REVEIEWS
Erlich, Victor & Bensman, David & Perrow, Charles
BOOKS Victor Erlich The World of Gulag THE GULAG ARCHIPELAGO 1918-1956: AN EXPERIMENTIN LITERARYINVESTIGATION,by Alexander Solzhenitsyn. Volume I (parts 1-11). Translated from the Russian...
...BOOKS Victor Erlich The World of Gulag THE GULAG ARCHIPELAGO 1918-1956: AN EXPERIMENTIN LITERARYINVESTIGATION,by Alexander Solzhenitsyn...
...Where is she now...
...5. Location of the Headquarters or General Business Offices of the Publishers: 509 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y...
...There is the indiscriminate savagery of the War Communism terror...
...Do not be the first to cast a stone at them...
...Stanley Plastrik, Business Manager...
...Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to filing date-3,425...
...Irving Howe, 509 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y...
...4. Location of Known Office of Publication: 509 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y...
...In a thoughtful review of The Gulag Archipelago, Stephen F. Cohen found Solzhenitsyn’s strictures somewhat unfair...
...Yet none of this diminishes the force of Solzhenitsyn’s most explosive thesis, notably that the foundations of Stalinist arbitrariness and lawlessness-of the use of terror as the “mode of persuasion”-were laid in the formative years of the Soviet regime...
...Stanley Plastrik, Business Manager...
...But, clearly, what was involved was not merely “pressure...
...She became, you know, well, a little confused...
...WHATEVER ITS FLAWS or inconsistencies, The Gulag Archipelago is indeed, as Chukovskaya put it, an “enormous event...
...cases...
...Yet what is ultimately at issue here is not merely the nature of the Bolshevik doctrine but, as George Kennan correctly puts it, “not so much the actual content of the [dominant] ideology as . . . the absolute value attached to it...
...One of them has to do with the harrowing nature of Solzhenitsyn’s material...
...Of course, everyone stood up...
...Where legitimizing terror is concerned Lenin’s legacy is “ambiguous,” he opined.7 Let us concede that modulated political analysis is not Solzhenitsyn’s forte...
...Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to filing date-6,800...
...The central question is to what extent bureaucracy is a genuine social form that is autonomous, evolving through natural laws, and goal directed (as is assumed by most of those authors Jacoby cites...
...F. Office use, left-over, unaccounted, spoiled after printing...
...3626...
...FROMTHESE FINDINGS, which Thernstrom finds applicable to other cities and regions, he is willing to speculate that when the needed comparative studies of European society are available, they will show that the American social structure was more fluid than that of most European countries, and that American opportunity did impede the formation of class-based movements for radical change...
...Surely recent scholarship has challenged this generalization...
...It is quite another to use his blind spots or rhetorical excesses as a pretext for distancing ourselves from a great and immensely important book...
...And that tiny storm boxed in sheets of steel rolled along so peacefully in the six-lane automobile traffic, stopped at traffic lights and signaled for a turn.4 But all this is only part of what “literary investigation” may properly imply: for the adjective (“artistic”) can connote not only a command of characteristically literary techniques, an ability to embody a tragedy of millions in sharply etched individual images but also the writer’s recognizable signature, the imprint of his personal vision, a moral emphasis unmistakably his own...
...Other American social historians, led by Herbert Gutman and David Montgomery, have not been afraid to enter this terrain...
...308, 328, 357...
...For example, the freedoms that have been lost might be those prized (and largely still held) by intellectuals...
...Whether the “repercussions,” the overall impact, or Solzhenitsyn’s act will match its inherent significance is quite another matter...
...Editor: Irving Howe, 509 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y...
...G. Total (sum of E and F-should equal net press run shown in A...
...One problem is that, because of the limited size of his sample, Thernstrom is forced to use very broad categories of jobs-“manual,” “middleclass,” etc...
...Thus it is not necessarily a reflection on the historical portion of the book to say that it is at its most effective in such sections as the autobiographical chapter “That Spring” 86 Victor Erlich The World of Gulag THE GULAG ARCHIPELAGO 1918-1956: AN EXPERIMENTIN LITERARYINVESTIGATION,by Alexander Solzhenitsyn...
...What did you get it for?’ “For nothingat all...
...10017...
...Removing the occasions for real debate and choice will leave us with an intendedly neutralized and ineffective bureaucracy...
...But Jacoby does not confront this theme with a quite subsidiary theme in other passages, which argues that capitalism needed, created, and controlled the state bureaucracy...
...Where is she now...
...Let me conclude: we have before us a triumph of relentless, heroic memory, a staggering recreation of a man-made hell, of an institutionalized horror perpetrated in our own time and still extending, albeit, in a significantly truncated and modified form over one-sixth of the globe, a horror whose very existence was for a number of years strenuously denied by some of the more “advanced” minds of our era out of misguided loyalty to a besmirched and degraded utopian project...
...But it is hardly enough to absolve Lenin from a major share of responsibility for the establishment of the Soviet penal system...
...Though Solzhenitsyn’s hostility to Maxism as a fallacious and “alien” doctrine is by now part of the public record, on the evidence of the first four parts of The Gulag Archipelago it would be more accurate to say that he places the blame at the door of the Bolshevik variant of Marxism, specifically, of Lenin...
...the point of one’s entry into the labor market was strongly related to family status...
...1. Title of Publication: DISSENT...
...in fact, it has often legitimized it...
...Few of his Russian readers-and it is to them that The Gulag Archipelago is principally addressed-ill fail to respond to this book without a shock of either recognition or discovery...
...The quality of the Gulag world and its monstrous expansion are captured in graphic phrases-“the sewage disposal system,” and concomitantly, the “murky, stinking pipes” into which successive “torrents” of prisonersdemocratic socialists, churchmen, alleged industrial saboteurs, dispossessed kulaks, etc.were channeled...
...His main interest is in probing Stalin’s responsibility for this large-scale defection, in pressing the question: how could it happen that “several hundred thousand young men, aged twenty to thirty, took uparms against their Fatherland as allies of its most evil enemy...
...Inspired by the work of such European social historians as Lefebvre, Thompson, RudC, and Hobsbawm, they have made “working-class culture” the subject of their inquiry...
...Though sophisticated and comprehensive, Thernstrom’s study is not fully satisfying...
...While I am not entirely clear about the precise implications of this phrase, I sense here something akin to the intent behind the title of Dostoevsky’s publicistic miscellany A Writer’s Diary-notably a suggestion that the body of nonfictional writing 1New York Review ofBooks, March 21, 1974...
...On the other hand, it pulled us out of the feudal order, gave US the basis for democracy, expanded the wealth of societies...
...At the Novosibirsk Transit Prison in 1945 theygreeted the prisoners with a roll call based on 2 The Gulag Archipelago, pp...
...Managing Editor: Edith Tarcov, 509 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y...
...AS it is, the journey is long and arduous, and not a few Westerners who admire Solzhenitsyn will balk at these hardships...
...By the time such scenes were occurring all over the Soviet Union, “the sewer disposal system” had acquired a momentum of its own...
...That is why, in contradistinction to his brilliant and equally intransigent fellow inmate Sologdin, Nerzhin choses to forgo the relative comforts of the elite prison and the glimmer of freedom as a possible reward for collaboration and instead can opt for one of the circles of the inferno...
...To a man everyone else stopped dead and sat down...
...Throughout, the writing is graceful, the quotes are a delight, the range and scope is wide and free-wheeling...
...For three minutes, four minutes, five minutes the stormy applause rising to an ovation continued...
...As one immerses oneself in the Solzhenitsyn text, the ramifications of the subtitle gradually emerge...
...69-70...
...In his review of The Gulag Archipelago-by far the most effective American response to date-George Kennan called it “the greatest and most powerful single indictment of a political regime ever to be leveled in modern times...
...They can in fact properly argue that ruthlessness and lack of scruple in dealing with “class enemies” had been a trademark of Bolshevism well before its advent to power...
...You are lying...
...92 BOOKS and upper classes and extensive oppor- because he does not supplement his study of tunity for the working class...
...So and so!Article 51 and twentyfive years...
...By the same token, Solzhenitsyn feels too vindictive-though again not without reason-toward all the major architects of the Soviet system to be able to accord the old Bolsheviks arraigned in the public purge trials ---e.g., N. Bukharin-as sensitive and compassionate a treatment as he offers millions of ordinary Russians, including the half-starved and misguided prisoners of war sucked into General Vlasov’s ill-fated “Russian Liberation Army...
...There is, in fact, a nagging feeling that he rather admires centralized efficiency in industry, and blames the alienation of the individual largely upon centralized state control...
...New York: Harper & Row...
...9 That on the eve of his death Lenin should have had second thoughts about the authoritarian drift of the Bolshevik regime is a matter of some psychological and historic interest...
...The small hall echoed with stormy applause, rising to an ovation...
...Bureaucracy is to blame, and that sets the dominant tone of the book...
...That is why, in contradistinction to his brilliant and equally intransigent fellow inmate Sologdin, Nerzhin choses to forgo the relative comforts of the elite prison and the glimmer of freedom as a possible reward for collaboration and instead can opt for one of the circles of the inferno...
...At one point he quotes Alfred Sloan of General Motors: “the general question remains...
...Thus the concept, as it is generally used, carries many contradictions, which is evident from the book-but not systematically analyzed...
...The sentiment was thoroughly orthodox, but questioning the Party’s wisdom was an intolerable offense...
...The chief of the convoy guard was curious...
...10 Ibid., n. 1. 11 Warrant for Genocide: The Myth of the Jewish World-Conspiracy and the Protocols of the Elders of Zion (New York: Harper & Row, 1967...
...His main interest is in probing Stalin’s responsibility for this large-scale defection, in pressing the question: how could it happen that “several hundred thousand young men, aged twenty to thirty, took uparms against their Fatherland as allies of its most evil enemy...
...In this seedy ideocracy a thief, or for that matter a murderer, is simply a Soviet citizen who has run afoul of the law and who during his prison interlude is encouraged to use his not inconsiderable resources to act as a scourge of the allegedly unredeemable “enemies of the people...
...According to Jacoby, virtuous unions, for example, are corrupted by bureaucratic tendencies...
...he does not explore the paradox he and others have identified...
...If it is the latter, capitalism is the villain, not state bureaucracy...
...If owned by a partnership or other unincorporated firm, its name and address, as well as that of each individual, must be given) : Dissent Publishing Corporation, 509 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y...
...During the Stalin years one could be sentenced to anywhere from five to 25 yearsunder this article for such crimes as hanging one’s jacket on Lenin’s bust, wrapping a herring in a newspaper that featured Stalin’s photo, or askingat a Party meeting why Trotsky was allowed to leave the country...
...More substantively, many an otherwise sympathetic Westerner is apt to be irked by the parallels drawn between the Soviet police state and othef systems of organized repression, including the Nazi terror, parallels that may appear to minimize the horrors of the latter...
...An intelligent, historical, wide-ranging inquiry into this does not appear...
...the raving and ranting of Lenin’s protCgC, the chief prosecutor Krylenko-all bluntly deriding the concept of personal guilt as a bourgeois survival and enthroning the principle of “class expediency” as the cornerstone of the Soviet judicial system...
...0 children of unskilled or semiskilled workers were not trapped at the bottom of the social system...
...We are left wondering if the state is really identical with or even a pawn of bureaucracy, which is the dominant theme in the book, or whether the extremely powerful head of state has centralized control over everything (including the bureaucrats who were removed from time to time on a wholesale basis by the Czars...
...Surely, if we want to know what were the social consequences of the Boston workers’ career experiences, we must know the criteria by which they judged them...
...The title metaphor, “archipelago,’’ triggers, in sections dealing with the Gulag topography and modes of transportation, such terms as “islands,” “ships,” and “boats...
...he has truly been placed beyond the pale...
...In December 1917 Lenin drew up the following list of penalties for violation of a recently promulgated law: “confiscation of all property, incarceration . . . and forced labor...
...Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to filing date-625...
...10 Ibid., n. 1. 11 Warrant for Genocide: The Myth of the Jewish World-Conspiracy and the Protocols of the Elders of Zion (New York: Harper & Row, 1967...
...Title 39, United States Code...
...Jacoby delimits the impressive means of centralized control at General Motors, one side of the paradox, and then two pages later he glides easily into a discussion of the flood of paper work, the paralysis of initiative, the duplication of procedures, forms, forms, and forms...
...he inquires anxiously...
...Fine...
...In accordance with the provisions of this statute, I hereby request permission to mail the publication named in item 1 at the reduced postage rates presently authorized by 39 U.S.C...
...69-70...
...In a New Yorker review George Steiner deems it necessary to warn his readers: But let us not fool ourselves...
...Roy Medvedev, a man who has serious philosophical and political disagreements with Solzhenitsyn, maintains that no one who has read The Gulag Archipelago can remain the same person he or she was before reading it...
...The Soviet authorities can be relied upon to make access to Solzhenitsyn’s bombshell difficult and hazardous...
...Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to filing date-1,220...
...After having admired the centralized efficiency of General Motors, we are again presented with a litany of the evils of bureaucracy...
...JACOBY DISCUSSES some limits on the power of bureaucracy...
...the social forces that would shape a responsive policy have been neutralized or set aside by the bureaucracy...
...Arkhipelag GULag 1918-1956 (Paris: YMCA Press, 1974), 111-IV, p. 10, Russian edition...
...Thernstrom selected five samples of the male population of Boston, from the manuscript census of 1880, city marriage records of 1910, local birth records of 1930, a 1958 city directory, and a 1963 interview survey...
...E. Total distribution (sum of C and D...
...the succession of revolutionary kangaroo courts held in the early ’20s...
...Bureaucracy is the villain, but just how lovely was that feudal order bureaucracy has destroyed, an order, he says, which “had been both stable and protective...
...Of course, everyone stood up...
...And oh, what a miracle took place...
...Did they compare their status with that of their parents in rural Europe...
...so labeled has been shaped in part by the resources of literary craft...
...An intelligent, historical, wide-ranging inquiry into this does not appear...
...the raving and ranting of Lenin’s protCgC, the chief prosecutor Krylenko-all bluntly deriding the concept of personal guilt as a bourgeois survival and enthroning the principle of “class expediency” as the cornerstone of the Soviet judicial system...
...Her fears weren’t for herself but were all for you...
...The way the term is used in this book, despite passages arguing that it has many meanings and faces, it is difficult to know...
...10017...
...And how did they regard decreasing opportunities for self-employment...
...Average number of copies each issue during preceding 12 months4,770...
...7. Owner (If owned by a corporation, its name and address must be stated and also immediately thereunder the names and addresses of stockholders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amount of stock...
...Average number of copieseach issue during preceding 12 months-3,440...
...Some of those who will take the plunge are liable to be occasionally “turned off...
...12.95...
...Is it too much to hope that a significant number of those vouchsafed the opportunity to hear his message will bestir themselves to do so...
...n Only the terrible righteousness of self-appointed saviors of mankind could induce otherwise honorable men and women to proscribe entire segments of society, to waive all legal and moral constraints with regard to those branded as “socially alien” and as “harmful insects” to be exterminated without mercy or discrimination...
...Bureaucracy is to blame, and that sets the dominant tone of the book...
...For those, however, who are unaware of any higher spheres it is deadly poison...
...There is the indiscriminate savagery of the War Communism terror...
...On the one hand, bureaucracy becomes an all-encompassing noun, embracing absolutist states and democratic ones, efficient and inefficient private enterprises...
...how could we exercise permanent control over the whole corporation in a way consistent with the decentralized scheme of organization...
...By the same token where “higher”-moral or religious-constraints are effectively removed, abuse of power is virtually inevitable: ‘‘Power is a poison well known for thousands of years...
...But how many of them will be reached...
...1. Title of Publication: DISSENT...
...He had taken the place of a man who had been arrested...
...Samples, complimentary, and other free copies...
...To approach such a momentous moral-political act primarily in literary terms may appear as fatuous as “reading the Bible for its prose...
...If so, the bureaucracy might be quite efficient for some purposes, but it is the purposes that matter, not the tool...
...We never cease to attack this paradox”-but it is not a paradox that appeals to Jacoby...
...First, there are the pervasive clusters of images that dominate the description and history of the Soviet penal and forced-laborcamp systems...
...Recently a lady neighbor told me with feeling: “I believe every word he says, but I’m not going to read this book...
...In the West, where the availability of the book is not at issue, the barriers are of a different order...
...But such a sorting out could profitably begin with this erudite overview of 0the scholarship in the area...
...Some of those who will take the plunge are liable to be occasionally “turned off...
...If not owned by a corporation, the names and addresses of the individual owners must be given...
...Is it Marxism that is deemed responsible for what happened to Russian society...
...Just don’t be frightened”-and Repina put her hands on his chest as if he were her own kin...
...Just don’t be frightened”-and Repina put her hands on his chest as if he were her own kin...
...This has a proud ring...
...But an alternative view would be that politics is so poorly informed by policy choices-political parties being look-dikes all over, voters indifferent, political activity left to hacks-because the political system is conBOOKS 93 trolled by centralized economic interests...
...He contents himself with announcing on page 1 that “modern man has lost spontaneous self-sufficiency...
...It is surprising that Thernstrom chose to proceed in this manner, because one of the most interesting findings in his Newburyport study was that Irish laborers chose to spend their income on buying houses rather than educating their children...
...This unsparing account of arrests, tortures, executions, and of grinding, day-to-day brutalities and indignities, the spectacle of the millions of innocent people frozen, starved, beaten to death would be literally unbearable, were it not for Solzhenitsyn’s remarkable narrative gifts and for the flashes of humanity and spiritual fortitude that occasionally light up the inferno...
...It is filled with Slavophile, liturgical rhetoric...
...His newest book, The out to be weak and confessed to more than they should have...
...Solzhenitsyn has written a book that, in his own words, “cries out” not only to the “two hundred million” Russians but to us all...
...In passages of remarkable effectiveness and characteristic candor Solzhenitsyn recalls ruefully that during the few months of his army career, abruptly terminated by imprisonment, he proved far from immune to this poison: when an army captain, he was not above throwing his weight around, taking inordinate pride in his rank and uniform, treating ordinary soldiers and prisoners of war in a high-handed and arrogant manner...
...less than candor can do justice to his own fearless honesty...
...What are the freedoms that have been limited by bureaucracy, and in what regard has the “freeing of individuals” taken place lbecause of bureaucracy...
...88 BOOKS tion that the “abuses of socialist legality” had not begun until the mid-1930s and that the Great Terror was the result of the tyrant’s paranoia and blood lust, he can occasionally understate the differences between the Stalin and the pre-Stalin periods...
...7. Owner (If owned by a corporation, its name and address must be stated and also immediately thereunder the names and addresses of stockholders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total amount of stock...
...Extent and Nature of Circulation...
...Bureaucratic intervention consisted of the governors of provinces arresting and exiling the leading members of the assemblies...
...He was standing on the platform and it was he who had just called for the ovation...
...10017...
...It seems that at a certain point in his career as a student Solzhenitsyn was urged to enter a secret police academy...
...The title metaphor, “archipelago,’’ triggers, in sections dealing with the Gulag topography and modes of transportation, such terms as “islands,” “ships,” and “boats...
...The sentence for nothing at all is ten years...
...1 The intrepid Russian writer Lidya Chukovskaya spoke of Solzhenitsyn’s book as an “enormous event,” comparable in its repercussions to Stalin’s death...
...and nonprofit status of this organization and the exempt status for Federal income tax purposeshave not changed during the preceding 12 months...
...More substantively, many an otherwise sympathetic Westerner is apt to be irked by the parallels drawn between the Soviet police state and othef systems of organized repression, including the Nazi terror, parallels that may appear to minimize the horrors of the latter...
...Even where it moves and instructs us most The Gulag Archipelago is violently at odds with the Western style of feeling and argument...
...the second part treats bureaucracy, economy, and politics in the 19th century, part three the Russian example, and part four the problems of a contemporary administered world...
...four-tenths of them got white-collar jobs, and another tenth entered a skilled trade...
...Only those who, like Nerzhin, Bobynin, and Khorobrov, have nothing to lose, since they have already lost every3 Ibid., p. 293...
...0 surplus (therelby benefiting non-elites in absolute terms) and preserve privileges and control (benefiting the elites in both absolute and relative terms...
...G. Total (sum of E and F-should equal net press run shown in A...
...occupational mobility with measures of inThere was, of course, social inequality and come and wealth...
...He recognizes the importance of cultural factors in determining these rates, but considers the matter too murky to merit speculation or study...
...But Jacoby does no sorting out...
...This is where analysis might begin, but it doesn’t...
...occupational mobility with measures of inThere was, of course, social inequality and come and wealth...
...Translated from the Russian by Thomas P. Whitney...
...C. Total paid circulation...
...New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1972...
...Some Western students of Russia should have little quarrel with Solzhenitsyn’s position...
...Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to filing date-4,645...
...In Russia, at the time of Peter the Great, reforms modeled on Western bureaucracies did not take hold, he notes, because it was not possible ’‘to change the moral conditions engendered by oriental despotism...
...This is where analysis might begin, but it doesn’t...
...Do not be the first to cast a stone at them...
...He contents himself with announcing on page 1 that “modern man has lost spontaneous self-sufficiency...
...Last but not least, there are the ominously explicit quotations from Lenin’s writings and edicts, his call to “purge the Russian land of all kinds of harmful insects,” his flat assertion in a 1919 letter to Maxim Gorky that the intelligentsia “are not the nation’s brain but shit,” his directive to the People’s Commissar of Justice “to extend the use of execution 8 Soviet official slander and some Western obfuscation notwithstanding, Solzhenitsyn never comes anywhere close to justifying General Vlasov’s precarious collaboration with the Germans...
...Arkhipelag GULag 1918-1956 (Paris: YMCA Press, 1974), 111-IV, p. 10, Russian edition...
...In Russia, at the time of Peter the Great, reforms modeled on Western bureaucracies did not take hold, he notes, because it was not possible ’‘to change the moral conditions engendered by oriental despotism...
...Do peasants in those unbureaucratized areas of India, Africa, or Latin America have it now...
...Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to filing date-625...
...Thus the concept, as it is generally used, carries many contradictions, which is evident from the book-but not systematically analyzed...
...Average number of copies each issue during preceding 12 months-1,330...
...lo For only an intoxication with one’s historical rightness could provide what Norman Cohn has called in another connection “a warrant for genocide...
...how could we exercise permanent control over the whole corporation in a way consistent with the decentralized scheme of organization...
...During the Stalin years one could be sentenced to anywhere from five to 25 yearsunder this article for such crimes as hanging one’s jacket on Lenin’s bust, wrapping a herring in a newspaper that featured Stalin’s photo, or askingat a Party meeting why Trotsky was allowed to leave the country...
...Recently a lady neighbor told me with feeling: “I believe every word he says, but I’m not going to read this book...
...If owned by a partnership or other unincorporated firm, its name and address, as well as that of each individual, must be given) : Dissent Publishing Corporation, 509 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y...
...13 Other Bostonians, is the most sophisticated work of its kind yet to appear, and the only one that attempts to study mobility over a The characteristically Russian, “liturgical” tonality of the above is undeniable: Dostoevsky’s Father Zossima could have spoken thus...
...F. Office use, left-over, unaccounted, spoiled after printing...
...we might have a clue to changing forms of centralized power that depend upon the state of the society, technology, and so on, thus discriminating among varieties of a type of tool (bureaucracy...
...cases...
...He now claims that this was a narrow escape: “if they had really put the pressure on, they could have broken everybody’s resistance...
...Things were so hard for her...
...Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to filing date6,175...
...B. Paid circulation: 1. Sales through dealers and carriers, street vendors and counter sales...
...In this view, apparently, the use of centralized power to make arrests is what bureaucracy means...
...Solzhenitsyn himself at the last moment refused to apply out of some “vague sense of revulsion” that he traces to an earlier, less “relativistic” morality...
...Average number of copies each issue during preceding 12 months-1,330...
...It is quite another to use his blind spots or rhetorical excesses as a pretext for distancing ourselves from a great and immensely important book...
...But palms were getting sore, and raised arms were alreadyaching...
...4. Location of Known Office of Publication: 509 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y...
...How different in this respect, Solzhenitzyn never tires of reminding us, were the Czarist jails...
...3. Frequency of Issue: Quarterly...
...5. Location of the Headquarters or General Business Offices of the Publishers: 509 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y...
...And it was largely the less successful who left the Boston metropolitan area...
...Jacoby prefers to speak through the quotes and synopses of others, and thus he loses an opportunity to think things through...
...The adeptness of Solzhenitsyn the novelist at dramatizing the wanton arbitrariness of the Soviet penal system and the wretchedness of its victims is demonstrated in countless episodes ranging from the grotesquely anecdotal to the almost unbearably poignant...
...For Completion by Nonprofit Organizations Authorized to Mail at Special Rates (Section 132,122, Postal Manual...
...THISBRINGS ME to a theme that looms large in The Gulag Archipelago-the soul-destroying potential of any exercise of authority within the Soviet system, a theme that had been sounded memorably in Solzhenitsyn’s The First Circle...
...Thernstrom finds that the American class system allowed simultaneously for substantial privilege for the BOOKS 91 his passionate and to an extent legitimate David Bensman insistence on the uniqueness of the Soviet experience-in its utter arbitrariness and grotesque size the Stalinist policy apparatus has no equals in modern history!-may at times Mobility in America clash head on with one’s awareness of an equally unique and unsurpassably grisly modern atrocity-the Nazi “final solution...
...Thernstrom’s work, particularly Poverty and Progress (1964), along with that of his former collaborator Peter, Knights, has shown that we can learn much about the American working class by using computers to process data from the manuscript censuses, city direcfinding themselves in such a situation turned tories, and tax records...
...Average number of copies each issue during preceding 12 months300...
...E. Total distribution (sum of C and D...
...by shooting to all activities of the Mensheviks, SRs, etc.,” finally and most relevantly, his laying down only two months after the October Revolution the “guiding principle of the Gulag Archipelago...
...The first part of the book treats the “birth of modern government,” primarily in France and Prussia...
...But we do not hear in this book any suggestion that unions might be rendered powerless and corruptible by the superior power of business and the state that business shapes...
...But since the monstrous distinctiveness of Stalin’s contribution emerges unmistakably from his massive documentation, no major distortions can be said to have occurred...
...Few of his Russian readers-and it is to them that The Gulag Archipelago is principally addressed-ill fail to respond to this book without a shock of either recognition or discovery...
...While it is ineffective in challenging the status quo, it might be quite effective as a means of shaping mentalities and limiting options...
...What did you get it for?’ “For nothingat all...
...Thus, in his salutary challenge to the Khrushchevite no5 See “Solzhenitsyn,” in A Window on Russia 6 The Gulag Archipelago, p. 174...
...His newest book, The out to be weak and confessed to more than they should have...
...0...
...Jacoby draws upon an immense range of material, quotes liberally, and manages to convey a feeling for the concrete, nitty-gritty growth of the centralized state out of feudalism, as well as broad generalizations that made this halting march of bureaucracy seem inevitable...
...2. Copiesdistributed to news agents, but not sold...
...The bulk of this study is devoted to social rather than geographic mobility...
...he has truly been placed beyond the pale...
...But it is hardly enough to absolve Lenin from a major share of responsibility for the establishment of the Soviet penal system...
...Even more troubling, however, is Thernstrom’s failure to investigate the significance of the mobility patterns he uncovered...
...BOOKS 89 that the “abuses of socialist legality” had not begun until the mid-1930s and that the Great Terror was the result of the tyrant’s paranoia and blood lust, he can occasionally understate the differences between the Stalin and the pre-Stalin periods...
...This is particularly problematical really entailed...
...Let us take one step further: in the nightmarish world of the Gulag Archipelago the source of corruption lies, not in the power per se, but in its being legitimized and sanctioned by an all-embracing ideology: Ideology-that is what gives evildoing its long sought justification and gives the evildoer the necessary steadfastness and determination...
...Throughout, the writing is graceful, the quotes are a delight, the range and scope is wide and free-wheeling...
...the surplus (therelby benefiting non-elites in absolute terms) and preserve privileges and control (benefiting the elites in both absolute and relative terms...
...And did “bureaucracy” destroy the feudal order, or was it done by economic and political forces...
...Thus we are not sure what Thernstrom shows the evidence: movement from a manual job to a clerkship the level at which one entered the labor market strongly influenced one’s subsequent career...
...Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to filing date--1,280...
...For example, he says, the problem with the political system in societies is that policy has been displaced by the bureaucrats...
...So and so!Article 51 and twentyfive years...
...Bureaucratic intervention consisted of the governors of provinces arresting and exiling the leading members of the assemblies...
...You understand...
...Thus oriental despotism is both worse and more powerful than bureaucracy...
...Thus oriental despotism is both worse and more powerful than bureaucracy...
...Do not condemn those who For more than a decade Stephan Thernstrom has been studying patterns of social mobility among American workers in the 19th and 20th centuries, in order to understand “Why the American working class did not form a mass radical party or develop a revolutionary ideology...
...Irving Howe, 509 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y...
...And after a quite appropriate characterization of modern Russian bureaucracy as disastrous and wasteful, the very next chapter starts off with a paean to the virtues of bureaucracy-its technical superiority and efficiency...
...On the one hand, bureaucracy becomes an all-encompassing noun, embracing absolutist states and democratic ones, efficient and inefficient private enterprises...
...A dominant theme of the book is that the state, which is equated with bureaucracy, has continually enlarged and extended its role in the economy...
...Detailed and fascinating studies in French and German that are largely unknown to us in the U.S...
...four-tenths of them got white-collar jobs, and another tenth entered a skilled trade...
...90 BOOKS out by Solzhenitsyn’s account, is the complete impunity with which hardened criminal harass and humiliate their “political” fellow inmates...
...it is to the accompaniment of such ringing celebrations of Man that millions of actual men and women were marched into the lower depths of degradation in the land that Alexander Solzhenitsyn, to his ever-lasting credit, has dared to chart...
...It makes some difference...
...The dying leader’s alleged last-minute shudder may well be interpreted as a belated tribute to the humanistic tradition of the Russian intelligentsia, a tradition to which his successor would owe scant allegiance...
...By the same token, Solzhenitsyn feels too vindictive-though again not without reason-toward all the major architects of the Soviet system to be able to accord the old Bolsheviks arraigned in the public purge trials ---e.g., N. Bukharin-as sensitive and compassionate a treatment as he offers millions of ordinary Russians, including the half-starved and misguided prisoners of war sucked into General Vlasov’s ill-fated “Russian Liberation Army...
...7 New York Times Book Review, June 16, 1914...
...You are lying...
...by shooting to all activities of the Mensheviks, SRs, etc.,” finally and most relevantly, his laying down only two months after the October Revolution the “guiding principle of the Gulag Archipelago...
...While it is ineffective in challenging the status quo, it might be quite effective as a means of shaping mentalities and limiting options...
...He was afraid...
...one-third of the youths born into workingclass homes attained positions as clerks, salesmen, or small proprietors, and another tenth ended up as professionals or substantial businessmen...
...long period...
...The “political” offender, or anyone who could remotely-or fraudulently-be construed as one,12 is a pariah, an outcast...
...He then consulted city directories and tax records for information about the career histories of the sample members...
...Nine minutes, ten...
...If one does not answer these questions, one cannot determine whether the patterns of mobility that Thernstrom discovered served as a significant barrier to working-class radicalism...
...There is, in fact, a nagging feeling that he rather admires centralized efficiency in industry, and blames the alienation of the individual largely upon centralized state control...
...In a New Yorker review George Steiner deems it necessary to warn his readers: But let us not fool ourselves...
...In this view, apparently, the use of centralized power to make arrests is what bureaucracy means...
...I am saying “appear” since at no point does Solzhenitsyn view Nazism as anything else but the epitome of modern Western evil...
...And that tiny storm boxed in sheets of steel rolled along so peacefully in the six-lane automobile traffic, stopped at traffic lights and signaled for a turn.4 But all this is only part of what “literary investigation” may properly imply: for the adjective (“artistic”) can connote not only a command of characteristically literary techniques, an ability to embody a tragedy of millions in sharply etched individual images but also the writer’s recognizable signature, the imprint of his personal vision, a moral emphasis unmistakably his own...
...Lewis Coser, 509 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y...
...Did they view manual work as inherently degrading...
...In The Gulag Archipelago this moral vulnerability of the average Soviet citizen or inmate becomes an insidious and ubiquitous threat...
...1.95 paper...
...Some of his colleagues “were recruited at the time...
...The central question is to what extent bureaucracy is a genuine social form that is autonomous, evolving through natural laws, and goal directed (as is assumed by most of those authors Jacoby cites...
...For Solzhenitsyn’s purposes Lord Acton’s famous dictum, “power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely,” might be amended to read: “in an absolutist (i.e., totalitarian) state even limited power can corrupt absolutely...
...It makes some difference...
...A. Total number of copies printed (net press run...
...But how many of them will be reached...
...If it is the latter, we might find that the freeing of the individual in some respects is consistent with manipulating him in other respects...
...6. Names and Addresses of Publisher, Editor, and Managing Editor: Publisher: none...
...But a page later we learn that a limited experiment with autonomous government came to an end, not because of despotism, but because of “bureaucratic intervention...
...The bulk of this study is devoted to social rather than geographic mobility...
...But we do not hear in this book any suggestion that unions might be rendered powerless and corruptible by the superior power of business and the state that business shapes...
...Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to filing date-6,800...
...Last but not least, there are the ominously explicit quotations from Lenin’s writings and edicts, his call to “purge the Russian land of all kinds of harmful insects,” his flat assertion in a 1919 letter to Maxim Gorky that the intelligentsia “are not the nation’s brain but shit,” his directive to the People’s Commissar of Justice “to extend the use of execution 8 Soviet official slander and some Western obfuscation notwithstanding, Solzhenitsyn never comes anywhere close to justifying General Vlasov’s precarious collaboration with the Germans...
...9. For Optional Completion by Publishers Mailingat the Regular Rates (Section 132,121 Postal Service Manual) 39 U.S.C...
...For Completion by Nonprofit Organizations Authorized to Mail at Special Rates (Section 132,122, Postal Manual...
...I certify that the statements made by me above are correct and complete...
...In this seedy ideocracy a thief, or for that matter a murderer, is simply a Soviet citizen who has run afoul of the law and who during his prison interlude is encouraged to use his not inconsiderable resources to act as a scourge of the allegedly unredeemable “enemies of the people...
...On the other hand, it might be the most efficient tool available for elites both to expand 94 BOOKS...
...there were marked disabilities connected with racial and ethnic status...
...Unfortunately, this book does not sort out such problems...
...And how did they regard decreasing opportunities for self-employment...
...European work habits, American artisan tradition, and the development, in America, of ethnic working-class communities, have been subject to fruitful inquiry in the past half-decade...
...Did they compare their status with that of their parents in rural Europe...
...For Solzhenitsyn’s purposes Lord Acton’s famous dictum, “power tends to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely,” might be amended to read: “in an absolutist (i.e., totalitarian) state even limited power can corrupt absolutely...
...One of the most repellent aspects of the Gulag universe, recorded previously in such forced-labor-camp memoirs as Evgenya Ginsburg’s Journey into the Whirlwind and fully 9 The Gulag Archipelago, pp...
...Average number of copies each issue during preceding 12 months-1,160...
...But is not the “style of feeling” that shapes this passage, especially its richly resonant last phrase, part of the patrimony many a Western reader will readily recognize as his own...
...The chief of the convoy guard was curious...
...One problem is that, because of the limited size of his sample, Thernstrom is forced to use very broad categories of jobs-“manual,” “middleclass,” etc...
...Let me cite a few instances...
...long period...
...Boston’s working class, we learn, was astonishingly mobile-in the geographical sense...
...lo For only an intoxication with one’s historical rightness could provide what Norman Cohn has called in another connection “a warrant for genocide...
...Translation and italics, V.E...
...the succession of revolutionary kangaroo courts held in the early ’20s...
...10017...
...Berkeley: University of California Press...
...Such a trade-off could not be uncovered by the procedure Thernstrom used here...
...A good book on bureaucracy is yet to be written, and it is unfortunate that, despite the virtues of this essay, this is not the book...
...The purpose, function, such as the New York City Board of Education can be so ineffective for non-elites (the ineffectiveness of the latter suggests it is a tool of the professionals who have captured it, and is a matter of indifference to elites...
...345 pp...
...This emphasis has been queried by a number of Western reviewers, including those who on the face of it do not seem to have any stake in the early phase of the Soviet regime...
...Cambridge: Harvard University Press...
...Let us recall the seeming moral paradox that lies at the heart of that novel: only in prison can one be really free...
...They took her away from us...
...At the Novosibirsk Transit Prison in 1945 theygreeted the prisoners with a roll call based on 2 The Gulag Archipelago, pp...
...At any point, only between 40 and 60 percent of the adult males of Boston could still be located there ten years later...
...Here is a vignette of a district Party conference in the Moscow province, held at the peak of the “personality cult”: It [the conference] was presided over by a new Secretary of the District Party Committee, replacing one recently arrested...
...The cumulative power and the overwhelming credibility of his indictment result in no small measure from the fact that the statistics and the typologies are repeatedly anchored in, and authenticated by, a wealth of physical and human detail, either remembered by the author or conveyed to him by other former denizens of the Archipelago...
...The Secretary of the District Party Committee could have done so...
...But he refuses to consider these “cultural matters” because he believes they are not susceptible to scientific study...
...The director of the local paper factory, an independent and strong-minded man, stood with the presidium...
...Even more troubling, however, is Thernstrom’s failure to investigate the significance of the mobility patterns he uncovered...
...There really is no reason why the study of working-class culture and the quantitative studies pioneered by Thernstrom need be seen as alternatives and it is disappointing that Thernstrom has chosen so to view them...
...Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to filing date--1,280...
...Thernstrom selected five samples of the male population of Boston, from the manuscript census of 1880, city marriage records of 1910, local birth records of 1930, a 1958 city directory, and a 1963 interview survey...
...Thus it is not necessarily a reflection on the historical portion of the book to say that it is at its most effective in such sections as the autobiographical chapter “That Spring” 86 -a masterly evocation of the hopes of amnesty that pervaded the camps after the victory over the Nazis, hopes brutally dashed as one inmate after another was casually and callously consigned to additional 5, 10, or 15 years of the forced-labor-camp inferno...
...12.95...
...We learn on page 132 that the Russian state eventually accommodated itself quite readily to bureaucracy, apparently casting off oriental despotism...
...Only those who, like Nerzhin, Bobynin, and Khorobrov, have nothing to lose, since they have already lost every3 Ibid., p. 293...
...10017...
...Finally, Thernstrom found there were sharp ethnic differences in achievement, with natives doing better than immigrants, American-born children of European immigrants better than their fathers but worse than the children of natives, and Irish and Italian immigrants faring much worse than Jewish and English immigrants...
...3626 provides in pertinent part: “No person who would have been entitled to mail matter under former section 4359 of this title shall mail such matter at the rates provided under this subsection unless he files annually with the Postal Service a written request for permission to mail matters at such rates...
...the freedoms gained might be freedom from want in the bureaucratized and industrialized societies, something of some concern to the vast majority of people...
...There really is no reason why the study of working-class culture and the quantitative studies pioneered by Thernstrom need be seen as alternatives and it is disappointing that Thernstrom has chosen so to view them...
...Jacoby draws upon an immense range of material, quotes liberally, and manages to convey a feeling for the concrete, nitty-gritty growth of the centralized state out of feudalism, as well as broad generalizations that made this halting march of bureaucracy seem inevitable...
...How different in this respect, Solzhenitzyn never tires of reminding us, were the Czarist jails...
...Did they view manual work as inherently degrading...
...90 BOOKS Yet his passionate and to an extent legitimate David Bensman insistence on the uniqueness of the Soviet experience-in its utter arbitrariness and grotesque size the Stalinist policy apparatus has no equals in modern history!-may at times Mobility in America clash head on with one’s awareness of an equally unique and unsurpassably grisly modern atrocity-the Nazi “final solution...
...Though Solzhenitsyn’s hostility to Maxism as a fallacious and “alien” doctrine is by now part of the public record, on the evidence of the first four parts of The Gulag Archipelago it would be more accurate to say that he places the blame at the door of the Bolshevik variant of Marxism, specifically, of Lenin...
...We are left wondering if the state is really identical with or even a pawn of bureaucracy, which is the dominant theme in the book, or whether the extremely powerful head of state has centralized control over everything (including the bureaucrats who were removed from time to time on a wholesale basis by the Czars...
...B. Paid circulation: 1. Sales through dealers and carriers, street vendors and counter sales...
...In the West, where the availability of the book is not at issue, the barriers are of a different order...
...1 The intrepid Russian writer Lidya Chukovskaya spoke of Solzhenitsyn’s book as an “enormous event,” comparable in its repercussions to Stalin’s death...
...By the same token where “higher”-moral or religious-constraints are effectively removed, abuse of power is virtually inevitable: ‘‘Power is a poison well known for thousands of years...
...Whether the “repercussions,” the overall impact, or Solzhenitsyn’s act will match its inherent significance is quite another matter...
...there were marked disabilities connected with racial and ethnic status...
...8. Known Bondholders, Mortgagees, and Other Security Holders Owning or Holding 1 Percent or More of Total Amount of Bonds, Mortgages or Other Securities: None...
...But, clearly, what was involved was not merely “pressure...
...the freedoms gained might be freedom from want in the bureaucratized and industrialized societies, something of some concern to the vast majority of people...
...But on the next page we find both the Czarist and the Soviet systems characterized by “enormous centralization of power and decision making” and “the overriding role of the head of the state...
...Ironically, 12 One of the salient findings of Solzhenitsyn’s“literary investigation” is that since the early ’30s only an infinitesimal fraction of those convicted on ideological charges under the catchall article 58 have been principled opponents or even critics of the regime...
...However, who would dare to be the first to stop...
...are well summarized, e.g., Eberhard Kolb on the German Workers’ Councils in 1918 and 1919...
...Where is she now...
...Where is she now...
...but that both inefficiency and waste could also coexist with the beautifully tuned instrument of centralized control which General Motors represents is not a paradox to Jacoby...
...The cumulative power and the overwhelming credibility of his indictment result in no small measure from the fact that the statistics and the typologies are repeatedly anchored in, and authenticated by, a wealth of physical and human detail, either remembered by the author or conveyed to him by other former denizens of the Archipelago...
...Average number of copies each issue during preceding 12 months-1,160...
...She became, you know, well, a little confused...
...Let us recall the seeming moral paradox that lies at the heart of that novel: only in prison can one be really free...
...Average number of copieseach issue during preceding 12 months-3,440...
...9 That on the eve of his death Lenin should have had second thoughts about the authoritarian drift of the Bolshevik regime is a matter of some psychological and historic interest...
...For three minutes, four minutes, five minutes the stormy applause rising to an ovation continued...
...it is to the accompaniment of such ringing celebrations of Man that millions of actual men and women were marched into the lower depths of degradation in the land that Alexander Solzhenitsyn, to his ever-lasting credit, has dared to chart...
...Translated by Eveline Kanes...
...Solzhenitsyn has written a book that, in his own words, “cries out” not only to the “two hundred million” Russians but to us all...
...If it is largely this, then bureaucracy is the villain, and heads of corporations and of states are victims like the rest of us...
...But is not the “style of feeling” that shapes this passage, especially its richly resonant last phrase, part of the patrimony many a Western reader will readily recognize as his own...
...6. Names and Addresses of Publisher, Editor, and Managing Editor: Publisher: none...
...Stanley Plastrik, Business Manager...
...less than candor can do justice to his own fearless honesty...
...Some of his colleagues “were recruited at the time...
...The major vice is an analytic one...
...Inasmuch as Thernstrom’s findings here confirm other studies of geographical mobility, he speculates that “The extreme transiency of the urban masses must have severely limited the possibilities of mobilizing them politically and socially...
...Extent and Nature of Circulation...
...Unfortunately, this book does not sort out such problems...
...On the other hand, it pulled us out of the feudal order, gave US the basis for democracy, expanded the wealth of societies...
...Solzhenitsyn seems to have legitimized such a procedure by providing a curious subtitle “An Experiment in Literary [literally, ‘Artistic’] Investigation...
...Surely, if we want to know what were the social consequences of the Boston workers’ career experiences, we must know the criteria by which they judged them...
...For those, however, who are unaware of any higher spheres it is deadly poison...
...10017...
...Finally, Thernstrom found there were sharp ethnic differences in achievement, with natives doing better than immigrants, American-born children of European immigrants better than their fathers but worse than the children of natives, and Irish and Italian immigrants faring much worse than Jewish and English immigrants...
...Stanley Plastrik, Business Manager...
...1.95 paper...
...12.50 cloth...
...Let me cite a few instances...
...A. Total number of copies printed (net press run...
...Samples, complimentary, and other free copies...
...At one of the least convincing moments in Maxim Gorky’s famous play The Lower Depths, a protagonist exclaims: “Man...
...D. Free distribution by mail, carrier or other means-I...
...But how many men have ever had spontaneous selfsufficiency...
...Editor: Irving Howe, 509 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y...
...The privileged status enjoyed by bandits and thieves in the Archipelago can be said to epitomize the wantonness of “l’universe concentrationnaire” (David Rousset) . But it is also a measure not so much of the regime’s tenderness toward the criminals-though it was this lumpenproletariat gone astray that was dubbed “socially akin” and thus capable of reeducation-as its utter scorn for the “politicals...
...if so, it is hard to know what is absolutism...
...According to Jacoby, virtuous unions, for example, are corrupted by bureaucratic tendencies...
...Blacks moved up slowest of all...
...JACOBY DISCUSSES some limits on the power of bureaucracy...
...Averagenumber of copies each issue during preceding 12 months-6,240...
...Jacoby delimits the impressive means of centralized control at General Motors, one side of the paradox, and then two pages later he glides easily into a discussion of the flood of paper work, the paralysis of initiative, the duplication of procedures, forms, forms, and forms...
...the point of one’s entry into the labor market was strongly related to family status...
...I certify that the statements made by me above are correct and complete...
...Nor is this particularly surprising...
...She simply couldn’t endure the strain...
...Title 39, United States Code...
...And it was largely the less successful who left the Boston metropolitan area...
...He praises bureaucracy for having brought us out of the tyranny of feudal despotism, but inveighs against the red tape and manipulation of state bureaucracy...
...It is one thing to note the pitfalls of Solzhenitsyn’s Russia-centered cosmology (nothing THEOTHER BOSTONIANS: POVERTY AND PROGRESS IN THE AMERICAN METROPOLIS, 18801970, by Stephan Thernstrom...
...Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to filing date6,175...
...Her fears weren’t for herself but were all for you...
...The sentence for nothing at all is ten years...
...and the Jacobins (early and late), by equality, brotherhood and the happiness of future generations.6 What is the name of the latter-day Jacobin ideology that served as an alibi for the atrocities recorded here...
...and the Jacobins (early and late), by equality, brotherhood and the happiness of future generations.6 What is the name of the latter-day Jacobin ideology that served as an alibi for the atrocities recorded here...
...10017...
...4 Ibid., p. 53 1. BOOKS 87 thing-all their material possessions and often their loved ones-can maintain their basic humanity and their personal dignity, can act upon the dictates of their conscience...
...Average number of copies each issue during preceding 12 months300...
...241 pp...
...D. Free distribution by mail, carrier or other means-I...
...Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to filing date-6,800...
...2. Mail subscriptions...
...Yet none of this diminishes the force of Solzhenitsyn’s most explosive thesis, notably that the foundations of Stalinist arbitrariness and lawlessness-of the use of terror as the “mode of persuasion”-were laid in the formative years of the Soviet regime...
...But he was a newcomer...
...Averagenumber of copies each issue during preceding 12 months-6,240...
...The virtues are considerable...
...But since the monstrous distinctiveness of Stalin’s contribution emerges unmistakably from his massive documentation, no major distortions can be said to have occurred...
...The way the term is used in this book, despite passages arguing that it has many meanings and faces, it is difficult to know...
...But more important, this, Solzhenitsyn’s first major work of nonfiction, has all the evocativeness of individual scenes, episodes, and encounters that has long been recognized as his major literary trademark...
...We learn on page 132 that the Russian state eventually accommodated itself quite readily to bureaucracy, apparently casting off oriental despotism...
...Covering a vast range of literature, this is perhaps the best summary statement of the rise of bureaucracy in the West, more extensive than Reinhard Bendix’s short gem in the new edition of the Encyclopedio of the Social Sciences, more detailed and historical than Martin Albrow’s fascinating small book, Bureaucracy, recently published in England by Pall Mall...
...SOLZHENITSYN’S INSISTENCE on tracing the Soviet police state back to the halcyon days of the October Revolution is precisely what makes The Gulag Archipelago so thoroughly “subversive” a document...
...0 13 New Yorker, August 5, 1974...
...This has a proud ring...
...the Nazis, by race...
...He does so, Edmund Wilson n~twithstanding,~ not because he craves suffering, but because he knows only too well the moral cost of playing the game, and the system’s capacity to degrade anyone who does its bidding...
...Citing those broken under torture Solzhenitsyn exclaims: “Brother mine...
...And after a quite appropriate characterization of modern Russian bureaucracy as disastrous and wasteful, the very next chapter starts off with a paean to the virtues of bureaucracy-its technical superiority and efficiency...
...Solzhenitsyn seems to have legitimized such a procedure by providing a curious subtitle “An Experiment in Literary [literally, ‘Artistic’] Investigation...
...660 pp...
...All that time she lived only for you...
...SOLZHENITSYN’S INSISTENCE on tracing the Soviet police state back to the halcyon days of the October Revolution is precisely what makes The Gulag Archipelago so thoroughly “subversive” a document...
...The virtues are considerable...
...let us submit the irony to analysis...
...First, there are the pervasive clusters of images that dominate the description and history of the Soviet penal and forced-laborcamp systems...
...We never cease to attack this paradox”-but it is not a paradox that appeals to Jacoby...
...Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to filing date-250...
...Average number of copies each issue during preceding 12 months4,770...
...What are the freedoms that have been limited by bureaucracy, and in what regard has the “freeing of individuals” taken place lbecause of bureaucracy...
...one-third of the youths born into workingclass homes attained positions as clerks, salesmen, or small proprietors, and another tenth ended up as professionals or substantial businessmen...
...They can in fact properly argue that ruthlessness and lack of scruple in dealing with “class enemies” had been a trademark of Bolshevism well before its advent to power...
...A dominant theme of the book is that the state, which is equated with bureaucracy, has continually enlarged and extended its role in the economy...
...At any point, only between 40 and 60 percent of the adult males of Boston could still be located there ten years later...
...Average number of copies each issue duringpreceding 12 months-7,400...
...92 BOOKS Charles Perrow On Bureaucracy THEBUREAUCRATIZATIONOF THE WORLD, by Henry Jacoby...
...let us submit the irony to analysis...
...Jacoby prefers to speak through the quotes and synopses of others, and thus he loses an opportunity to think things through...
...This unsparing account of arrests, tortures, executions, and of grinding, day-to-day brutalities and indignities, the spectacle of the millions of innocent people frozen, starved, beaten to death would be literally unbearable, were it not for Solzhenitsyn’s remarkable narrative gifts and for the flashes of humanity and spiritual fortitude that occasionally light up the inferno...
...But on the next page we find both the Czarist and the Soviet systems characterized by “enormous centralization of power and decision making” and “the overriding role of the head of the state...
...Thernstrom’s work, particularly Poverty and Progress (1964), along with that of his former collaborator Peter, Knights, has shown that we can learn much about the American working class by using computers to process data from the manuscript censuses, city direcfinding themselves in such a situation turned tories, and tax records...
...Where legitimizing terror is concerned Lenin’s legacy is “ambiguous,” he opined.7 Let us concede that modulated political analysis is not Solzhenitsyn’s forte...
...C. Total paid circulation...
...At one of the least convincing moments in Maxim Gorky’s famous play The Lower Depths, a protagonist exclaims: “Man...
...Aware of all the falsity and impossibility of the situation, he still kept applauding...
...In The Gulag Archipelago this moral vulnerability of the average Soviet citizen or inmate becomes an insidious and ubiquitous threat...
...If readers naturally attuned to Solzhenitsyn’s towering rage marvel at its sustained power, others may find his unmodulated anger, his heavy sarcasm, which punctures the text and keeps spilling over into the footnotes, obtrusive if not counterproductive...
...Can this he the same concept...
...Aware of all the falsity and impossibility of the situation, he still kept applauding...
...Do peasants in those unbureaucratized areas of India, Africa, or Latin America have it now...
...That same night the factory director was arrested...
...3. Frequency of Issue: Quarterly...
...Thernstrom finds that the American class system allowed simultaneously for substantial privilege for the BOOKS 91 middle and upper classes and extensive oppor- because he does not supplement his study of tunity for the working class...
...If so, the bureaucracy might be quite efficient for some purposes, but it is the purposes that matter, not the tool...
...They took her away from us...
...But palms were getting sore, and raised arms were alreadyaching...
...In December 1917 Lenin drew up the following list of penalties for violation of a recently promulgated law: “confiscation of all property, incarceration . . . and forced labor...
...Even where it moves and instructs us most The Gulag Archipelago is violently at odds with the Western style of feeling and argument...
...Cambridge: Harvard University Press...
...This humanistic clichk-singularly unpersuasive in the squalid circumstances under which it was uttered-has since been quoted ad nauseam by official Soviet publicists and critics...
...Yet we could do worse than begin our effort to pin down the nature and import of this harrowing montage-an unorthodox blend of history, political commentary, personal reminiscence, and composite eyewitness testimonyby focusing on some aspects of its texture and genre...
...But Tnernstrom is more impressed with the degree of opportunity, finding that: one-fourth of all the men who entered the labor market as manual workers ended up in middle-class callings, whereas only one-tenth of those starting in middle-class jobs dropped to manual positions...
...Nor is this particularly surprising...
...If one does not answer these questions, one cannot determine whether the patterns of mobility that Thernstrom discovered served as a significant barrier to working-class radicalism...
...The quality of the Gulag world and its monstrous expansion are captured in graphic phrases-“the sewage disposal system,” and concomitantly, the “murky, stinking pipes” into which successive “torrents” of prisonersdemocratic socialists, churchmen, alleged industrial saboteurs, dispossessed kulaks, etc.were channeled...
...WHATEVER ITS FLAWS or inconsistencies, The Gulag Archipelago is indeed, as Chukovskaya put it, an “enormous event...
...No wonder the chief of the convoy guard in Novosibirsk could calmlystate: “The sentence for nothing at all is ten years...
...New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1972...
...660 pp...
...Translation and italics, V.E...
...Would they lose it if they could trade places with the lower classes in the bureaucratized developed nations...
...Blacks moved up slowest of all...
...Would they lose it if they could trade places with the lower classes in the bureaucratized developed nations...
...The greedy machine had to be fed, the swollen policy corps had to justify its existence and demonstrate its vigilance by dumping down the “stinking pipes” ever-increasing numbers of random victims...
...He does so, Edmund Wilson n~twithstanding,~ not because he craves suffering, but because he knows only too well the moral cost of playing the game, and the system’s capacity to degrade anyone who does its bidding...
...3626 provides in pertinent part: “No person who would have been entitled to mail matter under former section 4359 of this title shall mail such matter at the rates provided under this subsection unless he files annually with the Postal Service a written request for permission to mail matters at such rates...
...She blamed herself for your arrest...
...This refusal to consider culture emerges most clearly in Thernstrom’s discussion of the variations in the ethnic mobility rates...
...Here is a vignette of a district Party conference in the Moscow province, held at the peak of the “personality cult”: It [the conference] was presided over by a new Secretary of the District Party Committee, replacing one recently arrested...
...but that both inefficiency and waste could also coexist with the beautifully tuned instrument of centralized control which General Motors represents is not a paradox to Jacoby...
...13 Other Bostonians, is the most sophisticated work of its kind yet to appear, and the only one that attempts to study mobility over a The characteristically Russian, “liturgical” tonality of the above is undeniable: Dostoevsky’s Father Zossima could have spoken thus...
...In a society where the alternative to authority is either total misery or total insignificance, temptations of power are extremely difficult to resist...
...In a thoughtful review of The Gulag Archipelago, Stephen F. Cohen found Solzhenitsyn’s strictures somewhat unfair...
...But what has happened to her now...
...Do not condemn those who For more than a decade Stephan Thernstrom has been studying patterns of social mobility among American workers in the 19th and 20th centuries, in order to understand “Why the American working class did not form a mass radical party or develop a revolutionary ideology...
...2. Mail subscriptions...
...Translated from the Russian by Thomas P. Whitney...
...Berkeley: University of California Press...
...10017...
...If it is largely this, then bureaucracy is the villain, and heads of corporations and of states are victims like the rest of us...
...10017...
...By the time such scenes were occurring all over the Soviet Union, “the sewer disposal system” had acquired a momentum of its own...
...he inquires anxiously...
...12.50 cloth...
...2. Date of Filing: October 1, 1974...
...Thus, in his salutary challenge to the Khrushchevite no5 See “Solzhenitsyn,” in A Window on Russia 6 The Gulag Archipelago, p. 174...
...88 BOOKS all their material possessions and often their loved ones-can maintain their basic humanity and their personal dignity, can act upon the dictates of their conscience...
...345 pp...
...Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to filing date-250...
...All that time she lived only for you...
...It is filled with Slavophile, liturgical rhetoric...
...Such a trade-off could not be uncovered by the procedure Thernstrom used here...
...Removing the occasions for real debate and choice will leave us with an intendedly neutralized and ineffective bureaucracy...
...At the conclusion of the conference a tribute to Comrade Stalin was called for...
...The “political” offender, or anyone who could remotely-or fraudulently-be construed as one,12 is a pariah, an outcast...
...4 Ibid., p. 53 1. BOOKS 87 a masterly evocation of the hopes of amnesty that pervaded the camps after the victory over the Nazis, hopes brutally dashed as one inmate after another was casually and callously consigned to additional 5, 10, or 15 years of the forced-labor-camp inferno...
...He praises bureaucracy for having brought us out of the tyranny of feudal despotism, but inveighs against the red tape and manipulation of state bureaucracy...
...Jacoby is clear that bureaucracy is the villain, but his data not...
...At the conclusion of the conference a tribute to Comrade Stalin was called for...
...Hence the “dreadful question” that Solzhenitsyn raises as his discussion of the KGB mentality (“The Bluecaps”) shades off into autobiography: “If my life had turned out differently, might I myself not have become just such an executioner...
...Yet we could do worse than begin our effort to pin down the nature and import of this harrowing montage-an unorthodox blend of history, political commentary, personal reminiscence, and composite eyewitness testimonyby focusing on some aspects of its texture and genre...
...Fine...
...Hence this remarkable admission made a few years latter: 2...
...To a man everyone else stopped dead and sat down...
...Covering a vast range of literature, this is perhaps the best summary statement of the rise of bureaucracy in the West, more extensive than Reinhard Bendix’s short gem in the new edition of the Encyclopedio of the Social Sciences, more detailed and historical than Martin Albrow’s fascinating small book, Bureaucracy, recently published in England by Pall Mall...
...2. Date of Filing: October 1, 1974...
...Hence the “dreadful question” that Solzhenitsyn raises as his discussion of the KGB mentality (“The Bluecaps”) shades off into autobiography: “If my life had turned out differently, might I myself not have become just such an executioner...
...She simply couldn’t endure the strain...
...Things were so hard for her...
...he does not explore the paradox he and others have identified...
...The Secretary of the District Party Committee could have done so...
...New York: Harper & Row...
...0 13 New Yorker, August 5, 1974...
...Bureaucracy is the villain, but just how lovely was that feudal order bureaucracy has destroyed, an order, he says, which “had been both stable and protective...
...After eleven minutes the director of the paper factory assumed a businesslike expression and sat down in his seat...
...Inspired by the work of such European social historians as Lefebvre, Thompson, RudC, and Hobsbawm, they have made “working-class culture” the subject of their inquiry...
...But Jacoby does not confront this theme with a quite subsidiary theme in other passages, which argues that capitalism needed, created, and controlled the state bureaucracy...
...After eleven minutes the director of the paper factory assumed a businesslike expression and sat down in his seat...
...And oh, what a miracle took place...
...FROMTHESE FINDINGS, which Thernstrom finds applicable to other cities and regions, he is willing to speculate that when the needed comparative studies of European society are available, they will show that the American social structure was more fluid than that of most European countries, and that American opportunity did impede the formation of class-based movements for radical change...
...The privileged status enjoyed by bandits and thieves in the Archipelago can be said to epitomize the wantonness of “l’universe concentrationnaire” (David Rousset) . But it is also a measure not so much of the regime’s tenderness toward the criminals-though it was this lumpenproletariat gone astray that was dubbed “socially akin” and thus capable of reeducation-as its utter scorn for the “politicals...
...In a society where the alternative to authority is either total misery or total insignificance, temptations of power are extremely difficult to resist...
...Can this he the same concept...
...If it is the latter, we might find that the freeing of the individual in some respects is consistent with manipulating him in other respects...
...10017...
...This is particularly problematical really entailed...
...It is surprising that Thernstrom chose to proceed in this manner, because one of the most interesting findings in his Newburyport study was that Irish laborers chose to spend their income on buying houses rather than educating their children...
...Average number of copies each issue during preceding 12 months--1,170...
...If not owned by a corporation, the names and addresses of the individual owners must be given...
...by centralized economic interests...
...But such a sorting out could profitably begin with this erudite overview of 0the scholarship in the area...
...Translated by Eveline Kanes...
...This emphasis has been queried by a number of Western reviewers, including those who on the face of it do not seem to have any stake in the early phase of the Soviet regime...
...Surely recent scholarship has challenged this generalization...
...But the book reflects the vices of its sources as well as their virtues...
...Yet what is ultimately at issue here is not merely the nature of the Bolshevik doctrine but, as George Kennan correctly puts it, “not so much the actual content of the [dominant] ideology as . . . the absolute value attached to it...
...But he was a newcomer...
...Other American social historians, led by Herbert Gutman and David Montgomery, have not been afraid to enter this terrain...
...BOOKS 89 borne out by Solzhenitsyn’s account, is the complete impunity with which hardened criminal harass and humiliate their “political” fellow inmates...
...It is one thing to note the pitfalls of Solzhenitsyn’s Russia-centered cosmology (nothing THEOTHER BOSTONIANS: POVERTY AND PROGRESS IN THE AMERICAN METROPOLIS, 18801970, by Stephan Thernstrom...
...The small hall echoed with stormy applause, rising to an ovation...
...the Nazis, by race...
...In accordance with the provisions of this statute, I hereby request permission to mail the publication named in item 1 at the reduced postage rates presently authorized by 39 U.S.C...
...Abstract enthusiasm for Man, faith in his unlimited potential and his glorious future, has never prevented inhuman treatment of the believer’s notoriously imperfect contemporaries...
...European work habits, American artisan tradition, and the development, in America, of ethnic working-class communities, have been subject to fruitful inquiry in the past half-decade...
...3626...
...Though sophisticated and comprehensive, Thernstrom’s study is not fully satisfying...
...But a page later we learn that a limited experiment with autonomous government came to an end, not because of despotism, but because of “bureaucratic intervention...
...This humanistic clichk-singularly unpersuasive in the squalid circumstances under which it was uttered-has since been quoted ad nauseam by official Soviet publicists and critics...
...Average number of copies of each issue during preceding 12 months-7,400...
...But Jacoby does no sorting out...
...Is it too much to hope that a significant number of those vouchsafed the opportunity to hear his message will bestir themselves to do so...
...in fact, it has often legitimized it...
...Citing those broken under torture Solzhenitsyn exclaims: “Brother mine...
...If readers naturally attuned to Solzhenitsyn’s towering rage marvel at its sustained power, others may find his unmodulated anger, his heavy sarcasm, which punctures the text and keeps spilling over into the footnotes, obtrusive if not counterproductive...
...Average number of copies each issue duringpreceding 12 months-7,400...
...It seems that at a certain point in his career as a student Solzhenitsyn was urged to enter a secret police academy...
...The greedy machine had to be fed, the swollen policy corps had to justify its existence and demonstrate its vigilance by dumping down the “stinking pipes” ever-increasing numbers of random victims...
...2. Copiesdistributed to news agents, but not sold...
...10017...
...Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to filing date-1,220...
...so labeled has been shaped in part by the resources of literary craft...
...Detailed and fascinating studies in French and German that are largely unknown to us in the U.S...
...But more important, this, Solzhenitsyn’s first major work of nonfiction, has all the evocativeness of individual scenes, episodes, and encounters that has long been recognized as his major literary trademark...
...On the other hand, it might be the most efficient tool available for elites both to expand 94 BOOKS...
...In passages of remarkable effectiveness and characteristic candor Solzhenitsyn recalls ruefully that during the few months of his army career, abruptly terminated by imprisonment, he proved far from immune to this poison: when an army captain, he was not above throwing his weight around, taking inordinate pride in his rank and uniform, treating ordinary soldiers and prisoners of war in a high-handed and arrogant manner...
...Let me conclude: we have before us a triumph of relentless, heroic memory, a staggering recreation of a man-made hell, of an institutionalized horror perpetrated in our own time and still extending, albeit, in a significantly truncated and modified form over one-sixth of the globe, a horror whose very existence was for a number of years strenuously denied by some of the more “advanced” minds of our era out of misguided loyalty to a besmirched and degraded utopian project...
...241 pp...
...One of the most repellent aspects of the Gulag universe, recorded previously in such forced-labor-camp memoirs as Evgenya Ginsburg’s Journey into the Whirlwind and fully 9 The Gulag Archipelago, pp...
...In his review of The Gulag Archipelago-by far the most effective American response to date-George Kennan called it “the greatest and most powerful single indictment of a political regime ever to be leveled in modern times...
...That was how the agents of the Inquisitionfortified their wills: by invoking Christianity...
...I am saying “appear” since at no point does Solzhenitsyn view Nazism as anything else but the epitome of modern Western evil...
...The Soviet authorities can be relied upon to make access to Solzhenitsyn’s bombshell difficult and hazardous...
...The major vice is an analytic one...
...Some Western students of Russia should have little quarrel with Solzhenitsyn’s position...
...9. For Optional Completion by Publishers Mailingat the Regular Rates (Section 132,121 Postal Service Manual) 39 U.S.C...
...the social forces that would shape a responsive policy have been neutralized or set aside by the bureaucracy...
...Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to filing date-4,645...
...indiscriminately applied, bureaucracy is the explanation for all the evils of the world...
...THISBRINGS ME to a theme that looms large in The Gulag Archipelago-the soul-destroying potential of any exercise of authority within the Soviet system, a theme that had been sounded memorably in Solzhenitsyn’s The First Circle...
...n Only the terrible righteousness of self-appointed saviors of mankind could induce otherwise honorable men and women to proscribe entire segments of society, to waive all legal and moral constraints with regard to those branded as “socially alien” and as “harmful insects” to be exterminated without mercy or discrimination...
...are well summarized, e.g., Eberhard Kolb on the German Workers’ Councils in 1918 and 1919...
...For example, the freedoms that have been lost might be those prized (and largely still held) by intellectuals...
...And did “bureaucracy” destroy the feudal order, or was it done by economic and political forces...
...The characteristic failure of this book, arid of most work done in this area, comes out when the author says, “the dialectical irony of world history is that the bureaucratic limitation of freedom has been brought about largely by the freeing of individuals and the loosing of all social ties associated with that process...
...He then consulted city directories and tax records for information about the career histories of the sample members...
...10017...
...But he refuses to consider these “cultural matters” because he believes they are not susceptible to scientific study...
...If it is the latter, capitalism is the villain, not state bureaucracy...
...we might have a clue to changing forms of centralized power that depend upon the state of the society, technology, and so on, thus discriminating among varieties of a type of tool (bureaucracy...
...AS it is, the journey is long and arduous, and not a few Westerners who admire Solzhenitsyn will balk at these hardships...
...Is it Marxism that is deemed responsible for what happened to Russian society...
...0 children of unskilled or semiskilled workers were not trapped at the bottom of the social system...
...Hence this remarkable admission made a few years latter: 2...
...One of them has to do with the harrowing nature of Solzhenitsyn’s material...
...Abstract enthusiasm for Man, faith in his unlimited potential and his glorious future, has never prevented inhuman treatment of the believer’s notoriously imperfect contemporaries...
...At one point he quotes Alfred Sloan of General Motors: “the general question remains...
...No wonder the chief of the convoy guard in Novosibirsk could calmlystate: “The sentence for nothing at all is ten years...
...Average number of copies of each issue during preceding 12 months-7,400...
...The characteristic failure of this book, arid of most work done in this area, comes out when the author says, “the dialectical irony of world history is that the bureaucratic limitation of freedom has been brought about largely by the freeing of individuals and the loosing of all social ties associated with that process...
...This refusal to consider culture emerges most clearly in Thernstrom’s discussion of the variations in the ethnic mobility rates...
...Lewis Coser, 509 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y...
...Roy Medvedev, a man who has serious philosophical and political disagreements with Solzhenitsyn, maintains that no one who has read The Gulag Archipelago can remain the same person he or she was before reading it...
...Nine minutes, ten...
...3 In the chapter “The Ships of the Archipelago,” a chance encounter in a prison van: Riding in the infamous “Black Maria” from the Butyrkj Prison to the railroad station, the author overhears a whispered conversation between his fellow inmate, lieutenant-colonel I., and a woman prisoner next to whom the officer finds himself and who turns out to have shared for five fateful months a prison cell with his wife...
...He recognizes the importance of cultural factors in determining these rates, but considers the matter too murky to merit speculation or study...
...we might be able to discuss why a bureaucracy such as General Motors can be so effective for elites and one STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (Act of August 12, 1970: Section 3685...
...But what has happened to her now...
...A good book on bureaucracy is yet to be written, and it is unfortunate that, despite the virtues of this essay, this is not the book...
...However, who would dare to be the first to stop...
...Perhaps we are talking about different spheres of life...
...indiscriminately applied, bureaucracy is the explanation for all the evils of the world...
...308, 328, 357...
...if so, it is hard to know what is absolutism...
...Ironically, 12 One of the salient findings of Solzhenitsyn’s“literary investigation” is that since the early ’30s only an infinitesimal fraction of those convicted on ideological charges under the catchall article 58 have been principled opponents or even critics of the regime...
...The purpose, function, such as the New York City Board of Education can be so ineffective for non-elites (the ineffectiveness of the latter suggests it is a tool of the professionals who have captured it, and is a matter of indifference to elites...
...Inasmuch as Thernstrom’s findings here confirm other studies of geographical mobility, he speculates that “The extreme transiency of the urban masses must have severely limited the possibilities of mobilizing them politically and socially...
...The adeptness of Solzhenitsyn the novelist at dramatizing the wanton arbitrariness of the Soviet penal system and the wretchedness of its victims is demonstrated in countless episodes ranging from the grotesquely anecdotal to the almost unbearably poignant...
...we might be able to discuss why a bureaucracy such as General Motors can be so effective for elites and one STATEMENT OF OWNERSHIP, MANAGEMENT AND CIRCULATION (Act of August 12, 1970: Section 3685...
...Solzhenitsyn himself at the last moment refused to apply out of some “vague sense of revulsion” that he traces to an earlier, less “relativistic” morality...
...To approach such a momentous moral-political act primarily in literary terms may appear as fatuous as “reading the Bible for its prose...
...You understand...
...the second part treats bureaucracy, economy, and politics in the 19th century, part three the Russian example, and part four the problems of a contemporary administered world...
...He had taken the place of a man who had been arrested...
...Average number of copies each issue during preceding 12 months--1,170...
...Let us take one step further: in the nightmarish world of the Gulag Archipelago the source of corruption lies, not in the power per se, but in its being legitimized and sanctioned by an all-embracing ideology: Ideology-that is what gives evildoing its long sought justification and gives the evildoer the necessary steadfastness and determination...
...3 In the chapter “The Ships of the Archipelago,” a chance encounter in a prison van: Riding in the infamous “Black Maria” from the Butyrkj Prison to the railroad station, the author overhears a whispered conversation between his fellow inmate, lieutenant-colonel I., and a woman prisoner next to whom the officer finds himself and who turns out to have shared for five fateful months a prison cell with his wife...
...Managing Editor: Edith Tarcov, 509 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y...
...Jacoby is clear that bureaucracy is the villain, but his data not...
...we might be able to examine the relationship of bureaucracy and democracy with a less stereotypical eye, with less propounding of easy “dilemmas” when we should talk about the structure of power...
...He now claims that this was a narrow escape: “if they had really put the pressure on, they could have broken everybody’s resistance...
...Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to filing date-6,800...
...The evidence marshaled in behalf of this proposition is as ample as it is difficult to refute...
...But Tnernstrom is more impressed with the degree of opportunity, finding that: one-fourth of all the men who entered the labor market as manual workers ended up in middle-class callings, whereas only one-tenth of those starting in middle-class jobs dropped to manual positions...
...For example, he says, the problem with the political system in societies is that policy has been displaced by the bureaucrats...
...10017...
...He was afraid...
...She blamed herself for your arrest...
...That was how the agents of the Inquisitionfortified their wills: by invoking Christianity...
...8. Known Bondholders, Mortgagees, and Other Security Holders Owning or Holding 1 Percent or More of Total Amount of Bonds, Mortgages or Other Securities: None...
...He was standing on the platform and it was he who had just called for the ovation...
...But an alternative view would be that politics is so poorly informed by policy choices-political parties being look-dikes all over, voters indifferent, political activity left to hacks-because the political system is conBOOKS 93 Perrow On Bureaucracy THEBUREAUCRATIZATIONOF THE WORLD, by Henry Jacoby...
...As one immerses oneself in the Solzhenitsyn text, the ramifications of the subtitle gradually emerge...
...10017...
...But how many men have ever had spontaneous selfsufficiency...
...7 New York Times Book Review, June 16, 1914...
...Perhaps we are talking about different spheres of life...
...Actual number of copies of single issue published nearest to filing date-3,425...
...Thus we are not sure what Thernstrom shows the evidence: movement from a manual job to a clerkship the level at which one entered the labor market strongly influenced one’s subsequent career...
...Boston’s working class, we learn, was astonishingly mobile-in the geographical sense...
...The evidence marshaled in behalf of this proposition is as ample as it is difficult to refute...
...While I am not entirely clear about the precise implications of this phrase, I sense here something akin to the intent behind the title of Dostoevsky’s publicistic miscellany A Writer’s Diary-notably a suggestion that the body of nonfictional writing 1New York Review ofBooks, March 21, 1974...
...and nonprofit status of this organization and the exempt status for Federal income tax purposeshave not changed during the preceding 12 months...
...After having admired the centralized efficiency of General Motors, we are again presented with a litany of the evils of bureaucracy...
...we might be able to examine the relationship of bureaucracy and democracy with a less stereotypical eye, with less propounding of easy “dilemmas” when we should talk about the structure of power...
...The sentiment was thoroughly orthodox, but questioning the Party’s wisdom was an intolerable offense...
...That same night the factory director was arrested...
...But the book reflects the vices of its sources as well as their virtues...
...The first part of the book treats the “birth of modern government,” primarily in France and Prussia...
...The director of the local paper factory, an independent and strong-minded man, stood with the presidium...
...The dying leader’s alleged last-minute shudder may well be interpreted as a belated tribute to the humanistic tradition of the Russian intelligentsia, a tradition to which his successor would owe scant allegiance...
Vol. 22 • January 1975 • No. 1
