A Unionist Remembers: Militant Unionism and Political Factions
Nash, Al
In Long Island City, not far from Manhattan, there are several old, dilapidated factory buildings that once were the site of the plant where 10,000 workers were building the Brewster Buffalo and...
...My ability to be elected lay in my socialist orientation...
...Collective bargaining was truly carried on by each steward day-by-day...
...When women began to enter the department, we added dancing to the meetings...
...The following episode, which occurred in 1944, may give some indication of the relationship between the pull of achievement and the pull of ethnicity among the workers...
...The equipment, of course, enabled us to urge department members to attend union meetings and to make important union announcements...
...In fact, how can I forget a bunch of real true Americans...
...Finally, there were such independent socialists and former radicals as Bernie Rifkin, Gabe DeAngelis (later assistant director of UAW Region 9), Jerry Harris (at present a UAW organizer), Sam Myers (current president of UAW Local 259), and myself...
...Some of the workers were former actors or vaudeville people and were pleased to perform before this enthusiastic audience...
...E thnicity was always a factor in intraunion and worker relationships...
...In April 1942, for example, the Navy took direct control of the plant, and there were rumors that we would be treated like sailors...
...We differed, however, because I felt that they were too loyal to De Lorenzo and hence insufficiently critical of the opportunitism and the occasional ruthless methods associated with "Row A." The Stalinists also had talented individuals in the plant, but they were engaged in restraining militancy and pursuing other conservative policies, and this limited their influence in the union...
...As a result, the members of this local became highly sensitized to union and political issues...
...Tom showed little deference to members of management or to the officials of the Navy with whom he occasionally had to negotiate...
...He was roundly censured by the press for expressing these sentiments...
...The agreement contained a clause requiring the management to obtain the union's permission before disciplining or discharging an employee...
...The local also sponsored classes taught by an old socialist, Gus Claessens, and by Julius Manson, then a young member of the New York State Board of Mediation and now a professor of industrial relations at Baruch College...
...I began conducting weekly lunchtime department meetings to discuss our problems and take votes on questions of common concern...
...He supported the Hatboro plant's strike against the Coast Guard's imprisonment of unionized plant guards in retaliation for their refusal to obey the Coast Guard order that violated the seniority provisions of the collectivebargaining agreement...
...For instance, stewards were elected every six months and officers every year...
...Call me Skippy," he would say, and pitch pennies on the street sidewalk with workers at lunchtime...
...None of the changes in management, however, had any significant impact on production (which was poorly planned and also seriously impaired by the physical limitations of the plant itself) but they did result in binding the workers ever closer to the union...
...Men vied with each other to work with them in a team...
...It was not my idea," he said, "to be called an ItalianAmerican...
...He was a former liquor-store owner, hardly a training ground for this role...
...Kaiser introduced a large number of technological changes causing departments to be broken up and workers to be transferred to other jobs and other shifts...
...Soon all the stewards in my department followed my example...
...In each case competition was keen...
...Only on one occasion were they able to demonstrate some influence: then they combined with a number of conservatives to form "Row B" and succeeded in electing a number of delegates to the UAW convention of 1943...
...During such work stoppages, workers would hide or work on "government" jobs, biding their time making trinkets or some other items for personal use...
...I urged them to remember that wherever they went they should unionize and carry on the traditions they had acquired in Local 365 and in the wing department...
...With the union's support, these workers were subsequently reinstated in their former jobs...
...It cannot hire or transfer men, change shifts, use discipline or do anything else without the O.K...
...Soon workers from other departments also began to attend our meetings because, at the time, no other chief steward sponsored department meetings...
...company guards periodically raided the men's room to nab those who smoked, or a foreman might walk in to check the whereabouts of workers missing from their jobs...
...Indeed, one morning I was discharged for forbidding group leaders to cooperate with the time-study person and in the afternoon was reinstated when the local threatened a strike over the issue...
...For many stewards he became the model to emulate...
...Friendships were formed along ethnic lines, and stewards were often elected by the votes of members of their ethnic group...
...What's more, if I were in their place, I'd expect them to do the same thing...
...I imitated the general foreman's routine of walking through the department...
...At one of our department meetings I persuaded the workers to agree to return their motors and other tools, which they borrowed from the company each day, to the tool crib for safekeeping...
...Usually, the average worker was handling about 20 to 25 tools, and so it would take 15 to 20 minutes for each worker to complete this transaction...
...It was a poignant moment...
...There is no sense in winning the war if we are going to lose all these privileges...
...Interviewed and questioned by Agnes E. Meyer, who in effect accused him of "sabotaging production and endangering the national safety," he responded: The most important thing in this war is to preserve the system of government that we have, and among other things, the procedure for adjudicating union troubles...
...We began lining up in front of the tool crib about four hours before quitting time...
...My own connection with Brewster began one day in September 1940, when a hiring official assigned me, along with others on an employment line, to work in the wing department...
...As it was, in May 1944 the Navy cancelled all its contracts with Brewster and almost immediately the company announced that it was shutting the plan...
...The Navy had suspended a number of production officials, including a few tool and die workers, because they were of German descent and suspect of being Nazis...
...Tom De Lorenzo did not confine himself to mere words...
...But, typically, he would take the wind out of my sails by answering "I agree with Brother Nash...
...There was another area of concern shared by us all...
...The presence of the few black workers of both sexes and especially the presence of the women changed the ambience of the department...
...In these days the international executive board was composed of factions and had not acquired the power it can exert today...
...His tiny, modest office, a floor up above a saloon, was always open to the union members...
...Meetings were often spiced with songs and other entertainment...
...Much of the time, they congregated in the men's room, the town hall of most plants...
...Today the local itself still exists...
...Through the workers' voluntary donations we collected funds to purchase equipment, including records and a turntable, and "wired up" the three floors that housed our department...
...The strike lasted little more than a day, and made newspaper headlines across the country...
...A few months later I was drafted into the Army...
...Eventually, in 1945, because of public and political pressure, he was drafted, although he was 37 years old, married, and the father of three children...
...Bernie Rifkin (then educational director of the Hatboro Plant of Local 365 and later the education director of D.C...
...As for me, I felt terribly depressed...
...But before the end, a union community had emerged that was militant, innovative, and egalitarian, struggling to assert its newly acquired identity, rights, and aspirations...
...Nevertheless, there were many workers who set aside their ethnic biases and voted for candidates on the basis of their competence...
...Together, as leadership and as opposition, they transformed an aggregate of individuals into a vibrant union community...
...Some of you even went out of your way to make me feel at home...
...Then this complex was part of the Brewster Aeronautical Corporation, a sprawling operation that included a hangar factory, now part of Newark Airport, and another plant in Hatboro, Pennsylvania...
...Of course, there were limits to this freedom...
...The agreement lacked an arbitration clause, and as a result forced management, whenever it wanted to make a significant change that affected workers, to negotiate with the union before the change was made, and to be more amenable to compromise...
...Badgered by her again, he added: If I had brothers at the front who needed 10 or 12 planes that were sacrificed, I'd let them die, if necessary, to preserve our way of life or rights or whatever you want to call it...
...and win his point...
...The mass base, the warm friendships, the shared experiences, the political clout we had developed, all were to disappear...
...At the time we had a general foreman known as "the wild bull of the pampas," and workers upon seeing him enter their area would dive under the airplane wings to hide or look busy...
...because of the Great Depression, many had never before been employed...
...Their solidarity, and the capitulation of the foreman, integrated the workers in the department into a strong union group and helped strengthen their confidence in me and so in the union...
...Among the handful of Lovestoneites in the plant, two played a role in the early days when the local was founded and they were appointed to staff jobs by the regional director...
...Brewster Local 365, UAW, was founded essentially in 1939 and ended in mid -1944, when the Navy ordered the Brewster aircraft plant closed...
...Instead of retrenching, the company would hoard workers, because labor was scarce in those days and management wanted to be ready for the allocation of new contracts— besides, it was all "cost-plus...
...I consoled myself by noting that I had learned to act as a unionist while remaining a socialist, resisting temptations and the easy road to opportunism and other kinds of practices to which many a socialist who had entered unions had fallen prey...
...I became chief steward by methodical preparation...
...Later, the Navy turned over the plant management to a group headed by Fred Riegel, a man who introduced himself to the workers as "Skippy...
...The general foreman insisted on holding the workers financially responsible for portable motors that were lost, even though there were no lockers or guards to protect tools and machinery...
...When the general foreman inquired what we were about, we explained that we were going to play music at convenient times to raise the morale of the department...
...They pinned a label on me just as they pinned a label on German-Americans and others...
...Brewster, like many other defense corporations, was organized by a union...
...I remember the last meeting of my department, held in the plant the day after the decision was made to close shop...
...The draft, the relatively well-paid jobs, and the absence of opportunities in nondefense industries made it possible for the union to attract individuals who found that their talents were admirably suited to coping with the needs of the workers and the union...
...A mass meeting was called that was addressed by Richard Frankensteen, then the vice-president of the UAW, who persuaded the workers to leave the plant on the promise that he would not stop fighting until the plant was reopened...
...Our local's collective-bargaining agreement was hardly typical...
...Brewster's wing department, which eventually employed 1,200 workers, was divided into several sections...
...I move that we work to reinstate these suspended men...
...it made me concentrate the attention of the workers on the problems with management rather than on their own intergroup conflicts and so discourage discriminatory behavior that occasionally was displayed by a rank-and-file member...
...I always thought it odd how articulate the workers were in the men's room, while it seemed so hard for so many of them to speak up and express themselves at union meetings or before a supervisor...
...Thus, on one occasion, when I and three of the stewards associated with me were fired by the company, we were able to draw 3,000 union members to support our demands for reinstatement at a meeting after work at a hall some distance from the plant...
...I would have to start from scratch again...
...Most of the men were young and newly married, and when I became chief steward of the wing department, I received cigars almost daily—a symbolic acknowledgment that both the new state of marital bliss and the fear of being recruited into the Armed Forces were producing a steady crop of babies...
...Most of the local's struggles, of course, involved the management and the Navy, which moderated the factional struggles and acted as a centripetal force...
...I could never have been elected steward in Brewster and elsewhere if this had not been so...
...Other struggles resulted in a different kind of education for union members...
...The union members saw in him a "puncher," the kind of fighter they would have liked to be themselves...
...Management changed hands on several occasions, which created considerable insecurity among the workers and increased their reliance on the union...
...At our membership meetings, on those occasions when I found myself in oppostion to him, I might make a fairly effective speech that the members would applaud...
...The negotiating committee and the nominating committee were elected every year...
...Agnes E. 184 Meyer attributes the local's "stronghold on the company" to "the continuous and excellent leadership of a powerful personality, its president, Tom De Lorenzo...
...Everyday I visited each section in the department, 182 exchanging pleasantries with the workers...
...In 1943, at the Buffalo UAW convention, we printed a daily paper in which we called for a "MazeySilvers-De Lorenzo bloc" to rebuild the union and to support Reuther's successful fight against those who advocated wage increases through negotiating an incentive system rather than struggling for a general wage increase...
...Soon thereafter his activities stopped, and "Skippy" left the plant...
...I remember a meeting of the local's executive board at which one of the members said that he too happened to be a hyphenated American—an Italian-American...
...With his support or tolerance, the local had at least 13 strikes, slowdowns, or walkouts...
...Votes were informally solicited on an ethnic basis, and there was some antiJewish feeling...
...The presence of political groups and politicalized individuals helped develop a democratic union...
...37, AFSCME) used to speculate with me that if De Lorenzo and most of the people then in the leadership of the UAW had been locked in a large hall with several hundred workers, eventually, when the doors would be unlocked, De Lorenzo would emerge as the leader...
...We often were a source of irritation and embarrassment to the international...
...I inadvertently contributed to their success by sponsoring a third ticket in the election ("Row C"), thereby drawing away votes from "Row A." The conservatives, among whom were active members of the American Legion and some ex-Coughlinites, constituted the core of "Row B." They were the second most powerful group in the union and had the backing of the regional director who was also a member of Local 365...
...During these struggles with the general foreman I had given up my official job as an assembler in order to devote myself entirely to my functions as chief steward...
...I'd expect them to let me die...
...The agreement also called for a union shop and hiring hall, 187 thereby helping to centralize the union and to increase the power of administration in office...
...This is why most workers viewed me as a loyal, unprejudiced, and effective spokesman on their behalf...
...I had just completed my vocational training course in a federally sponsored defense work school and, as a young activist in the socialist movement, I now was eager for a job in industry, to be in touch with workers and do union organizing...
...The influence I gained as chief steward enabled me for a brief period in 1941 to act as campaign manager for Tom De Lorenzo's candidacy for the union presidency...
...Many of the local's leading activists had been entrepreneurs before entering the union and were accustomed to engage in self-initiated activities...
...Many members greeted this gesture with laughter, but some were shocked because of the presence of women...
...Our meetings soon attracted some 300 to 400 workers and it became necessary to use loudspeaking equipment to reach all these people...
...He explained that he had concealed his true name because he had found it impossible to get a job in Brewster as a Jew— and when he had given the hiring boss a nonJewish name and said he was Italian, he promptly was hired...
...Glad as they were that the war now seemed to be coming to an end, still, some of the workers observed sadly that these good jobs now most likely would soon disappear...
...The votes and support of local unions were eagerly, sometimes desperately, sought...
...I began somewhat more cautiously...
...As campaign manager I had to introduce department meetings throughout the plant and to plan a weekend conference of local union leaders that led to the endorsement of the demand for a Labor party and increased the militant tone of the local...
...My objective now was to act both as a good unionist and a good socialist...
...This group acted as the "intellectuals" of the local, worked loosely together, and occasionally was active in either "Row A," "Row B," or "Row C." We helped to write leaflets and publish the newspapers, agitated, and educated the members...
...The men's room was the workers' special preserve where one could smoke (although it was prohibited by management) and act as a more or less free person, for the moment not subject to the foreman's authority...
...He had the rare ability for expressing the desires of the workers in their own idiom and style...
...On the outside walls of the building, along each floor of the Long Island City plant, we placed banners that said, "We have the tools, we have the workers, give us the work...
...Just because we are hyphenated does not mean we are disloyal...
...De Lorenzo owed his reputation in part to an astuteness to which I was occasionally subjected...
...I could see tears, workers •hugging each other, and others shaking hands as I began my remarks...
...The Lovestoneites were politically adroit, worked with the conservatives on "Row B," and made good use of their ability to advise the regional director...
...Local 365 was known in the UAW and in the New York City labor movement for its militancy, political consciousness, union democracy, and its refusal to abandon union standards, including those that were abandoned by the union movement at large during the war along with the right to strike...
...You see to you boys it is an everyday occurrence to treat a colored boy just as one of you...
...In the early stages of assembly of the wing, when one section was completed, the leadman would ask the workers of that section to carry it to the next station, which they did, merrily shouting along the way...
...in fact, he doesn't go far enough," and then he would come to the inevitable "but...
...De Lorenzo had the support of Italian and other workers because he was a remarkable union leader, both commanding and persuasive, feared and respected...
...Christmas and New Year's became occasions for affectionate, and sometimes reckless, behavior...
...The union leaders can do as they please, how, when, and where...
...The power of our local was described by Agnes E. Meyer who quotes the aforementioned Fred Riegel as saying about the agreement: If it is strictly invoked by labor, management has no prerogatives...
...In Long Island City, not far from Manhattan, there are several old, dilapidated factory buildings that once were the site of the plant where 10,000 workers were building the Brewster Buffalo and the Corsair, fighter planes used by the Army and the Navy during World War 11...
...The local was also a prized object for various radical groups—Shachtmanites, Lovestoneites, Stalinists—as well as for conservatives who sought to hitch it to their respective political wagons...
...The Brewster Corporation had grown almost overnight, mushrooming from a small establishment with a mere 500 workers producing pontoons for seaplanes into a large organization with more than 21,000 workers, financed by cost-plus contracts with the federal government...
...Anger and fear erupted among the workers...
...The character of the local union depended largely on the sensitivity of Tom De Lorenzo and his associates, on the desires of the membership, and on the pressures exerted by the various factions and the steward system...
...The desire to be represented by able and effective representatives often overcame ethnic affinity between candidate and voter...
...Hence international officials did not exert great pressure on the local when it engaged in actions that led to public outcries against the union and to pressure from Washington on the international "to straighten out the local...
...One day, when he entered the sheet metal department to make one of his customary speeches, the workers ceased work and, before he could begin, commenced to pound the benches with their big metal mallets...
...Despite the efforts of some of De Lorenzo's opponents to use the revelations of the Vinson Committee for partisan politics, in the next election, De Lorenzo was reelected...
...Romances developed...
...For years later, a bitter joke circulated among workers that "Frankensteen must still be fighting, for the plant is still shut...
...In addition to these forces, there were a number of structural supports for union democracy...
...Only the presence of the union kept the workers calm and the Navy under control...
...in my department, I and a number of my stewards threatened a walkout, for which four of us were discharged though later reinstated...
...Unfortunately, he also brought his name to the attention of the company and the next day was summarily fired...
...Ever since my first day of work, I had cultivated friendships with people in my group, eating lunch with them, playing cards, visiting them in their homes, and dropping occasional critical comments about our current steward and his way of handling things...
...I t was clear from the beginning that I had to build a base, an objective commonly spoken of in the radical movement but infrequently and inexpertly practiced...
...The contract was loose enough to permit several hundred stewards eventually to devote their energies full-time to enforcing and policing it...
...As a result, they became less timid and cooperated with me when I suggested that we refuse to work overtime unless senior workers, rather than the foreman's favorites, received preference for overtime...
...The local contributed leaders to the UAW, including a regional director and international union staff members...
...In part, the innovations introduced by the local's leadership were possible because of the new kind of people who entered the plant and became bluecollar workers for the first time...
...De Lorenzo indeed made the single most important contribution to shaping the militancy and union consciousness of the Brewster workers...
...We knew that our little world was now being destroyed, and that the unique relationship we had developed on the job would not be repeated elsewhere...
...I was fond of addressing letters in the local union newspaper to "Messrs...
...to you it might be just a formality, but to me it's more than that, it's Americanism and democracy in its full force...
...But there was probably more ethnic conflict between the Italian and Irish workers, the two largest groups in the plant, than between other groups...
...One Italian-American union politician for example, would write across his own campaign posters "To hell with Dagos, vote for the Irish," hoping to stimulate a torrent of Italian votes...
...Rudolph Vargas A few whites complained to me individually about having to share the same toilets with blacks and I remonstrated with them...
...The following poignant excerpt from the letter of a black soldier who had worked in my department may give a sense of how the first black workers employed in the plant felt about their acceptance by the union and their coworkers: 183 I haven't forgotten you...
...Occasionally when I ran for office someone would write "kike" or "Abie" across my campaign posters...
...This was a source of considerable power for the stewards and made them an independent source of power in the union...
...The forces that helped shape the character of the local, each in its own way, consisted of the union president and the members of his administration—Shachtmanites, Lovestoneites, Stalinists, the conservative group composed mainly of Irish and German workers, and a group of independent radicals and socialists...
...The local now represents close to 7,000 members, scattered through several hundred shops in the New York metropolitan area...
...The local also supported a large educational committee and sponsored first-rate basketball and baseball teams, a bowling league, a fencing club, a riding club, a Piper Cub plane club, a dramatic group, a tool co-op, and a credit union...
...He spoke forcefully against management and, to illustrate his point, patted his behind while saying, "My heart bleeds for the bosses...
...There frequently were shortages of parts and consequently the work had to stop...
...Here they freely expressed their boredom and their cynicism, and their views on worldly affairs, sex, sports, or the news about the war...
...Many a time I've sat at a union meeting and heard the officer or member address us as brothers...
...Thomas, Addes, Reuther, and Frankensteen...
...Their very conservatism, however, restricted them in their various campaigns and caused their candidate, a staff member employed in the regional office, to lose in his efforts to oust De Lorenzo from the local's presidency...
...On another occasion we were able to persuade about 600 members of our department to march down the street (using banners we had prepared on company time) to a meeting in support of a strike called in Hatboro by our union...
...For example, I remember a member of the Shachtman group, the Workers' party, then a probationary employee at Brewster, speaking at a large meeting of the local called to discuss a new collective-bargaining agreement...
...Membership meetings were held monthly and the hall always was crowded with members eager to listen to the debate...
...At the time, various factions in the international were interested in persuading the leadership of Local 365 to join their respective camps and would appear at various regional conferences to talk to local union leaders, stewards, indeed anyone they could reach in order to win adherents for their faction...
...My objective was to draw people closer to me and to the union and to develop a feeling of solidarity among my fellow workers...
...In their respective departments they helped to develop militant activists, to strengthen the union's democratic practices and to alert new members to union norms...
...In April 1942, at the UAW's "Victory through Equality of Sacrifice Conference," we voted against giving up the right to strike, and at each wartime UAW convention we called for revoking the "no-strike pledge...
...They entered their new jobs with little in common except the hope that they would be able to earn their first decent paycheck in years and that work in a defense plant would keep them out of the Armed Forces...
...Many less senior workers gave up their own overtime and suffered financial losses to support the demand...
...Naturally, work ceased...
...Thomas, then UAW president, called us a "bunch of anarchists...
...others were socialists with organizational skills, experienced in carrying on struggles, and some had a white-collar background and were more educated and articulate...
...of the shop committee, and every single move involves such lengthy arguments that thousands of man-hours are lost over the slightest move the management tries to make...
...When the plant closed, $80,000 remained in the union treasury...
...At other times he would mount a workbench and make speeches...
...I happened to be one of the first colored men to be hired by the company, and I don't mind telling you it gives me a lump in the throat every time I think of how the men and the union accepted me impartially as one of the boys...
...For a while, the women's presence created a festive spirit...
...On another occasion he led a week-long slowdown in the plant to persuade the War Labor Board to permit the union and management to upgrade the workers' wages...
...Most of the thousands of workers in this local were unaccustomed to working together in an organization of their own...
...After the plant closed, members of the local became leaders in other 181 unions or organizers of new unions, and one former officer, Paul Krebs, was elected to Congress...
...Each faction brought their followers to the meetings...
...I also made use of these meetings to organize pressure on foremen who violated the contract, comment on relevant public issues, and develop department identity and union consciousness...
...Phil was elated because he felt that with one speech he had brought his name to the attention of a large section of the membership...
...They saw the closing of our plant as an early sign of this development...
...This local carried on a campaign among other unions to establish a labor party, to maintain doubletime on Sunday and other overtime standards, to revoke the no-strike pledge, to persuade the War Labor Board to yield more concessions to labor, and to condemn the murder of the Jewish socialist leaders Erlich and Alter by agents of the Soviet Union...
...For a long time we were able to prevent the introduction of time-and-motion study of jobs and workers...
...it was used to organize new shops...
...This is quite a mouthful—even if grossly exaggerated—but an indication of the local's power...
...I am sure that Rudolph Vargas must have felt some of this resentment, but on the whole his coworkers were friendly and accepted him, and his letter reflects the spirit in which he was received...
...I'll never forget you as long as I live...
...Although the president of Local 365, Tom De Lorenzo, was taken to be an Italian, it was revealed by the Vinson Committee of the Senate that he was Jewish and had another name...
...In part, the local could develop so independently in its own way because the international union was not able to exert tight control...
...What might have happened to this community had the plant survived the war is a matter of speculation...
...At first there was skepticism about these charges, but when it became clear that they were accurate, workers became indignant and then wary about De Lorenzo's motive in changing his name...
...the general foreman took one look at the long line of workers waiting in front of the tool crib, called me over and informed me that he was dropping his request that workers pay for lost motors...
...Meanwhile I searched for another job...
...Six months after I began working at Brewster, I was elected section steward, and a week later, chief steward...
...The union responded by calling a sitdown strike...
...I was, of course, as should be quite clear by now, only one among a number who contributed to this development...
...But Italian union leaders led by Marco Cicala, an effective leader in his own right and a vice-president of Local 365, backed De Lorenzo's explanation and regained the Italian workers' support for him...
...Whether or not I persuaded them to a new point of view is a moot question, but these protests never became issues...
...Some of its old officers are still running the local, but it is a different relationship, a different time, a different local...
...Eventually the Navy appointed Henry J. Kaiser, of shipyard fame, to run Brewster...
...185 There were about 20 Shachtmanites at one time or another in the Brewster local, and they were the loyal opposition within the president's group, sometimes known as "Row A." They had one or two talented speakers and a number of chief stewards, and they pressed for greater responsiveness from the union leaders to the needs of the union membership...
...In the process, it attracted nationwide attention, partly because such writers as Agnes E. Meyer, publisher of the Washington Post, believed the union had considerable power over the plant's management and so called attention to it in the national press...
...they were indeed an unusually sophisticated and alert union group...
...The union published a biweekly, 10 to 12 pages long, an exciting and literate newspaper that trained members to a rather militant and often impudent form of unionism...
...It was easy to puncture his authority by standing toe-to-toe and slugging it out with him verbally in front of the workers...
Vol. 24 • April 1977 • No. 2
