REVIEWS
Diggins, John Patrick & Widick, B J. & Gage, Barnard & Leiter, Robert & Siegel, Fred & Epstein, Cynthia Fuchs & Stern, Laurent & Eckstein, George
THE EDUCATION OF CAREY MCWILLIAMS, by Carey McWilliams. New York: Simon & Schuster. 363 pp. $11.95. BELIEVING SKEPTICS: AMERICAN POLITICAL INTELLECTUALS, 1945-1964, by Robert Booth Fowler....
...The result is a fascinating, controversial, and important book...
...McWilliams is happy to report that the Hollywood Ten are now regarded as "folk heroes...
...Such was the message American liberal intellectuals gave in the postwar period to explain why the new world would not succumb to the curses of the old...
...Drawing upon de Tocqueville, Hartz's work not only transcended the 'S0s but enabled its author to achieve what has always been the great dream of Marxist scholarship: to combine an analysis of ideology with an analysis of social structure...
...American thinkers were skeptical of Marxism and a host of European ideologies, cer100 tainly, but were they skeptical of liberalism and liberal democratic values...
...What troubles Fowler is the spectacle of liberals taking pride in their own skepticism but refusing to turn it upon existing institutions and ideas...
...Robert Fowler's account of academic intellectuals in the post-World War II period leaves us with the impression that a study of political skepticism must not only be reflective and somber but also take the shape of a telephone directory—pages and pages of names, many busy signals, a few unlisted numbers, and special rates for long distance calls by ex-radicals bent on saving liberalism from itself...
...Can a people `born free' ever understand peoples elsewhere that have to become so...
...Arato and Breines see the development of Marxism in cycles of dogmatism and formalism (the German Social Democratic movement prior to World War I; Stalinism), interrupted by upheavals, such as those in Marx's time between 1847 and 1849, in the aftermath of World War I and, finally, in "the New Left and the student and civil rights revolts...
...Arato and Breines do not include the Commune of Paris in their list of revolutionary upheavals...
...But one suspects that he also wanted to put American liberalism on trial for its habits of mind, and this means that one must be skeptical of skepticism as a political stance...
...his notion of alienation comes from Georg Simmel...
...25.00...
...Fowler criticizes liberalism for a mushy ethical and political relativism that extolls diversity, pluralism, stability, and moderation, and he reaches to writers on both the left and right to make the point that liberalism cannot provide "authoritative" answers...
...Princeton: Princeton University Press...
...300 pp...
...Their martyrs should be remembered, but this does not transform them into a significant revolutionary movement...
...Mill provokingly inquired why what was meritorious for a man is the opposite for women...
...The reader will appreciate knowing the background of Mc Williams's important early books, such as Factories in the Field (1939), Brothers Under The Skin (1943), Prejudice (1944), and North From Mexico (1949...
...Thus the Action Program of May 1968, of which Mlynar was the chief author, while permitting free expression, still retained one-party rule for an indefinite period...
...His book follows the Prague Spring from its incubation period under Novotny in the early'60s, through its flowering in the first half of 1968, to the armed intervention of the Warsaw Pact powers, and the capitulation in Moscow at the end of August 1968...
...IN THE '60s liberalism became the nemesis of both the left and right, a historic fact perhaps suggesting that skepticism, not dogmatism, may be the real enemy of the modern mind...
...Thus, with few exceptions, the party leaders did not seriously consider the possibility of military intervention...
...McCarthyism didn't kill the left...
...His attitude seems to have been representative of the majority of the Party leadership, which wanted reforms, but reforms within its control...
...One can identify a "natural selection" of ideas of inequality with regard to women from the pens of Aristotle and Rousseau to the committee rooms of Detroit where the Republican party voted platform provisions withdrawing support for an equal rights amendment and advocating revocation of constitutional support for the right of women to abortion...
...Hartz's great book is a cri de coeur, a plea for America's liberal imagination to extend itself to the world abroad...
...in the case of Yugoslavia, it would have to be discussed...
...In this light the deals struck at Yalta were designed to buy time for the United Nations and placate Polish sentiment in America...
...We could distinguish good Nazis from bad, but all Communists were alike, all were evil...
...studies,* which show that when a healthy person is rated, the qualities evaluated are those of selfsufficiency, assertiveness, assurance, and so forth...
...Comrade Tito and Comrade Ceausescu will say their piece, and so will Comrade Berlinger...
...A final note: Mlynar, the man from the Party's upper reaches, subtitles his book, The End of Humane Socialism...
...No ideology, no worry...
...It is an enduring intellectual curiosity that humans have a capacity for holding contradictory beliefs disproved by facts...
...Cochran describes the CP as a "travesty of a radical party," but he also points out that— even after the Party had become thoroughly Stalinized at the end of the twenties, and its uncritical enthusiasm for the Russians had been transformed into abject slavishness in following Kremlin dictates, the overwhelming mass of the Party's activities consisted of holding meetings, organizing demonstrations and rallies, issuing newspapers and publications, gathering signatures, running candidates and subscription campaigns, raising funds, recruiting new members, and the like...
...The central problem of these essays concerns class consciousness and reification...
...There," as columnist TRB described it in the New Republic, "for the first time in living history, a President sat literally on the same level with Congress...
...The thrust of Dallek's dense narrative is to describe how Roosevelt had a consistently surer 105 grasp of foreign policy than his opponents...
...The judge faced with sentencing Reginald has only two choices: the defendant can either go to jail or he can be placed on probation...
...To be sure, Roosevelt tried to nudge Stalin into allowing Poland a measure of latitude but, as he made clear time and again, the issue of postwar cooperation, and not Polish independence, was at the heart of his concerns...
...Cochran demonstrates that John L. Lewis and other nonradical unionists did far more damage to the "war effort" than the Communist-led strikes...
...Both parties are represented by counsel...
...Mitchell occasionally lets his prejudice get the better of him...
...Who's right...
...Okin argues there has been a consistent view that Man is a focus of humanity and the individual, but a focus on women (no capital letter here) is a focus on the family and its collective needs...
...The career of James Matles is a case in point...
...With the benefit of hindsight, it is easy for us to see that the revolutionary movement did not take place in the more advanced, industrialized countries of Western Europe and America...
...He is not in touch with the mother of his child...
...On the other hand, they view "the New Left insurgency of the late 1960's" as sufficiently important to be included in that list...
...For Dallek it is Stalin who bears the chief responsibility for bringing down the wartime alliance...
...q George Eckstein The Prague Spring NIGHTFROST IN PRAGUE: THE END OF HUMANE SOCIALISM, by Zdenek Mlynar...
...Does not childhood deprivation affect the adult...
...Union activity petered out during World War II, but after 1945 Mitchell continued to serve the union, now renamed the National Farm Laborers' Union (NFLU), and in 1952 he helped organize a famous strike against the DiGiorgio Corporation...
...But this is only half of the picture...
...The available models were not exactly well cast for the roles they were assigned...
...Apparently it is the confidence with which liberals claim to know truth and reality that upsets Fowler...
...These, Okin claims, are the persistent intellectual questions that lead to inequities in meshing individual rights with the collective good...
...At the same time, however, the ties in the satellite countries loosened, "the Communist movement outside the bloc began to disengage itself as an instrument of Soviet foreign policy," and China grew as a threat...
...If pragmatism means that ideas and theories are revised in the light of immediate experience, Vietnam showed that the light at the end of the tunnel could compel American officials to redouble their efforts and dig in deeper when they had lost all understanding of what the fading light meant—Isaiah Berlin's definition of a "hedgehog" and Santayana's of a "fanatic...
...The major works of both the pre-Marxist and Marxist Lukacs are now available in English translation...
...Nothing could be more distorting than to classify Hartz among the American celebrators of consensus...
...these readers rejected the role assigned by Lukacs to the Leninist vanguard...
...and still others, such as Morgenthau and Walter Lippmann, opposed the war from the beginning in the name of Realpolitik...
...This is a perspective that both liberals and Marxists might share in view of their common criterion of "praxis" as the test of ideas...
...Who knows what slights an ugly, unloved, not very bright child must have suffered...
...The challenges of Orkin's book go beyond the functionalist specter she evokes for the condition * I. K. Broverman, et al., "Sex Role Stereotypes and Clinical Judgments of Mental Health," Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, vol...
...What do men do...
...But, he added, there was no such danger...
...Marx pointed out that the bourgeois family served the interests of the powerful in being the mainstay of the stratification system...
...She also admits that— we simply do not know how to treat violent, dangerous offenders so that they can be "cured" of violence, unreason, and hostility...
...but the leads have yet to be pursued...
...Yet one need only compare the behavior of the Hollywood Ten to that of the Chicago Seven, or indeed to the behavior of almost any New Leftist or black activist on political trial in the '60s, to see what difference the strategy of selfprotective silence made in the long run...
...New York: W. W. Norton...
...There will be no war...
...on the other side stands the liberal as skeptical humanist, convinced that the forces of oppression are so rooted in the nature of social existence that citizens can at best only control them through politics and law...
...a softening up among those in power...
...And what are women for...
...The wisdom of liberalism proved disastrous when John Dewey drew upon it to understand European fascism, and the insights of Marxism proved useless to Trotsky when he tried to interpret Stalinism as a "Soviet Thermidor" and hence a transitory phenomenon...
...Lukacs's contribution was 111 primarily to provide historical and sociological foundations for the theory...
...For Reginald, and others of his type, she would recommend probation but with the stipulation that the defendant, if not presently employed, find employment and then begin making "monetary restitution or reparation" to the victim...
...Mill foreshadows the famous Broverman et al...
...Reginald, having pleaded guilty, is responsible for his actions...
...or whether it is precisely women's family role that limits their integration in the most favored positions in society...
...114 B. J. Widick Communists' Role in the Unions Labor and Communism: The Conflict That Shaped American Unions, by Bert Cochran...
...Yet, Mitchell fails to explore the extent to which this penetrated the rank and file...
...It may be a bit embarrassing for their thesis that Marx and Engels—or their disciples—did not return to their earlier Romantic views under the impact of that experience...
...Mlynar is somewhat vague on the role of Brezhnev and Kosygin, aside from pointing to the matter-of-course way in which they lorded it over their vassals...
...the rules are similar...
...The test of a first-rate intelligence," observed F. Scott Fitzgerald, "is the ability to hold two opposed ideas in the mind at the same time, and still retain the ability to function...
...New York: Karz...
...A political scientist who came of political age in the '60s, Fowler is less interested in the historical significance of American liberalism than in its contemporary relevance, or irrelevance...
...By ending the Cold War, Mlynar argues, Khrushchev had initiated a more dynamic but also more risky global role for the Soviet Union...
...Roosevelt assumed, Dallek tells us, that through personal diplomacy and a web of mutually interlocking relationships, culminating in a Big Five condominium at the U.N...
...It would provide a feasible alternative to prison and probation for many offenders...
...but this conception surely provokes one to ask why certain ideas survive, who controls their selection, and what purposes their selection serve...
...The victim of the crime is not in the courtroom seated beside counsel...
...But in the wake of the intense Catholic and isolationist response to Yalta it would have no longer been possible to reconcile a concern for maintaining his political coalition with the need to come to an understanding with Russia...
...He quotes the late Richard Hofstadter as providing a typical expression of the mood of resignation: "What appeals to me...
...It did, after all, fall to women, now organized and made more powerful by their participation in the "outer world," to explore the age-old concept of their innate deficiencies and to find them incorrect...
...Perhaps this should raise the question of why this view was not naturally selected—especially by those leaders of mind and polity for whom the joust, discus, or football had no special attraction...
...The STFU-NFLU had its share of successes...
...670 pp...
...The German version of another memoir covering the same events, written by Jiri Pelikan, parliamentary deputy and head of Czechoslovakia's state television network in 1968, is entitled Ein Friihling der nie zu Ende geht—"A Spring that Never Ends...
...But they are themselves superb guides to the irony buried in the notion of Western Marxism, especially if this is understood in the context of History and Class Consciousness...
...In the four decades from the time of its formation to the time of its disintegration, the violence with which the Communist movement was generally associated was the traditional sort that arose out of bitterly fought industrial strikes, or from public demonstrations and marches, not out of plots to seize government installations, blow up arsenals or assassinate public figures...
...On the last day of his life Roosevelt wrote to Churchill: "I would minimize the general Russian problem as much as possible...
...108 Cynthia Fuchs Epstein Women in Political Thought WOMEN IN WESTERN POLITICAL THOUGHT, by Susan Moller Okin...
...Although the philosophy of pragmatism could not resolve many of the issues regarding authority that Adams had raised, William James's response to Adams's resignation still bears pondering, even by critics of liberal skepticism: to the extent that there are no final truths, nothing can be determined and thus man remains free to determine for himself what it is he wants to determine...
...When FDR explained to Stalin his likely difficulties in getting these policies across at home, Stalin replied that "some propaganda work should be done"—easy for Stalin to say...
...All philosophers, of course (and I include Parsons and Erikson among them) have seemed limited by their myopic entrenchment in a bourgeois family setting that was then extrapolated to the world...
...But the intellectual dilemmas of American liberalism, one needs to remind readers of Fowler's book, did not spring from the postwar cultural scene or even from the Cold War itself...
...After all these years, Cochran appears unable to evaluate the costly mistakes other radicals, including he himself, made in those turbulent times...
...for an exploration of the new philosophies of existentialism, linguistic analysis, and logical positivism...
...Literary critics who claim Lukacs for their own ranks—one even compared him to Edmund Wilson—are clearly mistaken...
...He is supported here by the Russian diplomat Maxim Litvinov, a proponent of collective security, who lamented that the Kremlin had thrown away a chance to cooperate with the Americans and instead was trying to grab "all they could while the going was good...
...In criminal cases...
...Hartz's book appeared in 1955, the year Mc Williams became editor of the Nation and Buckley began publishing the National Review—so much for the "exact" spirit of the age...
...MCWILLIAMS'S REMARKABLE CAREER clearly warrants an autobiography, and the former editor of the Nation has provided a gracefully written recollection of an active life that spans a half-century of American history...
...What motivates today the writing of a book on the young Lukacs...
...IN THIS BOOK, Judge Forer gives us theories and statistics but balances them with examples she has collected from her years on the bench...
...In other words, it was engaged in the usual round of activities associated with Marxian or other left-wing organizations...
...The encounter with European totalitarianism goes far toward explaining the American intellectuals' hatred of ideology and rejection of anything that smacked of the messianic arrogance of utopian abstractions and systems of thought based on the "logicality" of metaphysical systems...
...ARATO AND BREINES TRACE THE ORIGIN of what they call "Western Marxism" at least partially to Lukacs's book...
...The author is a judge in Philadelphia's Court of Common Pleas, and she discusses law and order, the rights of defendants, the rights of victims—topics dear to the hearts of liberals and conservatives alike—managing through it all to eschew the cant common to both political factions...
...While one applauds such courageous activities, one also recoils from the simplicity of a mind that cannot make vital distinctions...
...On the other hand, while the wager on the vanguard as repository of class consciousness could be called Marxist, it is not Western...
...Zdenek Mlynar, one of the most prominent participants, wrote a postmortem on the tragic events immediately after leaving Czechoslovakia in 1977...
...But there is no questioning of the basic issues as to whether the family is an ideal form (for the just society...
...Not so, says Mitchell...
...In fact, the reconstruction of Marx's views that could be verified only after the early work was published is one of the unintended achievements of Lukacs's book...
...Both Mitchell and other leaders of the union maintained this party allegiance, and one NFLU organizer from the 1950s credited their socialist beliefs with their success in organizing...
...Why not...
...Mind," Trotsky reminded us, "limps after reality...
...And though the one wants to convert America and the other to transform it, the one wants to save us from the curse of "permissiveness" and the other to liberate us from "repressive desublimination," both suffer the same political frustration in their isolation from "The Vital Center," frustrations that cannot be eased by the philosophical consolations of the divine or the dialectic...
...The Prague Spring of 1968 remains one of the traumatic experiences of the left...
...He was also instrumental in organizing fishermen in Louisiana and dairy farmers in New York and Wisconsin...
...Mitchell's autobiography Mean Things Happening in This Land reflects this preoccupation: even the family history at the beginning of the book is as valuable for its insights into Southern society as for any light shed on Mitchell's life...
...On the contrary, I find that the poor and ignorant rarely exercise their legal and constitutional rights...
...make Joseph Stalin a dictator over the liberated countries of Europe...
...In the competition of ideas, the evolution of the rule of reason as applied to women has not had many successful advocates...
...New York: Seabury Press...
...They are none115 theless distinct, discrete phenomena...
...Why was the time right for the common culture's capture of Rousseau's ideas and not right for Plato's vision of philosopher queens as well as kings (in the Republic) and not right for Mill's recognition of women's capacities as shown by Joan of Arc, Madame de Stael, George Sand, and Queen Elizabeth...
...Fowler's catalogue of the writings of many scholars in a variety of disciplines provides a useful map of postwar intellectual history...
...0 Laurent Stern Early Lukacs THE YOUNG LUKACS AND THE ORIGINS OF WESTERN MARXISM, by Andrew Arato and Paul Breines...
...In one such example, the defendant's name is Reginald and he pleads guilty to having robbed and assaulted an old man named Archie Jones...
...Realists, positivists, and utilitarians are treated as philistines...
...At any rate, he considers the lines of conflict within the Soviet ruling elite not sharply drawn...
...Can any such "Spring" succeed without involving the active backing of the West, and that means in the last resort of the United States—a backing fraught with risks to a precarious status quo between the two world powers...
...In the early 1930s Mitchell earned a local reputation by collaborating with the Tennessee Socialist party in an investigation of sharecroppers and by organizing a union of unemployed workers in his native Arkansas...
...our course thus far is correct...
...Perhaps this dependence on charisma of those who endeavored to unite the locals helps explain the ease with which a part of the STFU fell away...
...But even there he was not completely original...
...McWilliams's answer to Hitler was to find a peaceful way to make a madman madder still...
...MEANWHILE, BOTH CONSERVATISM AND RADICALISM continue to endure, precisely because the hegemony of liberalism continues to prevail in America...
...For students of the American left, this is a valuable reference along with such publications as Theodore Draper's two volumes on the early days of the Communist movement and the history of the American Communist party by Lewis Coser and Irving Howe...
...thus she has made herself an easy target for conservative invective...
...Nightfrost in Prague, published two years ago in West Germany, is now available to the American reader in a good translation by Paul Wilson...
...It was as suicidal as the Charge of the Light Brigade...
...FOWLER CONCLUDES his work with a discussion of Louis Hartz's The Liberal Tradition in America, which he describes as a "brilliant essay that fit the spirit of the age almost exactly...
...Proletarian class consciousness is not the empirical consciousness of individuals or groups but rather what the consciousness of the proletariat would be, if it could comprehend its class interest and its historical role...
...or for a recovery of older natural law theories and classical traditions that would restore a normative dimension to political philosophy...
...Perhaps his greatest coup as editor of the Nation involved gathering information about the preparations then being made in Guatemala for the Bay of Pigs invasion...
...394 pp...
...In this connection, the following passage in Mlynar's book is worth quoting in full: "For us," Brezhnev went on, "the results of the Second World War are inviolable, and we will defend them even at the cost of risking a new war...
...Until 1918 Lukacs's writings are informed by a romantic anticapitalism and philosophical idealism...
...FDR made it clear as early as 1943 that, given the military realities of Eastern Europe and the Soviet demands for security, he would not oppose Soviet domination of Poland...
...Judge Forer, in light of the meager alternatives, has devised another form of "punishment...
...For if Roosevelt was the statesman Dallek thinks he was, surely he would have known that in the wake of the Katyn massacre, the Warsaw uprising, and the Russian assassination of Polish resistance leaders, it was impossible to reconcile Polish national sentiment with the Russian desire to dominate Poland's borders...
...After Vietnam, it is difficult to see how intellectuals can ever again tout the superiority of America's "pragmatic" wisdom over the alleged ideological rigidity of European political culture...
...No sober social theory could support the view that such a heterogeneous collection of groups could ever become the historic subject capable of reorganizing society...
...Today the futility of that challenge is rejected by both the left and the right in their common opposition to "the Vital Center" that seems not only to "hold" in America but to prevail...
...New York: Oxford University Press...
...Those brought up to believe in older political ideals now find their colleges and indeed the country itself run by apparatchiks who seem so interchangeable they could function in any political system devoted to perfecting the procedures of bureaucracy...
...The significance of these hopes and images is religious, and they are more at home in the early pre-Marxist work of Lukacs—and in the early pre-Marxist work of Marx—but they have not much in common with a sober theory of society...
...109 of women to her identification of the penetrating inquiry into the inequities between men and women of such figures as Plato and John Stuart Mill...
...It is the romanticism of the young Marx and the young Lukacs that must have struck a sympathetic chord in their new readers in the mid1960s...
...So what do you think will be done on your behalf...
...But skepticism, democratic ideals, and the tradition of the Enlightenment were never at home in the less advanced Eastern countries, where the call for an act of faith in final victory fell on more fertile ground...
...Stalin's response was to accuse FDR of trying to rewrite Yalta while steadfastly refusing to put an accep106 table face on the composition of the Polish government...
...What was unacceptable to the Communist ideologues was precisely what attracted readers to this book after World War II...
...Mlynar raises these points in the limited context of the crushing of the Prague Spring...
...This leads the trial judge to two basis...
...Criminals and Victims is unique not just because of the scope of its argument but because it addresses itself to the problems facing judges on a day-to-day basis...
...She is a tireless advocate of gun control...
...Jones was self-sufficient...
...Does quality not count...
...To what...
...Okin has demonstrated that there were founding philosophic fathers whose ideas could have served the cause of equity between the sexes, as there were those who reinforced inequity...
...Mill futher pointed out that the best and brightest (not his terms) were those who had both masculine and feminine qualities...
...At the time of the events, the then 38-yearold Mlynar was at least a decade younger than most of his co-actors in the drama...
...Leninist theories proclaimed, in effect, that wherever there is no large industrial proletariat the vanguard can arrogate to itself the historic mission of the proletariat, while disregarding the actual proletariat...
...Actually, American liberalism survived the assaults of the left and the right in the post-World War II era, and it did so without 101 experiencing a failure of nerve because its ideology had roots deep in American history and society...
...Both lines of reasoning insured that women would be in a structural position of subordination...
...Are there no degrees of responsibility...
...And on August 18 I received the reply: as far as Czechoslovakia and Rumania are concerned, it recognizes them without reservation...
...What failed in Vietnam was not so much tough-mindedness as a liberal sentimentalism that led Lyndon Johnson and others to announce that they could make democracy flower in the Mekong Delta as though it were the Perdanales River...
...Devotion to an ideal of ethics and morality can easily be made to resemble the mawkishness of a "bleeding heart...
...A penalty which requires restitution or reparation is, I believe, congruent with a humanistic and democratic concept of society and with decent treatment of criminals...
...She limits her conclusion to pointing out that the age-old views outlined in the book that women should serve and support the family both conceptually and structurally determine their second-class status...
...Roosevelt was returning from Yalta to face such men as Congressman John Dingell of Michigan, who was representing a large Polish American constituency and who warned FDR that "we Americans are not sacrificing, fighting, and dying to...
...McWilliams performed at his best as a journalistic sleuth detecting the machinations of government in the dark corridors of power...
...The answer to this question depends largely on one's perspective...
...The fragmented critique of some aspects of capitalism by the proletariat is the expression of reified consciousness...
...Arato and Breines describe in the third part of their book the career of History and Class Consciousness...
...But what is obvious in Lois Forer's book is that she does not agonize...
...yet the auto union is clinically free of the kind of malfeasances disclosed by the Senate McClellan Committee...
...This policy succeeded in penetrating various areas in the world, through trade in the West, by diplomatic and military means in the Third World...
...Yet to demonstrate whether it was liberal or conservative thinking, or pragmatic or ideological or positivist or humanist thinking that led to Vietnam is difficult insofar as political positions seldom follow philosophical dispositions...
...data they seek to discern abstract properties and to establish relationships in quantitative form...
...it is their task to apply the principles discovered by man, and it is up to them to make the observations that lead man to discover these principles...
...I wish I could convey to you how important it is for the successful development of our program of international collaboration that this Polish question be settled fairly and speedily...
...The President told Polish nationalists and their American supporters that he had no intention whatsoever of going to war over Poland...
...Or it may be that the liberal mind is so unsure of itself that it cannot even find its own first principles in order to doubt them...
...None of these other professionals has ever been faced with the necessity of imposing a penalty upon a single individual...
...Other factors, however, have to be considered...
...He had not meant to harm Mr...
...Excepting a very small minority, these groups were passive...
...The reception of Lukacs's work supports this judgment...
...The objective possibility of reorganizing society can be realized by the historic subject—the proletariat—which has achieved class consciousness...
...On the contrary, memories of the bomb and the camps seemed to hover above almost everything American intellectuals wrote in the decade following World War II...
...The ideals of 1776 cannot automatically be transported to the underdeveloped world, for the simple reason that political liberalism cannot be translated into class struggle...
...Class consciousness is ascribed to a class and depends not only on the interests of that class but also on the relation of that class to the whole society...
...Knowing good from evil, McWilliams himself still cannot distinguish between the different modes of Communist operation that make it possible—indeed imperative— for the anti-Communist writers to oppose Stalinism in Eastern Europe and support socialism in Allende's Chile...
...The Communist authorities rejected Lukacs's views despite the role he assigned to the Leninist vanguard...
...He argued generally (and specifically in an interesting correspondence with Comte cited in Okin's book) that physiological explanations are highly questionable...
...At the time of these upheavals the revolutionary "practical-critical" activity—in the sense of Marx's first thesis on Feuerbach—gained in importance...
...Nothing...
...For more than 500 pages Dallek makes his understated case by demonstration rather than assertion, but then there is an interesting and possibly false denouement...
...and Plato and Mill argue that although women may enter the world of public affairs, they will be mainly responsible for the home...
...paper, $4.95...
...The lesson seems to be that the liberal mind is limited and political survival demands going beyond it...
...Lois Forer's Criminals and Victims is a triumph of clear thinking...
...The judge can only wonder what hurts have scarred Reginald...
...Roosevelt concluded...
...Beginning at least with the essay "On the Poverty of Spirit" (1912), a strong religious element can be in found in the background of these writings...
...But romanticism is hardly a sufficient foundation for a viable social theory and practice...
...Rather, while conceding Roosevelt's errors of remaining "neutral" in the Spanish Civil War, in the internment of the Japanese Americans, and in the misuse of the FBI, Dallek presents FDR as a diplomatist of vision and skill...
...Where some may say that defendants have too many rights, Judge Forer contends that this has not been so in her experience...
...Okin does not comment on Marx's and Engels's observations of the impact of the family on women...
...A review of the activities of the Communists in the 1920s—a decade of failure by Cochran's standards—features the Gastonia strike in 1929...
...Lukacs's notion of objective possibility made its first appearance in a somewhat different form in the work of Max Weber...
...After telling readers it was clear that Hitler was "determined to dominate" Eastern Europe, and that "it is now conceded" that "any significant show of force" would have compelled the Nazis to withdraw from the Rhineland in 1936, McWilliams cites with pride a letter he wrote to the New Republic on September 1, 1941, opposing America's entry into the war on the grounds that the best way "to drive the Nazis crazy" was not to employ force but to keep them guessing about America's intention...
...She argues that, unless work in the home and child care is shared by men, women will do no better in the modern era than they did before...
...even within the military he senses differences between the old-style tank-warfare marshals and the exponents of the new missile technology...
...Since Marx's early manuscripts were not published until 1932, Lukacs could not have learned about alienation from Marx...
...He asserts that ". . had he lived, Roosevelt would have probably moved more quickly than Truman to confront the Russians...
...The reasons Mitchell gives for the union's failure are even more controversial...
...He appeared in court hobbling on two canes...
...Instead, because the union's supporters within the Federation were weak and because a farm labor union could not initially survive on its membership dues, the leaders of the labor movement gave it little support...
...Cochran knows politics, trade unionism, and had the benefit of personal experiences with many Communist and non-Communist union leaders...
...Dallek's book should make us realize that the powerful hostility to Yalta, which contributed so mightily to McCarthyism, was, in part, an unavoidable consequence of living in a democratic society, where foreign policy isn't solely the affair of diplomats and commissars...
...Even more sig103 nificantly, the Lockean nature of the Declaration of Independence and the Tocquevillian nature of American society deprived America of a truly revolutionary heritage that would enable Americans to sympathize with others who must struggle to overcome the remnants of feudalism...
...The arguments McWilliams cites by revisionist historians such as Gabriel Kolko and William A. Williams are too familiar to rehash here, and the same might be said for the Nation's attempt to interpret McCarthyism as a "counter revolutionary ideology" exploited by the right and implemented by the CIA to infiltrate and subvert radical movements at home and abroad...
...The adversaries of Marxism saw both these points a long time ago, but their significance was not well understood...
...He defends the values of Gemeinschaft (organic community) against Gesellschaft (atomized society...
...But there still remains the problem of Archie Jones...
...These are weaknesses built into the system and, according to Judge Forer, they are impediments to justice...
...To be so sure is not to be skeptical," he complains of their stance...
...Is the terrible cycle of anomie and solipsism already being repeated...
...Until such time as there are developments in psychotherapy, chemistry, and medicine, the legal system will have to isolate these people who pose an unreasonable risk to society...
...Where was the pragmatic "genius" of America in Vietnam, where one heard no whisper of skepticism about the mind's ability to understand what is happening...
...The refusal to face this issue squarely makes Mc Williams a poor guide to the meaning of the Cold War and McCarthyism, subjects one could gladly pass over if only Mc Williams did not devote the greater part of his book to them...
...would lead to granting Poland a degree of freedom sufficient to satisfy American public opinion...
...Jones could not longer do his grocery shopping or care for his single room without being in pain...
...Fowler's frustrations with American liberalism reveal much about the sensibilities of the '60s...
...And what is to be done for Archie Jones...
...If One-Dimensional Man and Up From Liberalism informed Americans of their intellectual imprisonment, neither could move Americans to throw off their ideological chains...
...Of course, an intellectual interest in investigating those questions may well have been (or be) against the class interests of powerful men who have an investment in keeping women subservient...
...These virtues are also a weakness...
...A judge must, by necessity, look at] specific cases and individuals, one at a time...
...When Henry Adams resigned from Harvard's history department in 1877, he concluded that he had no answers to give his students and could not continue to teach when there are no truths to be learned...
...asks Hartz...
...a spread of public criticism among intellectuals and journalists...
...One wonders how they could be, when liberalism no longer invoked substantive values but instead became pretty much an affair of procedure and methodology, a matter of means rather than ends...
...The judge must be concerned with the rights of the accused, protection of society, and promotion of the rule of law...
...Marcuse and Noam Chomsky opposed Vietnam for reasons that had little to do with their metaphysics or linguistics...
...A second theory claims that, as the sharecroppers were among the lowest paid workers, they could not meet the high dues set by the CIO, and their union was crushed by the weight...
...Defenders of the actual proletariat were relegated to the "dustbin of history...
...For example, two organizers reported having visitations before beginning their union work, and many organizers felt that they had a mission to the members of their local...
...Judge Forer believes that the victim in criminal cases is, in the words of Ralph Ellison, an "invisible man...
...Convinced that the evils of prejudice could be overcome once the evils of power were renounced, McWilliams responded to World War II with the Jeffersonian conviction that power will collapse in the face of superior virtue...
...There is no necessary juxtaposition between bureaucratization and union officials' venality, extortion, bribe-taking, alliances with the underworld, terrorization of opponents, big salaries, looting of union treasuries, "sweetheart" agreements and other forms of corrupt collusion with employers...
...They rightly insist that Lukacs's disclaimer of 1918 should be taken seriously...
...Interestingly, the selection process chose not to remember these ideas of Plato and Mill and instead enshrined such assertions as Rousseau's "Women cannot discover principles, as men can, but they have better heads for detail...
...It would be interesting to find out whether Brezhnev actually had this exchange with President Johnson (in which case the equivocal reply regarding Yugoslavia would be particularly disturbing...
...He dislikes religion and belittles its influence on the union, a difficult feat considering the number of preachers in the membership rolls...
...Judge Forer admits that this is at best "rough justice...
...He does not see his own child or support him...
...One theory blames internecine warfare between Socialists and Communists: by 1939 the CP had effectively organized farm labor in California and, through skillful diplomacy, had obtained permission to organize the sole CIO international union in the field...
...How does one take on a political philosophy that can turn all answers into questions and even assert, as do Niebuhr, Schlesinger, and Isaiah Berlin, that there are insoluble dilemmas in all human affairs insofar as the rational mind cannot even coherently conceptualize the nature of the problem...
...The nub is the interpretation of Yalta...
...The differences between Jefferson and Madison could well describe the two tendencies of American liberalism that continue down to our time in what might be regarded as a dialogue between the heart and the head...
...The problem for FDR was how to tell a public that thought it had been fighting the war for an Atlantic Charter promising freedom to oppressed peoples that now Polish freedom was to be at Stalin's sufferance...
...Neither Jefferson nor Dewey would be troubled by this accusation...
...In retrospect, Mlynar is no longer sure of the validity of the centrist position: For if the reforms had been limited to institutional changes from above—which in all likelihood would have provoked a military intervention anyway— there would not have been such an enormous, intense and united resistance by the entire nation, coupled with extraordinary discipline and political confidence in Dubcek's leadership...
...Although, after some hesitation, Lukacs finally designated the Leninist vanguard as the repository of proletarian class consciousness, his views were found to be wanting by Communist officialdom...
...Jones but he did...
...McWilliams's answer to Stalin was to deny Stalinism...
...He spits a little when he speaks...
...Needless to say, they weigh even more heavily on the global scale, especially at a time when a relatively cautious generation of leaders is about to be replaced...
...At the time Lukacs wrote the essays that were to be published as History and Class Consciousness (1923), the vanguard theory had been put into practice for a few years...
...Thus the left and the right are fond of constructing a liberal "mentality" in order to demolish it, but the philosophies of both radicalism and conservatism depend upon a faith in the capacity of men and women to know and understand the world that can scarcely survive the acids of skepticism...
...For those who stand trial, the elaborate panoply of the law and the rights of the accused which occupy the attention of the public, the appellate courts, and the media is largely irrelevant...
...To the defendant the sentence is really all that matters...
...Behind such delusions stood, of course, the lingering ideological solidarity with the Soviet system...
...Clearly, the dilemma facing the left and the right in their confrontation with liberalism involves more than the absence of countervailing ideas, those deeper truths, conceptions, and visions that presumably cannot be tolerated by liberals for fear they may extirpate the "false consciousness" of their ideological consensus...
...You are counting on the Communist movement in Western Europe, but that won't amount to anything for fifty years...
...and in the Eastern countries, where revolutions did take place, they were brought about by Leninist vanguards who claimed to act on behalf of a proletariat or of "workers and peasants...
...Leninist theories in the Eastern countries emphasized the voluntaristic aspects of Marxism, because no organized industrial proletariat could be relied upon to bring about evolutionary change...
...Proletarian class consciousness would be the complete understanding of these fragmented aspects...
...Perhaps...
...When Communist leaders were tried for violations of the Smith Act—the Alien Registration Law of 1940— the testimony against them was of advocating violence in study classes and lectures for the organizations of a revolution at some indeterminate future date, not of hatching current plots...
...Cloth, $22.50...
...In late March 1945, less than two weeks before his death, President Roosevelt plaintively cabled Stalin that the Polish question had "aroused the greatest popular interest so that it was urgently necessary for the Russians to provide for something more than a `thinly disguised continuation of the Warsaw regime' or America would come to regard the Yalta agreement as having failed...
...It would be difficult to find admiring readers of a literary critic or of a theoretician of literature who would be satisified to read him, but would never turn to the works he discusses...
...Mitchell contends, however, that the union persisted for well into the 1950s...
...The two phenomena are often yoked together in journalistic writing, and indeed are often intertwined...
...Contrary to the expectations of many, neither the activities of the left nor even the withdrawal from Vietnam produced an organized antiCommunist movement similar to the Birch Society of the 1950s...
...Yet those ideas survived that served inequity as they also served certain classes of men, unchallenged by the burden of proof and logic...
...358 pp...
...With some exceptions (for example, Diderot) Enlightenment thinkers and their early nineteenth-century Utilitarian heirs stressed the former view, Romantics the latter...
...Niebuhr and Hook had nothing in common philosophically, even though they came to share a similar position on Stalinism...
...The more politically minded claimed the The Prophet Unarmed for 110 their tradition, while those more conversant with theoretical issues assigned that role to the author of History of Class Consciousness...
...or whether Brezhnev only invented it to put the Czech delegation under final pressure...
...As a participant and survivor of the labor and radical struggles of the 1930s and 1940s, Bert Cochran has substantial credentials for undertaking this major study...
...Yet one would think that a writer who courageously spoke out against the implications of prejudice would courageously face up to the deeper implications of power...
...The auto union under Reuther has been offered as a classic study in the development of bureaucracy and authoritarianism...
...19.95...
...When Thomas Jefferson declared that each generation must water the tree of liberty with the "blood" of rebellion, and then later defined the life-span of the "will" of a generation as lasting 19 years, James Madison reminded him that members of each generation are not born on the same day of the same year...
...I asked President Johnson if the American government still fully recognizes the results of the Yalta and Potsdam conferences...
...MITCHELL LEARNED his civil rights from his experiences in the Socialist party...
...he is acutely sensitive to the impact of popular opinion on foreign policy...
...both saw philosophical thought as an intellectual prophylactic, an exercise that aimed to scrutinize the diseases of error and not to assert the virtues of truth...
...Cochran fleshes out previous portraits of a variety of figures, among them Jay Lovestone, John L. Lewis, Walter Reuther, Harry Bridges, Earl Browder, and Philip Murray...
...Fowler traces this antiideological mood in the works of sociologists Bell and Lipset, historians Boorstin, Gay, Hofstadter, and Schlesinger, philosophers Hook and Morton White, political theorists Dahl, Shklar, and Michael Oakeshott, and the theologian Niebuhr...
...A recent case in point is Garry Wills, a latter-day scholastic who apparently can satisfy both Lillian Hellman and William Buckley by demonstrating in Inventing America that Jefferson was a Scottish moral philosopher, not, God help us, an English political liberal...
...Aristotle and Rousseau argue that women, by nature, are suited to family roles and unsuited to other roles...
...Yet the connection between Stalinism and McCarthyism seems more than coincidental...
...Mill asked the kinds of questions that proper application of the scientific method should have answered about the capacity of women to function as intellectuals and leaders...
...What a pity that Cochran is still so biased on the subject of Reutherism that he ignores the fact that an integral and vital part of Reuther's legacy was decent and honest unionism—something scarcely in surplus in the American labor movement...
...By publicizing the terror directed against its members the union also sparked the LaFollette Committee's investigation into abuses of workers' civil rights...
...as secretary of the Central Committee of the Czech Communist party, and briefly as a member of the Presidium, he belonged to the inner circle of power...
...It was not the issue on which FDR was likely to break with Stalin, at least not while the wartime alliance still had widespread support...
...Or that, compared to any other institution in American society, the UAW remains a viable, democratic social force—whatever its limitations...
...But most of the leaders, and above all Dubcek, acted under the illusion that, as long as Czechoslovakia would remain faithfully in the Warsaw Pact and would keep the more radical reformers in line, the Soviet Union would acquiesce...
...In this search, Lukacs was even willing to view critically the established Marxist tradition...
...To rewrite American intellectual history is one strategy a conservative-turnedradical can use to deny America its liberal heritage and to affirm communal as opposed to individualist values...
...STICKING CLOSE to the diplomatic stage, Dallek chronicles FDR's growing worries about the Russian unwillingness to make even the cosmetic changes agreed upon at Yalta...
...With the memory of Woodrow Wilson's humiliation to goad him, Roosevelt made an extraordinary effort to forestall the growth of isolationist sentiment in Congress...
...That the reputation of an affirming Catholic and a negating Marxist could flourish in liberal America may only indicate that the right and left talk about ideas and think about power...
...For whatever is Western in Lukacs's book is hardly Marxist and whatever is Marxist is not quite Western...
...Fowler's useful study of postwar intellectuals leads one to reconsider the claim, made by literary essayists from Henry James to Lionel Trilling, that the liberal mind has no imagination for disaster...
...Forgoing the dignity and reserve afforded a speaker at the podium, he had himself wheeled into the well of the Senate chamber...
...Here, too, McWilliams represents that Jeffersonian tendency to see all revolutions abroad as "progressive" and all opposition to revolution as "reactionary" almost by definition...
...Why did Erik Erikson, as Okin points out, become this century's Rousseau and Talcott Parsons the modern Aristotle, defining women by their child-rearing responsibility and their family integration roles and assuming that by nature and right the...
...He seems unsure whether to believe Brezhnev's hints of being under pressure himself from the military...
...The research is impressive and his analysis well-documented...
...Hence the shock when, during the fateful last meeting in Moscow, Brezhnev made it abundantly clear that the whole matter was strictly a question of power, and that Moscow would not tolerate any internal threat to its hegemony within its sphere of influence...
...34 (1970), pp...
...He should have had orthodentia...
...Can it even understand itself...
...Before he was attacked by Reginald—and on the day of the crime he had only $5 and some change in his pocket—Mr...
...They are engaged in treating the ill, not in enforcing the law...
...Like Marcuse, Hartz all but despaired at the spectacle of an "irrational" and "absolutist" liberal ideology that had so consensualized America's consciousness that its mind could not critically reflect upon itself...
...These authors, however, come to life in the essays of Lukacs not as writers of literary works but rather as models for solutions to a question formulated under many guises: how to live...
...In the conduct of the trial, the victim is a non-person...
...The two books under review embody almost perfectly these two tendencies...
...Nevertheless, both the STFU and the NFLU suffered considerable setbacks...
...My major quarrel with Cochran is on other grounds...
...The prevailing intellectual climate in Western industrialized countries favored skepticism, positivism, and democratic ideals...
...From...
...They view that movement as an "internally contradictory human phenomenon of revolt, consisting of students, youth, national minorities, women as women, radical religious groups, and so forth...
...For years, H. L. Mitchell worked at the center of the farm labor movement...
...Before the union merged with the Amalgamated Meat Cutters in 1964 Mitchell successfully lobbied for the AFL farm labor organizing drive that became the United Farm Workers of America...
...This is the book's most challenging concept and it is presented in the opening chapter...
...is simply the old liberalism, chastened by adversity, tempered by time, and modulated by a growing sense of reality...
...One might ask, Do numbers of advocates count for the survival of an idea...
...The Polish question aside, the great value of Dallek is that, unlike most revisionist historians but much like FDR himself...
...Some classes have the objective possibility to reorganize society...
...Will future "Springs"—as Pelikan seems to believe—be able to provoke sufficient political (and military) support from fellow states in the Soviet camp and from nonaligned countries (Yugoslavia...
...When one reads McWilliams still boasting of the Nation's "independent stance" on the European Cold War one feels the need to update Eliot: after Gulag, what forgiveness...
...Roosevelt, convinced that Russian help was of vital importance in limiting American casualties in the Far East, drew back from breaking with Stalin...
...16.50...
...Eventually all but one of the members of the Czechoslovak Presidium present signed the protocol of capitulation...
...One way to do so is to remain innocent...
...The dramatic shift of American public opinion set off by the Iranian dilemma recalls the comparably dramatic shift set off 35 years ago, when the Yalta euphoria gave way to the Polish dilemma...
...Thus in addition to registering his impatience with the alleged complacency of contemporary liberal skepticism, he set out mainly to trace the Vietnam War back to the liberal mind, one aspect of which he calls "the metaphysics of tough-mindedness...
...It had largely committed political suicide by the `50s...
...Convinced that the truth is one and errors are many, Buckley and Marcuse also share another common dilemma: neither could tolerate the norm of tolerance or accept Sidney Hook's intolerance of the intolerant...
...Mitchell, however, argues that the red-baiting the union suffered, from the likes of Congressman Richard Nixon, was inconsequential and that, if the AFL had supported its affiliate, the union would have been securely established...
...This agreement gave FDR some breathing space at home, cleared the way for sorely needed Russian aid in the war against Japan (this was before the bomb), and secured Russian support for creating the U.N...
...Why was there no McCarthyism in the 1960s when the New Left made it appear as though revolution—"all power to the alienated"—was rising out of the tear-gassed streets at Telegraph Avenue and Morningside Heights...
...The concept of reification is introduced to account for the absence of proletarian class consciousness...
...The postwar intellectuals leave behind entirely the Jeffersonian strand of liberalism, with its "sacred" and "undeniable" self-evident truths, and embrace the Madisonian version, with its preoccupation with the movement of "interests" and "power," economic and political phenomena that require no legitimating beliefs or ultimate principles...
...According to the authors, One of the most compelling aspects of Marx's early work (1843-44) is its fusion of the Enlightenment and Romantic standpoints into a single vision, grasping modern scientific culture and industrial technique as both liberating and imprisoning forces...
...Why that didn't happen for so long shows that any method is only as good as the questions that are asked...
...There are suggestive papers in the archives, including a 1936 poster equating European fascists and Southern planters, as well as letters showing union support for Norman Thomas's KeepAmerica-Out-of-the-War Committee...
...In its relations with peoples elsewhere struggling to overcome the burdens of history to "become" free, American liberalism must be nothing less than first-rate...
...He directly challenges Sidney Hook's "conspiracy theory" of the role of the CP...
...Perhaps this is all that needs to be said of ideology's attempt to defy reality...
...Surely, Lukacs's own formulations were more sententious and more suitable to the intellectual style of Kaiser Wilhelm's Germany...
...These words, in any case, had the desired effect...
...when John Lewis proved reluctant to act, the STFU quit the CIO, and this led to disenchantment in all the farm unions...
...Okin suggests it is the logic assigning to women the role of maintaining the family unit that ties all the social philosophers and that has legitimated the inferior position of women in all societies...
...Roosevelt's death was to spare him the hard choices that lay ahead...
...As to conservatism, for the past 20 years the National Review has been predicting the "suicide" of the West, a record in cataclysmic thinking surpassed perhaps only by the response of the American press to the Bolshevik Revolution, when, in 1919, its imminent collapse had been forecast in 91 different editorials...
...Mill was, of course, the best of them, and how modern he sounds...
...Well, and what of it...
...The proletariat can grasp more easily the economic aspects of capitalism than its political or cultural aspects...
...Criticizing this mentality for its "conservative overtones," Fowler observes that "tough-mindedness may have succeeded in the Cuban missile crisis, but it was to fail in Vietnam...
...Such writers called for either a pragmatic realism in political thought that would reject deduction and formalism...
...Physical size, for example, which Comte believed made the male brain larger and therefore better, would suggest that tall and large men would be smarter than shorter and slimmer men, and that elephants and whales would have it over them all in competence...
...Had the national press followed up the Nation's lead, America might have been saved from what President Kennedy himself called a "colossal mistake," and the Cold War might have taken a positive turn at least in the Western hemisphere...
...In 1936 the STFU filed a minority report with the President's Committee on Farm Tenancy that demanded a guarantee of the farm laborers' right to organize unions, "housing for working farm families, and a massive rehabilitation loan project [that] later became the basic program of the Farm Security Administration...
...Hence the tension within the Politbureau, which, after the failed Cuban adventure in 1962, resulted in Khrushchev's fall, and later in the invasion of Czechoslovakia...
...he could both satisfy the public demand for a modicum of Polish freedom and guarantee Soviet security...
...It sounds paradoxical, but the author of these books, ostensibly about literature — The Soul and the Forms, and Theory of the Novel—was not much interested in literary works...
...She strongly believes that the education of drop-outs, the creation of jobs for street criminals, the spending of federal monies to combat spouse and child abuse, the elimination of disparities in sentencing (especially for whitecollar crimes) and, of course, that her seemingly simple but ground-breaking proposal of redress for victims might bring us closer to a sane society...
...The apocalyptic vision of the collapse of capitalism and the eschatological hope for the final victory of socialism may be Marxist, but it has not much in common with Western understanding of Marxism...
...Throughout his life Mitchell has kept every scrap of printed paper, and the resulting archives are so full of letters that sharecroppers, however illiterate, are no longer inarticulate...
...He suggested that even such attributes as unselfishness and restraint, attributed to women by his philosophical peers, could be explained by their structured dependence on others...
...she is dependent and passive...
...The rest of the book is thorough, discussing rehabilitation, theories of sentencing, and the different types of crime, while never shying away from the ambiguities in her argument...
...to make Moscow hesitate...
...The ideals mentioned in this context are represented by Dostoevsky's Alyosha Karamazov, Prince Mishkin, and Sonia...
...Montclair, N.J.: Allanheld, Osmun & Co...
...Many of his admirers turned to his other books, but not even his major commentators took the trouble of reading or rereading the literary works he wrote about...
...Most accused persons—rich and powerful as well as poor and ignorant—plead guilty...
...If Fowler is asking for "authoritative answers," he is not asking the right questions of liberalism...
...The NFLU also failed to maintain its size...
...Their revolutionary rhetoric served as an excuse for harassment and violence by adversaries and state authorities...
...It is inevitable, however, that her argument is bolstered most forcefully by her examples...
...0 Robert Leiter Impediments to Justice CRIMINALS AND VICTIMS: A TRIAL JUDGE REFLECTS ON CRIME AND PUNISHMENT, by Lois Forer...
...The popularity of Buckley and the late Herbert Marcuse might indicate that the seeming impotence of the right and left has more to do with social and economic history than the intellectual climate, more with the absence in America of clearly defined class relations rather than with the presence of clearly defined ideas...
...paper, $6.95...
...Indeed, Hartz's book must be read quite differently...
...Judge Forer is concerned with how present judicial practices fail the participants in criminal cases...
...Princeton: Princeton University Press...
...Could it be that American Stalinist sympathizers helped to make American anticommunism possible by their practice of taking the Fifth, a tactic that not only played into the hands of HUAC but generated the worst of fears in a confused public...
...When local sharecroppers decided to form a union they turned to him for assistance, and Mitchell became the executive secretary of the Southern Tenant Farmers' Union (STFU), an organization soon to be nationally influential...
...One needs to consider it along with Marcuse's One-Dimensional Man as a statement on the limitations of the American mind...
...FDR genuinely thought he could square the circle of the Polish question, according to Dallek...
...He is physically unattractive...
...The STFU's major historian, Donald Grubbs, insists that the union collapsed in 1939...
...Who can say that "events" prove a certain position correct when history, as the recent bloodbath in Cambodia demonstrates, does not pause to render a final judgment...
...By exploring the far-reaching implications of the presence of Lockeanism and the absence of feudalism in American history, Hartz could explain how liberalism absorbed America and precluded the development of an aristocracy on the right and a radical working class and socialist movement on the left...
...Her book's thesis has two basic components...
...On the one side stands the liberal as democratic moralist, convinced that the problems of freedom and justice can be resolved once the forces of oppression are exposed by mind and pen...
...To pay $25 in restitution per week, even if it were for the remainder of the victim's natural life, could never compensate for blindness or the pain of crippling injuries...
...In a planned work on Dostoevsky (The Theory of the Novel is part of this project), a confrontation between what Hegelians call "objective spirit," the state and religious institutions, and what Lukacs calls "soul" is projected...
...Over the years, the union's long struggle kept alive the interest in farm labor of such unionists as Walter Reuther who gave the United Farm Workers much needed financial support...
...It may be difficult for liberals to uphold their own principles and still align themselves with the cause of social revolution abroad, and it may be difficult for Marxists to see anything worth salvaging in America's liberal tradition...
...For the knowledgeable reader, weaving one's way through the maze of events and personalities is an exciting expedition into the past...
...He does not go so far as to suggest that survival of the fittest is operative here (what would the fittest ideas be...
...In her final chapter, "Agenda for Reform," the judge enumerates several other possible means of curtailing violent crimes...
...the act of faith required for wagering on the collapse of capitalism and on the final victory of socialism was thoroughly alien to these heirs of the Enlightenment...
...Yet the apparent incompatibility of these two ideologies need not preclude one from supporting the human needs and aspirations that give rise to both Marxism and liberalism justice and freedom...
...16.95...
...This is not a phenomenon limited to the discussion of justice with regard to the rights of sex...
...Robert Dallek's magisterial book is a recreation and cautious defense of FDR's road to and from Yalta...
...But neither can Judge Forer ignore the fact that— every penalty must provide for the needs of the victim, society, and the offender...
...THERE is a large dose of cynicism—not skepticism —in Cochran's remarks on current labor...
...The conviction, first enunciated by David Hume, that one cannot draw lessons from historical experience based on causal understanding found its most powerful expression in America in the writings of Henry Adams, the quintessential figure of post-Enlightenment skepticism...
...IN REFLECTING on the causes for the Russian intervention, aside from the desire for absolute control within their zone of hegemony, Mlynar sees another major factor in "the competing interests of a power struggle in the Soviet leadership...
...But even as he expanded his diplomatic tools Roosevelt continued to move cautiously...
...Thus anti-Stalinism remains as confusing to McWilliams as anti99 Jacobinism was to Jefferson, and in the 1950s the Nation provided the major vehicle through which intellectuals could express opposition to the Cold War and still reach a relatively large liberal audience...
...256 pp...
...With American entry into the War, Dallek tries to show how two goals— first, the maintenance of a public consensus for his internationalist policies and second, the use of all available means to end the war as quickly as possible with as few American casualties as possible—guided FDR from the deal with Darlan on French North Africa to the deal with Stalin regarding Poland and China at Yalta...
...it was appealing to the public and trying to recruit members to its cause as an American radical organization of a Marxian type...
...q Barnard Gage Mean Things MEAN THINGS HAPPENING IN THIS LAND: THE LIFE AND TIMES OF H. L. MITCHELL, by H. L. Mitchell...
...Dallek has mined the Englishlanguage sources to argue that Roosevelt was not the seat-of-the-pants improviser of so many accounts...
...To lawyers and appellate courts, a trial is of great importance...
...He did not consider himself a critic, since he was "interested only in the axiology and philosophy of history of works, not in the works themselves...
...Lukacs must have seen the revolutionary upheavals at the end of World War I as the beginning of the realization of his vision of man who is no longer alienated and and who is "everywhere at home...
...Nor does he appear less a Reuther-baiter now than he was in 1946—a regrettable bias in an otherwise fine study...
...Thus Carey McWilliams tells us that his early liberal idealism "survived some punishing and bitter experience" by virtue of a "fusion with a radical view" of history and politics...
...Can any modern ideology claim to have successfully interpreted, not to say predicted, the course of history in the last 50 years...
...for a redefinition of democracy as a method rather than as an end, and as a polyarchy of interest groups rather than a mere expression of popular majorities...
...Unfortunately, most American historians have dismissed Hartz as praising the "uniqueness" of American liberalism and the "autonomy of American history...
...14.95...
...When France pulled out of Indochina and America later moved in, the roles now seemed reversed as though Dewey, not Descartes, had whispered to de Gaulle while John Foster Dulles and Dean Rusk, ignoring Dewey's advice that future events are contingent rather than necessary, confused their experiences in the '30s with the realities of the '50s and '60s and saw in Dienbienphu the analogue to Munich...
...The impelling force of Lukacs's book was the search and discovery of a historic subject capable of achieving the realm of freedom...
...Cloth, $25.00...
...It is clear, as this book reminds us, that we must ask again and again what knowledge is used, what it is used for, and who are its ultimate consumers...
...Thus Hartz's thesis does much to help us understand the two problems that have troubled McWilliams and other contemporary liberals— McCarthyism and the Cold War...
...Now Mitchell is a working-class activist who has also become a self-conscious informant to historians...
...He is only a witness, no different from the bystander who happens to see a holdup or an automobile accident...
...Some observers claim that the union was simply a victim of the McCarthy scare...
...Why was the time right in the 20th century for those philosophical questions that explored the creative and leadership qualities in human nature but still not right to recognize these qualities in women...
...In imposing a penalty, should the judge simply ignore Reginald's background...
...Even though Judge Forer has avoided all taint of ideology, she has in this last chapter sided with traditional liberal humanism...
...A few statistics comparing the union membership to the surrounding population would be helpful...
...371 pp...
...Paul Ernst or CharlesLouis Philippe may be forgotten by all but specialists in the minor works of German or French literature—yet these writers are alive for readers of Lukacs's early work, now reissued in German and translated into English, French, and Italian...
...These shortcomings should be taken as an invitation to historians to get to work...
...Forer is most persuasive when she describes the erratic nature of most criminal behavior, its irrationality, and how this single factor has been the downfall of rehabilitation...
...What do the left and right have in common that separates them from the skepticism of Adams and his modern heirs...
...Segregated locals existed only in all-black or all-white districts...
...Others, such as Ellsberg and Schlesinger, changed their minds and either leaked information or exposed the fallacies of the Munich parallel and the collapsing domino metaphor...
...In civil cases, the plaintiff may be poor and illiterate and the defendant may be a billion-dollar corporation or vice-versa...
...q Fred Siegel Yalta and Poland FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT AND AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY, 1932-1945, by Robert Dallek...
...About 25 years ago, when the work of George Lukacs—and especially of the young Lukacswas hardly known outside a rather restricted circle, it was easy to see what motivated his interpreters in wanting to find a new audience for him: they expected that his critique of cultural history and social theory would enable them to claim a tradition for their own work...
...10.95...
...Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press...
...Trained five years for high office at the Moscow University Law School, and his mind (and doubts) later sharpened at the Prague Academy of Science, he combines in his reflections the firsthand experience of a participant with a dispassionate analytical approach...
...and for the first time he [FDR] referred publicly to his paralyzed legs," as he tried to calm and cajole Congress with his anecdotal account of how Yalta would turn out all right...
...In the later work of Marx, "the Enlightenment root (faith in science and technology) blossomed while its Romantic half was snuffed out...
...Neither offers any statistics, so it is difficult to judge...
...Mlynar traces the Spring's explosion to the coinciding activity from above and below...
...317 pp...
...The crisis of modern liberalism can be traced to the late 19th-century crisis of knowledge in general...
...The theoretical aim of modern liberalism, after all, is to question conventional beliefs, not establish indubitable truths, and who can say that the liberals were not correct in questioning the claims of socialism and Marxism and in their own defense of pluralism and pragmatism...
...How does one evaluate political ideas in terms of the real world of events...
...Consider the issue of tolerance...
...FDR assumed, on the basis of some gestures of good will by the Russians and extensive conversations with Stalin, that Russia's recognition of the need for good relations with the U.S...
...Cochran details how many times the CP union leaders were either dupes or victims of party policy...
...Despite stories about former KKK members urging their union to integrate their locals and similar anecdotal evidence, Mark Naison, a young historian, has charged the union with implicitly racist conduct—a claim based on the slight preponderance of segregated over integrated locals...
...No political party ever destroyed its union leaders more systematically than the CP, and this story is well told by Cochran...
...After joining the international, the STFU leaders found themselves in disagreement with its 104 officers and appealed to the CIO...
...Fowler and others are convinced that Vietnam 102 and the Cold War must be comprehended as intellectual history, the product of a mentality or mode of reasoning...
...Arato and Breines, the joint authors of this fine book, may find this claim somewhat excessive...
...In the mean time we should thank Mitchell for an important job well done, for telling the entire history of the union for the first time, and for suggesting that the most interesting and convincing interpretation of the union's history is yet to be written...
...questions: What are we to do with Reginald...
...There is much to be said for Cochran's general thesis that the conflict involving the Communist party in unions in modern times helped shape American unions...
...As we have seen, the social critique of the pre-Marxist Lukacs was also prompted by Romantic anticapitalism...
...To the military, in Mlynar's judgment, the newly gained influence in Africa, Latin America, and elsewhere was not sufficient compensation for the loss of absolute control within the Soviet empire proper...
...The self-destruct policies of the CP—and other groups—led to the demise of radicalism in the American labor movement...
...Toward that end, at Yalta, Roosevelt proposed and Stalin acceded to the formula of a Polish government whose core would be attached to Moscow but that would also include representatives of the Polish government, which was in exile in London during the War...
...After testing, he was not found to be psychotic...
...The difficulty with this interpretation is that it is hard to reconcile Dallek's picture of Roosevelt, the perceptive diplomat, with a decision to confront the Russians over Poland...
...Although history seems to have discredited all sides of the political spectrum, the relationship between knowledge and politics is seldom recognized as a problem, providing one keeps the faith...
...As FDR told Stalin, "Genuine popular support in the U.S...
...Adams understood that William James's "The Will To Believe" was based on nothing more than the subjective desire of human need, and he also recognized the futility of challenging a liberal philosophy that tells us it is better to pursue truth than to possess it...
...Redefined simply as a "process," liberalism no longer constituted a body of knowledge or a definition of justice but merely a way of settling disputes over knowledge and justice...
...In fact, all union meetings were open to both races, and when black children on a union-run cooperative farm were sent to segregated public schools the union established classes to supplement their education...
...Gregory Bateson, in his book Steps to an Ecology of Mind, asks if there is some sort of natural selection that determines the survival of some ideas and the extinction of others...
...outer world space belongs to the men...
...For the uninitiated, however, it must be a political nightmare...
...Indeed, how does one challenge liberalism...
...As Lois Forer herself admits, 107 .. books dealing with crime and punishment have been written by philosophers and sociologists...
...Values had to be defended against those who were seen to be the vulgarians and authoritarians of the left...
...These ideals are at first presented in an elitist setting but later, under the influence of Russian Social Revolutionaries, they are reaffirmed on a collectivist foundation...
...she thinks, then acts accordingly...
...Ironically, the isolationist restrictions on presidential actions led FDR to employ the secret diplomacy and public propaganda the noninterventionists justifiably feared...
...Alienated from the main currents of American history, the disparate minds of Buckley, Marcuse, and Wills are haunted by a common specter—the political philosophy of John Locke...
...Mlynar's own position was a centrist one, between the ardent reform Communists on one side, and the small, more or less openly Russiaoriented faction on the other...
...Looking at a (selected) chronology of Western political thought as identified in the works of Plato, Aristotle, Rousseau, and John Stuart Mill, and those of two major social scientists of our time, Talcott Parsons and Erik Erikson, Susan Okin shows how the lines of thinking that legitimate the curtailment of rights for women have endured while at the same time they argue for individual rights and freedoms...
...Okin does not explore the connection between the family and the economic and political systems...
...But the healthy female, according to the "common" view, is opposite...
...Furthermore, the viability and relative success of American capitalism, emerging after the Great Depression and the devastations of World War II, cannot be underestimated in shaping both the course of labor and radicalism in the United States...
...Indeed, those views suggesting that women are deserving and competent to administer individual and collective freedoms have been neglected throughout cultural history though effectively argued by such thinkers as Plato and Mill whose other ideas survived...
...Dubcek held onto his illusions even in the face of Kadar's barely veiled dramatic last-minute warning of the imminence of the invasion, which ended in Kadar's incredulous question: "Do you 113 really not know the kind of people you are dealing with...
...But Inventing America provides merely the latest evidence that the right and left refuse to accept the enduring liberal nature of an American political tradition characterized by, to paraphrase Hofstadter, property and cupidity rather than fraternity and morality...
...A third theory, which Mitchell prefers, explains the change in the union through the increasing disenfranchisement of the sharecroppers and the increasing number of farm workers in the field...
...However, Dubcek's lack of decisiveness allowed the long-suppressed liberating stream to overflow...
...Perhaps the book's best chapter is devoted to the issue of the political strikes in the defense period up to World War II...
...ARATO AND BREINES RIGHTLY INSIST that Lukacs's choice of communism and Marxism in December 1918 must be understood in the light of his earlier cultural critique of capitalism...
...And then he said in so many words that they would have undertaken the military intervention in Czechoslovakia even if the risk had existed...
...Cesar Chavez, who was picket captain in the DiGiorgio strike, has suggested yet another cause: since it was organized through mass meetings rather than on a more intimate basis, he argues, the union had a high turnover in membership...
...Bewitched by the image of "dominoes" collapsing in succession as though history were a chessboard of predictable power moves, the cold warriors became the "inevitablists" of our time...
...The American delegation left Yalta elated...
...However, Cochran balances his critique with a reminder that an AFL-led textile strike suffered the same brutal consequences, even if run by the respectable unionist (and later an assistant secretary of labor) Edward P. Grady...
...The tension between normative and descriptive claims, between objective possibility and reality was unacceptable to the onedimensional ideologues of communism...
...His greater prestige and reputation as an advocate of Soviet-American friendship would have made it easier for him than Truman to muster" what is crucial for Dallek: "public support for a hard line...
...is required to carry out a government policy, foreign or domestic...
...THE INTELLECTUALS DEALT WITH in Robert Fowler's Believing Skeptics—Daniel Bell, Daniel Boorstin, Robert Dahl, Peter Gay, Richard Hofstadter, Sidney Hook, Hans Morgenthau, Reinhold Niebuhr, Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., and Judith Shklarrepresent the opposite tendency in American liberalism, and one that is, ironically, closer to the tradition of historical skepticism in The Education of Henry Adams...
...The anticommunism of the'S0s was made possible not only by prior international events but also by the historical absence of a substantial and enduring indigenous radicalism whose established political legitimacy might have eased public fears of foreign treason and subversion...
...Fowler compares Herbert Marcuse's A Critique of Pure Tolerance to William Buckley's earlier God and Man at Yale, a comparison presumably intended to bolster the author's argument that liberal pluralism cannot countenance ideas and movements that pose a threat to the premises of liberal consensus itself...
...These were the times of Romantic Marxism, when the alienated were expected to liberate themselves and society through their own 112 revolutionary action...
...The only one to hold out was Frantisek Kriegel, the man called "that Galician Jew" by Piotr Shelest of the Soviet Politbureau, whom the Russians at first had refused to deal with, and whom they had already held captive and had released only when some of the Czech leaders refused to return without him...
...Nor did they prepare against it—either by mobilizing the workers or by looking for political support abroad...
...But] there is one significant difference: the plaintiffs seat is empty...
...While America's isolationists were misreading European events in a vain attempt to retroactively prevent the outbreak of World War!, FDR was trying to detail a forceful diplomatic response to German expansionism...
...Why some ideas are picked up and developed and others lie fallow is a question insufficiently addressed by the sociology of knowledge...
...333 pp...
...But the worth of her book has less to do with political factions than with simple compassion...
...But throughout the book Cochran also debunks the mythology in the spate of books by ex-radical and CP writers who depict themselves solely as working-class militants fighting capitalism...
...In Western industrialized countries the deterministic aspects of Marxism were emphasized, because the organized industrial workers were quite successful in gaining gradual improvements...
...These are the qualities of the healthy male...
...It revealed both the tensions at work beneath the surface of the Soviet-dominated world and the Russians' determination to maintain their control regardless of cost...
...Carey McWilliams's autobiography reads as though political thought and action need demonstrate little more than a spontaneous response to social injustice wherever it rears up...
...The union's papers do make it clear that most of the locals outside Arkansas subsided into inactivity and confusion in 1939...
Vol. 28 • January 1981 • No. 1
