances directed against Soviet expansionism, reposes in reality upon the Yalta Agreement, which ordained the partition of the world into zones of influence...
...The merest suggestion will only serve to inflame Latin America and the population at home...
...Economic power, however, remains with the big banks and industrial cartels...
...Stockman, not unlike many who later formed the New Left, came from a family in which politics was important...
...3) new plants and equipment...
...That is necessary, but not enough...
...b) by placing the population under a "state of siege," and forcing it to work at gunpoint...
...What should be clear is that they explain several of Mitterrand's foreign policy initiatives, such as France's official recognition of the two Salvadoran "liberation fronts," and the decision to sell arms to Nicaragua...
...135 controls, a new Reconstruction Finance Corporation, and housing, has started negotiations...
...The state has no evidentiary basis for its recent charges against Lula and Bittar...
...He contends that he has locked in a vault 133 pledge cards with the signatures of a majority of the 200 or so workers in the Senate's half-dozen restaurants and cafeterias...
...Little" or "big" Vietnam, we are back to body counts...
...Neither unionist made the slightest suggestion of murder or violence in the July speeches...
...The 39-hour work week has replaced the 40-hour week, and a 35-hour week is planned for 1985...
...Although the original trial was annulled, military court procedure makes a retrial automatic...
...By "conservative Keynesianism" I mean the budgetary policy that considers the size of the federal deficit the only instrument for expanding the economy, and tax cuts the only way to increase the deficit...
...b) less...
...Unfortunately, even those figures in the antinuclear movement who scrupulously ask for Soviet as well as Western nuclear restraint tend both to deny the reality of the Soviet buildup and to present the Soviet Union as a kind of victim of the West's nuclear drives...
...147 This article, by the noted specialist in international affairs, continues a discussion begun, in somewhat different terms, by Bogdan Denitch in our previous issue...
...c) at home, in the bosom of the family, so that one need not bother to inform the next of kin...
...One day after Lula and Bittar delivered their speeches, a foreman was murdered...
...145 Paris reproaches Washington on three issues...
...We can get some idea of what is required to establish these new patterns from the recent Atlantic article "The Education of David Stockman," by William Greider...
...The good offices of other countries—say, of Mexico—could be employed to persuade the opposition forces to join in talks that would promise fair elections, under rigid supervision, and with a program guaranteeing the protection of human rights and land reform...
...In contrast to what is being preached in these two countries, the very first measure adopted by the Paris government was to decree a significant rise in the lowest categories of wages, as well as special allocations of state funds for the elderly and new benefits for pensioners...
...Rather, the facts indicated that the leaders had simply followed the majority vote of the workers to maintain the strike...
...how can they be integrated into the bargain...
...Smith invites any senators curious to meet the workers outside their passive service roles to come to the workers' Christmas party Dec...
...A hearing is expected some time this year...
...It could press Duarte to sit down and talk with the opposition...
...It is a bet because certain uncontrollable variables, especially economic ones, can gradually entrammel the progress of the "peaceful revolution...
...In the cabinet discussions, such "moderate" ministers as Jacques Delors (Finance) and Michel Rocard (Economic Planning) argued for keeping the nationalizations down and for a mere increase in government controls of certain important companies...
...The stranglehold of these institutions on investment is one of our biggest problems...
...If the Administration's present course is continued some consequences are predictable: the extreme left will intensify its activities and possibly win new adherents...
...it refused to let the controllers return to their jobs...
...The convictions prohibit the defendants from holding any union or political office...
...The Yugoslav economy has been propped up by Western loans, given unconditionally to maintain the "independent, united, and nonaligned Yugoslavia" that the U.S...
...Brazilian auto and metalworkers averaged about 60 cents an hour in the Sao Paulo area in 1980-81 and had little or no contractual protection against arbitrary firings...
...This "compromise" must be described as essentially social democratic...
...and Eastern Europe...
...Dependent on American decisions—the new weapons to be deployed would be under American control—many West Europeans deplore two recent trends in American diplomacy and strategy...
...The shortcomings of the European peace movement should not blind us to its virtues...
...One might argue that this approach may be unrealistic as long as it is not accompanied by a firm will to bring the free European countries into closer association, both in political and military terms...
...let's establish instead regional laboratories to hire many of them...
...Now 80 percent of the labor force isn't in unions...
...The forces of the right, despite their electoral defeat, continue to dispose of large resources, not only in the world of big business but also among the middle class...
...It offers nothing but tremors of fear that we might be enmeshed in a "little" Vietnam...
...Many believe that a struggle for power within the collective leadership will result in the emergence of a one-man dictatorship...
...We are all aware of this bitter turn of events...
...When is a worker, farmer, student, intellectual, or citizen a soldier...
...What is the location of the largest and most efficient clandestine printing press...
...The Socialist government recognizes that there is no cure-all for these ills...
...And Defense Secretary Weinberger has steered clear of the mess by taking himself to Ryadh and Amman (to fight the Russians there...
...And yet we are in no position to complain: however much the young German protesters may denounce NATO policies, their conversion to peace is proof of the success of the postwar "reeducation," which all of the Federal Republic's neighbors have sought...
...This meanness is different from the stereotypical "capitalist exploitation of the working class," because the harsh oppression associated with the "dark Satanic mills" that formed the backdrop to Das Kapital has now been softened...
...Negotiation of job security measures is outside the law...
...In July 1980, a farmworkers' union leader named Wilson Souza Pinheiro was murdered near the city of Brasileia in the state of Acre...
...In testifying before the House Subcommittee on International Organizations on September 16,1980, she included Yugoslavia in a rundown of human rights performance in the U.S.S.R...
...Popovic knows that his office, apartment, and telephone are bugged...
...Meanwhile, the government continues to emphasize new public works of dubious valueWestway, the Tennessee-Tombigbee waterway, the Tellico dam—over maintenance and rebuilding...
...and measures have been taken to favor a more humane attitude toward immigrant workers...
...And there is the Reagan administration's decision to produce the neutron bomb...
...Beyond that, there is the additional force of commitment from those who have distanced themselves, morally and intellectually, from the concerns of ordinary citizens...
...In addition, we can easily transfer money from the military budget to productive uses...
...That this entity did not succeed in becoming Much more than a common market is no reason for loosening the ties between the Federal Republic and the West, and particularly with France (where the antinuclear movement has no force at all, except for Communist front organizations)—especially at a time when the European Community tries to develop an embryonic common diplomacy...
...As in other East European countries, the people who have signed these petitions have subsequently been persecuted, deprived of their jobs or their freedom to publish...
...They are right to point out that no negotiation is more important than arms control...
...Simply returning to the New Deal isn't enough either...
...Further opinions, we hope, will appear in future issues.— EDS The growth of a movement in Western Europe opposing the deployment of American nuclear weapons capable of hitting the Soviet Union has provoked dismay and indignation in many American circles...
...a) next to a hospital zone, so that they can get immediate medical attention...
...Another part of the answer lies in the way Stockman has distanced himself, intellectually and morally, from others...
...Butter was in short supply when I was in Belgrade, and I was told of gasoline shortages that had caused the cancellation of scheduled airplane flights...
Vol. 29 • April 1982 • No. 2
