Reviews
Bensman, David & Coser, Lewis & Hausknecht, Murray & Coser, Rose Laub
HERE TO STAY: AMERICAN FAMILIES IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY, by Mary Jo Bane. New York: Basic Books. 195 pp. $11.50. Conservatives panic at the thought of the demise of the American family; utopians...
...In Rhode Island in 1875, for example, 18 percent of the families included live-in relatives...
...as it turns to contemporary problems, the writing becomes forceful and specific, alternately ironic and angry...
...By 1975, despite rising divorce rates, only 2.7 percent of children under 14 lived with neither of their parents...
...8.95 's scarcity inevitable in post-OPEC America, where natural resources are in ever shorter supply and the terms of trade continue to deteriorate...
...Even if in places it calls forth some disagreements, Bane's book is thought-provoking and refreshing...
...the little girl sits back, leaning against mother's bosom...
...Surely not all mothers are good mothers, just as not all fathers are good fathers...
...Segregation also meant, as it still means, that opportunities open to others were closed to blacks...
...Lasky has gathered file cards upon file cards with obsessive diligence, and he now disgorges all these Lese/ruechte in one inchoate heap...
...he does not discuss what kind of political movement would be necessary to promulgate the reforms he proposes, nor does he deal with the sort of opposition his programs would provoke...
...Jacob Mincer and Solomon Polachek (in the Journal of Political Economy for March...
...it is perhaps a more bitter thing to be proclaimed free and still be denied human status...
...Whether mothers stay home or not, the most important change that has been introduced in the lives of children in the last quarter of a century is television...
...I think the notion of "claim" helps Bane's argument...
...This contrasts with 12 percent of the marriages contracted by women born in 1900-1904...
...A study of 1,300 Syracuse families in 1967-68 showed that the average nonworking mother 213 spent 66 minutes a day in physical care of all family members and 48 minutes in other sorts of care on a typical weekday during the school year...
...I disagree with some of Tyler's analyses...
...Working mothers generate work not only for child-care center personnel, but for other services as well...
...He wishes to "document" that all such sweet dreams necessarily end up in nightmares...
...Glick and Norton of the Census Bureau predict that 30 to 40 percent of marriages by women born between 1940 and 1944 will end in divorce...
...The challenge was met by a Lyndon Johnson-inspired compromise to seat two Freedom Democrats and a promise to outlaw discriminatory practices in the party...
...We must recognize that with the strengthening of boundaries between generations, with the increasing financial independence—alleged or real— of the aged and the downplaying of tradition, old people today don't have the claim on their children they used to have...
...A reason to be skeptical: even at our present slow rate of population growth, future housing needs far outstrip any conceivable "New Cities" program...
...But again Bane looks at this from the standpoint of the children and asks how much less time working mothers spend with their children than do nonworking mothers: [A] national study done in 1965 found that the average nonworking mother spent 1.4 hours per day on child care...
...Where such effects are shown, the author wisely remarks, they occur in the context of poverty or other family difficulties...
...utopians call for its abolition...
...Thus Rustin, then and now...
...The deterioration of New York, Detroit, and Newark can only he solved by federal programs directly (rowinur(/ on page 224) 220 aimed at reviving their economies...
...Her reason is not one of principle or philosophy, but rather economic efficiency...
...But then the book shifts into high gear...
...If many of 214 the aged "prefer" not to live with their children's families, it is because they have learned to choose an alternative more or less imposed by the weakening of generational bonds...
...a commitment to a social and psychological black identification stimulated by the movement...
...How sweet to Lasky to be able to "report the subsequent careers of some erstwhile Levelers: Winstanley becomes a Quaker quietist...
...To overcome the barriers to jobs, education, and housing would require power, and the vote was a critical part of that needed power...
...it would make reform easier, and could be achieved, for the near future, if we had significant action on antitrust legislation, tax reform, federal planning, and investment...
...For a brief period most adult southern blacks were able to vote and elect legislators in the former Confederate states, but by the last decade of the century southern blacks were effectively disenfranchised by a combination of legal mechanisms and brute intimidation...
...He still advocates the "New Cities" proposal of the Johnson years, arguing that if the federal government were to stimulate the construction of a large number of cities of moderate size, these could take some of the burden off the deteriorating cities of the North, permitting the latter to achieve a new equilibrium at reduced population levels...
...Bane rejects day-care centers, as she rejects requirements that employers treat maternity as temporary disability, grant nonprejudicial maternity and child-care leaves, or that the government subsidize these...
...Such are the types for whom Lasky reserves his admiration...
...The average sixth-grade child watches TV about 31 hours a week...
...Both seem to agree that equality for women is not compatible with family life...
...It is not a mother's continuous presence (which may do the child more harm than good) that is needed, but the continuous conviction that she can be called upon...
...King's moral rhetoric, combined with the ideology of nonviolence and the skillful exploitation of the attacks on peaceful demonstrators, took advantage of the moral uneasiness experienced by Americans...
...He was a black Baptist preacher and the black church was "the only institution indigenous to the black community...
...The same Syracuse study found that the difference in the amount of time working and nonworking mothers spend exclusively with their children is exceedingly small...
...Plus S-a change, plus ca reste !a meme chose...
...Lasky makes no attempt to explain the emergence of utopian ideas in terms of the ills of the 219 age, or the hatefulness of social conditions...
...For without such changes child-care centers would not accomplish all that much...
...In the U.S., the nuclear family has always been the modal type, and the change that has occurred is smaller than nostalgia would make us believe...
...Reciprocities between the generations have been weakening...
...If the fight against enfranchisement was to preserve the practical benefits of White Supremacy, the battle for suffrage in Congress also had its pragmatic aspect...
...And if households are smaller because of lower fertility, argues the author, children are not necessarily worse off...
...When blacks obtained and cast ballots in large numbers, they would shatter the myths perpetuated by whites about Negro apathy and contentment...
...Beware of the evils of extremist thought, he counsels the reader, never leave the "high middle ground" of incremental reform, stick to pedestrian routines of politics and thought, recognize that "all change is piecemeal" (p...
...But in the middle and upper class also (which could afford to pay for child-care centers, and should) mothers who have a free choice of careers would be happier, in better mental condition, hence make happier families...
...But Gus Tyler is original and adventuresome...
...The governing political principle had not changed much from Rustin's description of the way it operated during the New Deal: "Whatever his own sentiments might have been, FDR's political impulse was to ignore the complaints of blacks for fear that any positive action would divide the Democratic party and deal a mortal blow to his domestic program...
...She also shows that 95 percent of Americans marry at least once, that married men and women report more happiness than do singles, and that marriage is generally beneficial to people...
...At the same time the movement suggested a way of alleviating discomfort...
...Suffrage bills, Republican and Democratic alike, had to be "trimmed to suit a variety of political figures...
...Lasky piles quotes upon quotes, cites literally hundreds of authorities in the manner of medieval scholastics, and ends up with a concoction that is as undigestible as it is unreadable...
...245 pp...
...She argues that equal rights for women at work and in the home are compatible with family life...
...It is not inevitable, Gus Tyler argues...
...The other side of the coin was that while the maintenance of White Supremacy committed whites to measures subverting the freedom and dignity of black people, each episode of violence and each new legal device—poll taxes, literacy tests—drew attention to the legal and moral codes that were being violated...
...The southern politician, Lawson says, "instinctively understood that enfranchisement would crack the white-supremacist edifice...
...For individuals the right to vote is a public recognition of their status as citizens...
...These were broad social and economic goals relating to income, employment, skills, and education, and the problems of urban ghettos...
...To explain the fact that children do not take their parents into their households with the regularity they did in the past, we do not have to choose between Bane's explanation that either there may be "less need" for this or that American children are "more wicked" than in the past...
...Immediately following the Civil War it seemed as if the ex-slave had achieved the formal rights of citizenship, that is, the necessary condition for eventually becoming part of the society...
...He reminds us in his conclusion that "the issues of economic democracy confront us still...
...Family life benefits men more than women: married men are in better physical and emotional health and are more successful than the single, divorced, or widowed, and their death rates are lower...
...Faced with "mass action," Roosevelt acceded to the demands for the creation of a Fair Employment Practices Commission...
...If it is true, as she also shows, that women are happier at work than in the household, it is worth helping create conditions that make happier mothers, for they will make happier children as well...
...King and his fellow preachers, who eventually became the leadership of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, were able to evoke the courage and perseverance of ordinary people in the face of white retaliation, because leaders and followers were linked by real communal bonds...
...20 (cloth...
...however unlikely it is that such programs will be adopted, there is no substitute for them...
...Men may well come to realize that their own well-being is well served by having a working wife...
...Bane exposes the myth that the extended family has prevailed in the past...
...But remember its price...
...Segregation meant that the disjunction between the blacks' formally free status and their actual status made their situation more galling than ever...
...There is no structure to this work, no discernible progression of argument, only a wearisome succession of citations...
...It took another 10 years of bitter fighting to pass the Voting Rights Act of 1965...
...Dissent editor Michael Walzer turns out in these pages to be "a young Marxist commentator who has turned from a diet of Lenin and Trotsky to John Milton and John Knox...
...A few examples will suffice...
...Rather than asking how many couples split, she asks how many children experience the loss of a parent...
...I believe that such laws would be tremendously helpful in providing the social support needed for changes in familial division of labor to assure equality between men and women...
...And if there were redistribution, working- and middleclass people, rather than the poor, would be most likely to settle the new towns: this would exacerbate, rather than solve, current problems...
...This compares with 7.5 percent of American families in 1970...
...These goals are not easily "translated into legislation," and when the attempt is made, as in Johnson's Great Society programs, they are not sympathetically received as solutions to moral unease...
...It is one thing to be a slave and have your humanity denied...
...It is not necessary to downplay, as Bane does, the change that has occurred in the living arrangements of the aged...
...I would like to argue strongly for public support, even if nonparents will thereby subsidize parents and if mothers who choose to stay home will thereby subsidize those who do not...
...New York: Quadrangle/The New York Times Book Co...
...It insisted on nonviolence and its "program was not utopian...
...mother would still pick up the children and take them there, and she would still be responsible for taking care of illness or for securing the necessary household help...
...Just as the public pays for social security and should pay for health for all, those who do not have children should help pay for those who do...
...Whatever the validity of that position, it ignores some important functions of the vote...
...Replete with significant data from a wide variety of government and private reports, Scarcit.l' takes up OPEC, multinational corporations, agricultural policy, the decline of northern cities, and he subsumes them all in a persuasive, coherent framework...
...This is,especially important, as Bane also notes, in a society otherwise consisting of segmented relationships...
...to Clarendon, whom an entire generation would once have considered the very sign of the Beast...
...These facts of political life meant that the reformers...
...This cannot be done without child-care centers, and parental leave would help as well (in Sweden both parents are given seven months to be divided between them, at 90 percent pay...
...You must be prepared to compromise, to make and accept concessions...
...Quite, probably they also made the difference between victory and defeat in some key northern states...
...Just as there can be a "false presence" on the part of a nonworking mother, so there can be a genuine emotional presence on the part of a working mother...
...The struggle to achieve a more humane economic order will not be fought along racial lines but will be defined by broader class realities...
...Most are partly good and partly not so good...
...A major consideration behind the introduction of a civil rights bill in 1956 was the calculation by Herbert Brownell, Eisenhower's AttorneyGeneral and most trusted political adviser, that the Negro vote could swing that year's congressional elections in favor of the Republicans...
...Some measure of the difficulties experienced in getting to that point is found in the fact that the first suit to overthrow the legality of the white primary began in 1924, and it took a full 20 years before the Supreme Court finally killed the 216 institution...
...Lest I be accused of implying that "money is more important than caring for children," let me hasten to add that such amounts buy a lot of leisure and togetherness for a family...
...Under conditions of inequality in the home, pressing for child-care centers or similar supportive institutions would only emphasize that it is the woman, and not the man, who has to get relief from parenting...
...Divorce is the scareword to those who sound the alarm...
...First, it explains much of the desirability of the family as an institution—as against adults simply living under one roof...
...For the morally calloused who were nonetheless frightened of the social and political implications of "mass action," support of the civil rights legislation seemed to be a way to defuse the situation...
...STRATEGIES FOR FREEDOM: THE CHANGING PATTERNS OF BLACK PROTEST, by Bayard Rustin...
...For southern blacks there must be a kind of satisfaction unknown to others in merely entering a voting booth...
...The confrontation between the Mississippi 217 Freedom Democratic party (MFDP) and the movement leadership at the 1964 Democratic party convention captures some important difficulties the movement encountered...
...What remains to be done and the difficulties to be overcome are spelled out by Rustin in his closing pages...
...Despite this dramatic change, Bane shows that the vast majority of divorced people remarry...
...Two pages, taken at random (58-59), mention or quote from the following: Darwin, Keynes, Max Weber, Marx, Nietzsche, Spengler, Toynbee, Kierkegaard, Proudhon, Eliade, Reinhold Niebuhr, and Karl Loewith...
...The movement fostered the emergence of local political interests that sometimes ran counter to the broader, long-term interests of all blacks...
...From this perspective children largely are better off today than they were in the past when more of them were orphaned at an earlier age, and when, owing to higher fertility, a larger proportion of children were born to older parents...
...The little boy looks into the distance and points ahead with his finger...
...Tell this to Lenin or Trotsky, to Saint Just or Danton, even to Chairman Mao—all men who agonized in public as well as in private about the enormous distance still to be traversed between the revolutionary upheaval and the stable institutionalization of the revolutionary achievements...
...In Bane's own words, "demographic materials suggest that the decline of the family's role in caring for children is more myth than fact...
...In fact, single parents do not have a claim on relatives to be taken into their households, and thus they "prefer" to live by themselves...
...Both mother and father clearly focus their expressions of delight and hope on the little boy...
...Her courageous act was the immediate cause of a sustained, successful political action by an entire black community and the emergence of Martin Luther King as a national leader...
...The culture of the black community also legitimated the "almost complete autonomy" of the preacher within his church, and that autocratic structure, carried over into the SCLC, was highly functional for a movement facing one crisis after another...
...Lasky wants to be taken seriously as an intellectual historian, but he is most of the time nothing but an embittered polemicist...
...when you are working within the political system, you can no longer deal in absolute terms...
...If in the next ten years we move a little way toward that more humane society, it will be in part the result of the gains made ten years ago by the civil rights movement...
...a political effort, mainly by young people, which had cost the lives of three of them...
...Moreover, Tyler achieves an unusual feat...
...Nor ought one to underestimate the satisfaction of these same minorities when a candidate who clearly identifies with their interests, whether a member of the same group as the voters or not, is elected—the more oppressive the group's situation the greater the satisfaction derived from an electoral victory...
...166), lest you stray into the quagmire of the politics of the impossible...
...It is possible to argue that Americans place too much emphasis on the right to vote...
...That is, if the movement failed to achieve its ultimate goal of integration, it succeeded in the not inconsiderable task of providing the necessary means and conditions for future success...
...He does not follow Frank Manuel when the latter writes that "Utopia provides what men most keenly miss," that "Some Utopian dreams express so forcefully a poignant longing of masses of men that their words reverberate for centuries...
...The author avers that "when the revolution is prized as the perfect method for the perfect result, it guarantees paradise at a stroke...
...for the woman with less than high school education it is almost $8,000...
...Further, while children need mothers and fathers for emotional growth several hours a day and a day or two a week, we still don't know what the best balance is between emotional closeness at home and professional care...
...Indeed, Scarcity is probably the first book suitable for workers' education classes to appear since the Sextons' Blue Collars and Hard Hats...
...support of civil rights legislation could relieve moral distress...
...Tyler's radical measures might provoke a strike of capital and severe economic dislocation...
...Not much more than a compendium of instances meant to show that generous dreamers have always bewitched mankind into believing that the burdens of Adam's curse might yet be lifted from the shoulders of suffering humanity...
...AS I READ BANE as a sociologist, she seems to say that we cannot deduce from individual dissolutions of marriages that the family as a social institution has been weakening...
...Given this kind of thinking it should suprise no one when reminded that Richard M. Nixon had a very good reputation among civil rights groups...
...This belated contribution to the end-of-ideology thesis is conceived as a grand attack on all utopian thought...
...I agree with her, for I am convinced that as long as children have at least one parent, they have someone on whom they have a legitimate claim—whether or not mother is home all day...
...WHAT THEN has Lasky wrought...
...The inherent contradictions were recognized by King who is quoted by Lawson as saying to a Freedom Democrat about the compromise, "Being a Negro leader, I want you to take this, but if I were a Mississippi Negro, I would vote against it...
...If the federal government were to build up 100 cities of 100,000 people each in the next 30 years, that would provide new housing for only 10 million people...
...It is a pleasure to see the feminist stance put forward with such poised reasoning...
...Their success was partly the result of a rising social and racial consciousness...
...I cannot disagree with Tyler's argument for economic growth...
...When he can quote Marchmont Nedham, an erstwhile Cromwellian revolutionary, who later wrote, "'Tis a damn'd Cause, that damns the Laws, And turns all up-side down," Lasky can hardly contain his admiration...
...What Rustin says about the 1963 March on Washington applies in significant degree to the movement as a whole...
...The individualistic bias of Bane's philosophy is also present now in her treatment of child-care centers or other solutions that would make maternity less restricting for women...
...To recognize that there is today more of a breakdown of reciprocities between generations would not detract from her main point about the stability of the family as an institution...
...The civil rights movement was sparked by the 1954 Supreme Court decision and Mrs...
...I assume that the author is not responsible for the dust jacket...
...Child-care centers would help alleviate the problems that beset the poor and single-parent families and could lead to a reduction in juvenile crime, child abuse, and battered children...
...Unfortunately the first three chapters are weak: Tyler gives a historical overview that is too sweeping, scattered and abstract, though never simplistic...
...The conventional historical monograph is a signal that there is an intelligible pattern of events distinguishable from those that preceded it and those to come...
...There is no evidence that having a working mother per se has harmful effects on children...
...his book is not the least bit stale...
...Unconcerned about the unhinged times in which utopian longings typically arise, he concentrates attention upon what he feels are unhinged minds...
...Instead, she favors arrangements between spouses in contractual form that get the support of the law, specifying the division of labor upon which the marital partners will agree, or the various alternatives they may envisage to divide the burdens of child care equally between them...
...Nor is it threatened by smaller households, a larger incidence of divorce, and women's work outside the home, three factors often taken as indices of the "crumbling of the American family," with warnings of the massive neglect of children...
...Of course, this is a dilemma no liberal or socialist writer has overcome...
...The Montgomery bus boycott demonstrated that blacks could unite for political and economic ends once they knew the federal government would not leave them entirely at the mercy of local forces...
...Countering such conceits, Mary Jo Bane, a feminist, presents us with a persuasive argument that, as in the past, changes in family structure do not threaten the family as an institution...
...A society endures costs in order to implement its values...
...YET I BELIEVE that Bane is mistaken in rejecting child-care centers...
...The MFDPchallenged the regular Mississippi delegation because blacks had not been permitted to participate in its selection...
...6.95 (paper...
...As it turns out in Lasky's vision, even those utopian rebels or revolutionary thinkers who were not sick, sick, sick themselves have only served to accentuate the ills of their society...
...Bane does not seem to pay sufficient attention to the fact that even though kin do help each other out, it is becoming more and more a matter of choice, since the obligation to do so has lost its firmness...
...There is, however, one redeeming feature: keep the book on your shelves right next to the Thesaurus, it is a splendid source for usable quotations...
...Max Scheler once pointed out that the renegade has as his chief goal to "engage in a continuous chain of acts of revenge on his spiritual past...
...Columbia University Press...
...q David Bensman The Problem of Scarcity SCARCITY: A CRITIQUE OF THE AMERICAN ECONOMY, by Gus Tyler...
...This, in my opinion, is a mischievous book...
...It was too much to ask of those sharing this hope that they recognize the hard requirements of "working within the political system...
...What Rose L. Coser once wrote about another book applies to this one as well: it has not been written, it has been assembled...
...This contrasts with an average of 19 hours children spend in school...
...While these advantages accrue to women as well, they accrue to men to a much larger extent...
...With civil rights legislation passed, the movement had to concentrate its energies on other goals...
...Just as young people whose marriages got disrupted through divorce do not have a firm claim on their parents to be taken back into the parental family, so the aged whose marriages have been disrupted through death don't have a claim on the next generation to be taken into the younger household...
...In his eyes, the enthusiastic poet Wordsworth, who once believed that it was a "joy to be alive" in the age of the French Revolution, is only redeemed when as an old man he wrote of the "pestilence of revolution, impiously unbound...
...In Lasky's view it is better to recant than to persist, but it is far better still to become a complete renegade...
...they may mean that we no longer tolerate intolerable marriages because we have alternatives...
...And this also benefits society...
...There is some evidence that "where the mother's employment is not a symptom of deeper family trouble, children seem not to turn out any differently from other children...
...She further calls attention to the fact that rising divorce rates don't necessarily mean more intolerable marriages...
...A moral uneasiness among whites was the obverse of the bitterness among blacks, and the only remedy for both was the integration of the blacks into the society...
...King's leadership was crucial, of course, but Rustin reminds us that King's success was not simply a matter of "charisma...
...The tasks are made all the more difficult because they involve goals that can only be attained by blacks and whites acting together in a society still bitterly divided along racial lines...
...As all social movements founded on the principles of freedom and equality tend to do, the civil rights movement created the conditions for its own fragmentation...
...his economic analysis is readable...
...A program of radical, pragmatic social reform could inaugurate a new era of economic growth and enable America to begin solving its urban and energy problems, improve health care, and provide decent housing for all...
...And just as traditionally there has been much false presence or real absence on the part of fathers in nondisrupted families, there can be—increasingly so with the change in sex roles—father's emotional presence whether he is at work or at home...
...They may have some disadvantages if they have fewer sisters and brothers, yet under these conditions they are faster in mental and physical development and tend to think better of themselves...
...Given a population increase several times that number, would there really be room for redistribution of very many urban dwellers...
...The MFDP represented the triumph of political action under the worst possible conditions...
...J immy Carter was able to recapture the South for the Democrats because he was the overwhelming favorite of the black voters...
...The basic elements of this vision "were fury and bewitchment—the fury comprising an allencompassing indictment of the evil of the old ways of living and believing, the bewitchment amounting to a transporting vision of the politics of paradise which would issue in society's salvation...
...it is that family members have a legitimate claim upon each other for such support, in all aspects of their lives together...
...And frustrations for reasons of being "cooped up" or the feeling that one has forfeited one's opportunities do not improve the quality of mothering...
...The failure of the movement to go beyond the point it reached in 1965 owed much to its successes...
...Melvin Lasky, editor of Encounter, here attempts to unmask all those who think like Condorcet that it is one of the glories of man's estate to dream of a better future...
...Chicago: The University of Chicago Press...
...had to accept bargains that more potent political brokers negotiated...
...82 pp...
...THE "high moral tone" of that leadership also helped...
...People learn to want to do what they have to do...
...726 pp...
...King and Rustin, aided by Walter Reuther and Joseph Rauh, urged acceptance of the compromise...
...In the meantime, Scarcity deserves to be read...
...Originally gathered as means to a rhetorical end, the file cards have gained functional autonomy...
...q Murray Hausknecht Black Ballots, Black Protest BLACK BALLOTS: VOTING RIGHTS IN THE SOUTH, 1944-1964, by Steven F. Lawson, New York: Columbia University Press, 474 pp...
...Similarly, the analysis of the contemporary civil rights movement by one of its leading strategists indicates that those within the movement, the historical actors, share with the professional historian the sense that an era has ended...
...Lasky averts his glance from the pain and frustration of troubled men and women so as to be able to defame those who attempted, often rather clumsily to be sure, to assuage human misery...
...q Lewis Coser Sweet Hopes of the Future Unmasked UTOPIA AND REVOLUTION, by Melvin J. Lasky...
...Rosa Parks's refusal to move to the back of the bus...
...April 1974) calculated that the cost per year for the average woman with college education who does not work over a fiveyear period is almost $17,000...
...Similarly, the pace of suffrage reform stepped up in the '60s as a result of the civil rights movement...
...Carter, then, may very well be the first American president who owes his election to blacks, and this marks the end of an era in American history...
...The ideological terrain is familiar...
...High unemployment and reduced purchasing power are the results of our monopolistic economic system and our inegalitarian social structure...
...Such support would help reduce family tensions and perhaps even the divorce rate...
...The difficulty was not simply the emergence of the centrifugal forces of parochial politics and the desperate ideologies of black separatism...
...But Bane's most telling argument comes when she looks at family disruptions from the vantage point of the children involved...
...In the short run, at the very least...
...It will, however, do little harm since very few readers will have the fortitude to wade through its author's formless prose...
...the restless radical conspirator, John Wildman, is knighted by King William for his sterling services as postmaster general: John Rogers abandons agitation for a career in medicine and dedicates a treatise...
...that we tend to believe once a group achieves voting rights a significant change in its circumstances automatically follows...
...The Freedom Democrats came to the convention animated by a hope that for the first time since Reconstruction the blacks of Mississippi could significantly control their own political fate, a hope that would not have been possible without the movement...
...35...
...A full-time mother does not seem to be needed as much as in the past just as, one might add to Bane's argument, a full-time cook or housewife is not needed when the food industry supplies goods formerly produced at home...
...having escaped from the author's control, they perform a ghostly dance of their own, dominating the work of the author much like commodities in Marx's vision came to dominate the men who created them...
...She argues that all these cases involve too much cost that would have to be borne by the public either as taxpayers or as consumers...
...That is to say, without the movement the enfranchisement of blacks would have been delayed even longer...
...But please let's not staff neighborhood play groups, as Bane suggests, with "elderly volunteers...
...Lasky is in his true element when he can point out how many among erstwhile utopians, revolutionaries, or root-and-branch reformers came to end up in their later life as guardians of the proprieties of the establishment...
...But Tyler tends to treat economic policy in a political vacuum...
...That impulse was effectively countered in 1941 by A. Philip Randolph's organization of The March on Washington...
...Dante and Joachim of Flores, Giordano Bruno and Milton, Comenius, Thomas More, as 218 well as their numerous intellectual descendants: all were victims of a utopian revolutionary vision...
...It is not just that family members protect each other, adults and children alike, and are a source of mutual support...
...The advantages accruing from professional care of children, especially those whose homes are ridden with poverty or other problems, and from having a happy mother at night and on weekends, will also come to those who don't have children, just as a higher educational level profits those who do and those who do not have school-age children...
...it could readily be translated into legislation," That legislation allowed the power of the government to be invoked by blacks in their struggle to become part of the society...
...one that, quite typically, he blew in 1960 when he remained silent while John Kennedy telephoned his sympathy and offer of assistance to Martin Luther King in a Georgia jail...
...in many ways Scarcity is a reaffirmation of the left Keynesian doctrine that many liberals and radicals were quick to abandon in the minidepression of 1974...
...5.95...
...Of married women with children under six, 40 percent were in the labor force in 1974 in contrast to 12 percent in 1950...
...In addition, children of divorced or widowed parents have increasingly continued to live with one parent instead of being sent to relatives or orphanages...
...The loss of voting rights was part of a series of actions leading to the segregation of southern life...
...it is an affirmation, and one that is crucial for minority groups, that they are indeed part of the society...
...It shows the photograph of a father and a mother, gloriously happy, holding on their laps two equally happy children—father a toddler boy, 215 mother a preschool girl...
...The necessary strategies and tactics are also less easily specified...
...Specifically, Tyler proposes renewed antitrust action, substantial tax reform, and increased federal planning and investment to stimulate those economic sectors the major corporations neglect...
...The real bete noire to those who worry about family stability is women's work...
...In the second place, the notion of "claim" would make her avoid such Pollyannaish statements as "Since single-parent families seem to live on their own whenever they can afford to, they must see advantages to the arrangement...
...q 224...
...the movement rose out of the structure and culture of the black community...
...Though More, alas, did not recant, Lasky is still happy to be able to report that in one of his late works, troubled and embittered about the temper of the times, More could write that he would be prepared "to [burn his own books and those of Erasmus] with mine own hands, rather than folke should (though through their own fault) take any harm of them...
...In the years to come Vietnam would make the attraction of "working within the political system" even more problematic to many young people who had been awakened to political consciousness by the rhetoric and deeds of a Rustin and a King...
...Condorcet, the great exemplar and martyr of the French Revolution, wrote under the shadow of death that "the friend of humanity can enjoy unmixed pleasure only by surrendering to the sweet hopes of the future...
...The March succeeded because it was the product of sound political philosophy and intelligent, responsible strategy...
...The appearance of the two books under consideration here signify an equivalent symbol...
Vol. 24 • April 1977 • No. 2
