Reviews
Spitz, David & Hausknecht, Murray & Gourevitch, Peter
THE AFFLUENT WORKER IN THE CLASS STRUCTURE, by John Goldthorpe, David Lockwood, Frank Bechhofer, and Jennifer Platt. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. 239 pp. $7.50; paper,...
...Marcuse has produced a theory that, as MacIntyre correctly says, "invokes the great names of freedom and reason while betraying their substance at every important point...
...THE AFFLUENT WORKER IN THE CLASS STRUCTURE, by John Goldthorpe, David Lockwood, Frank Bechhofer, and Jennifer Platt...
...it is always mediated by categories...
...In this respect Marcuse is totally unlike his avowed mentors Marx and Hegel and Freud, who even to their disciples were deficient in particulars but offered what was clearly more vital, a coherent whole...
...It would seem, then, that there is no necessary relationship between truth and influence, which, if we are to judge by history, is all too evidently the case...
...Alternatively, Marcuse's critics may be wrong and his doctrines right...
...First, we have to understand what the changes in his life situation mean to him...
...From which it also follows that his program of action is unrealistic: a monolithic and submerged people can neither think nor be capable of revolt...
...To note that objective reality and perceptions both matter is easy...
...Dispute about the working class turns on the extent of connection seen among on-thejob experiences, the pressures of the job market, patterns of living, cultural forces such as status and aspiration, and, finally, politics...
...BOOKS —his analysis cannot stand...
...1.65...
...Knowing only that sort of information about a man still does not enable us to predict the content of his politics— whether he will vote Labor, or Tory, or stay home because he thinks there is no difference, or whether he will vote Wallace, Nixon, or Humphrey...
...591 pp...
...But if to be rational means that one carefully examines all the available evidence, or as much of it as he can manage in a given circumstance, in such a way that it is clear what would be evidence against his beliefs, then Marcuse's massive indifference to the empirical data stamps him as an irrational man...
...This task might arouse the rank and file and win over the middle by shaping its definition of concerns: Thus our conclusion must be that if the workingclass does in the long term become no morethan one stratum within a system of "classlessinegalitarianism," offering no basis for or re spouse to radical initiatives, then this situation will not be adequately explained either as an inevitable outcome of the evolution of indus trialism or as reflecting the ability of neo capitalism to contain the consequences of its changing infrastructure by means of mass so cial-psychological manipulation...
...What is easier to establish than Marcuse's influence, or lack of it, is the invalidity of almost all his key positions...
...New York: Viking Press...
...The Oppenheimer Case is a well written and meticulously researched description of what happened to Oppenheimer...
...Marcuse offers instead a pastiche of labels and insights that, because they confirm what the New Left believes, has carried momentary appeal...
...The constraints of reality leave some room for choice, and that choice is made by mental processes, individual or collective...
...It's their workplace and they don't like it.'" Similarly, white-collar employees desire advancement and promotion, while the members of the blue-collar sample do not: "supervisory jobs implied too great a degree of involvement in, and commitment to, the firm— and particularly in view of the often quite modest economic rewards that they offered...
...Workers remain distinctive in their attitudes toward jobs and employers, in their social lives, and in their aspirations...
...The tension between leadership and spontaneity is doubtless eternal...
...Each volume can beread separately though the third makes the full argument most broadly and explicitly...
...New York: Harper & Row...
...If the facts do not fit his categories, they are ignored...
...What the authors question is the attempt to locate the source of these orientations in the nature of work rather than in "whatever social-structural or cultural conditions generate `consumption-mindness.' " Goldthorpe and Lockwood wonder, moreover, why a concern for decent houses, cars, vacuum cleaners, and the like should be taken as manifestations of "false needs": It would be equally possible to consider the amenities and possessions for which the couples in our sample were striving as representing something like the minimum material basis on which they and their children might be able to develop a more individuated style of life, with a wider range of choices, than has hitherto been possible for the mass of the manual labor force...
...Experience, that is, never comes to us raw...
...granted that the lab technician in a pharmaceutical company does not feel an oppressive barrier between himself and his supervisors...
...he retains this attraction for those who write about him...
...Alienation is to some degree a moral judgment about people's feelings...
...the job experience is pervaded by authoritarian relationships, which leave the worker estranged from the process and fruits of his own production...
...The Oppenheimer affair is now history, but it finds its daily echo in the pronouncements from Washington...
...Lloyd K. Garrison, a lawyer of impeccable reputation, was not given a security clearance and therefore had to leave the room, so that his client was without counsel when classified information was introduced...
...While this animus helped in the attack that was launched on Oppenheimer, it is clear that even without Strauss's intervention Oppenheimer was vulnerable...
...Surprising is that Oppenheimer had remained immune from such attention for so long a time...
...but what is peculiar to Marcuse's thought is that it is itself unaffected by that experience...
...In the sixties, the Democratic party made admirable efforts to help blacks and the very poor, but it did so in a way that made lower-class whites feel neglected and even threatened...
...These dark suspicions were later reinforced by the famous Chevalier incident, which Oppenheimer did not report when it occurred and about which he later told conflicting stories...
...The Gray Board had stated that no one could question Oppenheimer's "loyalty and love of country...
...Low-income Poles may attribute their hardships to the activities of Irish Catholics, blacks, the dissolute young, or the managers of the factories in which they work...
...In a sense, this conclusion is even more valid for the United States than for Britain...
...Similarly, Marcuse's critique of contemporary society rests on a fatal oddity, namely, that if his analysis is correct neither he nor his auditors could exist...
...He was also an intellectual who could be relied upon to perform the practical tasks of this world...
...If to be rational is to admit the possibility of one's own fallibility, then Marcuse by his dogmatism and certitude, and by his contempt for all who hold positions other than his own, degrades man by deifying himself...
...Though conducted with a veneer of decorum and gentlemanliness absent from the circuses held by Congressional committees, these hearings, Stem's excellent recounting shows, were a classic instance of the perver sion of justice and the elementary rules of decency...
...Fortunately fewer and fewer people interpret support for Wallace in exclusively racial terms...
...It will to some degree be also attributable to the fact that the political leaders of the working class chose this future for it...
...his contribution at Los Alamos was a vital factor in the success achieved there...
...For those inhabiting the strange world of the security system during and after the war, these were sinister facts made even more sinister by the further fact that both his brother and his wife's first husband had been Party members...
...The other, more crucial, is that Marcuse is a supremely irrational man...
...Even his physical being contributed to the construction of illusions: a tall, spare, ascetic-looking man rarely seen without a pipe in hand, he was the stereotype of the other-worldly intellectual...
...Strauss found that Oppenheimer was "not entitled to the continued confidence of the government...
...All are inpaperback...
...In living habits, the contrasts are equally sharp...
...In manners, culture, philosophy, politics, sociology, etc., agrarian societies (however they may differ) have something in common distinguishing all of them from any industrialized society...
...For if by influence we mean the impact a thinker has on the minds of others, not merely on an occasional student (Angela Davis) or friend (Barrington Moore), but on a social movement, an organization, a program, or a school of thought, Marcuse has not to my knowledge had such an impact...
...hecan live in his own house in a "middle-class" estate or suburb and still remain little involved in white-collar social worlds...
...Simple, unshadowed heroes are boring, and part of Oppenheimer's fascination is that there were other sides to his character...
...He was one of a small group of men who had laid the basis for modern physics in the United States and so made possible the work at Los Alamos...
...This is important...
...his voice could easily be heard and it car BOOKS tied great weight...
...He analyzes the strike movement with special attention to workers' aims, tactics and relations with the institutions of organized labor...
...Liberal BOOKS sociologists have assumed that more management sensitivity toward workers would lead to employee integration into the company...
...They have drawn from him phrases like "onedimensional man" and "repressive tolerance...
...But the closer an examination of a life the greater the ambiguity: although J. Edgar Hoover is a devout and Godfearing man, he is also a bachelor who likes to go to the races...
...With respect to Marx, indeed, Marcuse's interpretation more closely resembles the preMarxist Left or Young Hegelians whom Marx attacked than it does that of Marx himself or of the post-Marxists...
...Rather than compete with the Conservatives on their definition of what a governing party ought to do—efficiently manage a capitalist economy—Labour could put forth a different conception of the nation's goals...
...Recent court decisions, it is true, have improved procedural safeguards...
...It is a serious judgment —accusing people of self-deception is a serious business—and it therefore demands great care about what is taken as evidence of particular feelings...
...For one thing, he had ceased to be indispensable...
...since they exist—or is Marcuse but another illusion...
...Yet every serious critic I have read has concluded that his doctrines are, in almost all essentials, wrong...
...The difficulty lies in establishing just what role each plays in specific situations...
...BY 1954 OPPENHEIMER was a prestigeful and influential figure within the scientific community and the counsels of government...
...Perhaps the book's greatest virtue is that it structures dis cussion in such a way that everyone winds up arguing about the right issues in the right terms...
...In closing, he evaluates the results of the Jewish labor movement for its participants and assesses its unique position in Russian labor history...
...paper, $2.25...
...There is no more devastating critique of Marcuse's thought...
...But as one listens to Spiro Agnew and John Mitchell it is clear that their notions about loyalty cannot be much different from those of Thomas E. Murray...
...mass society promotes solidarity by eliminating parochial loyalties...
...No lesser test will settle the question of his loyalty...
...Even if voters' perceptions of what candidates stood for were very clear and accurate, people would of necessity have to support the same man for different reasons: we always BOOKS vote for someone about whom there are things we dislike...
...Two glimpses of the decisions are enough to suggest the quality of the men who were Oppenheimer's judges...
...For what is characteristic of Marcuse's writing is that he "tends to substitute assertion for argument and to offer no reason for believing that what he says is true...
...THE OPPENHEIMER CASE: SECURITY ON TRIAL, by Philip M. Stern, with the collaboration of Harold P. Green...
...It has been suggested that his immunity from McCarthy was the result of an agreement between the Administration and the Senator—McCarthy was to leave Oppenheimer alone and the Administration would take care of him...
...However, another commissioner, Thomas E. Murray, did find that Oppenheimer was "disloyal" and had little difficulty in dealing with the complexities of the meaning of loyalty...
...HERBERT MARCUSE: AN EXPOSITION AND A POLEMIC, by Alasdair Maclntyre...
...The reality of the war over came the reality of the security system...
...Two CURIOUS CONCLUSIONS emerge...
...As a result, the militant cutting edge of its politics gets blunted by the end-of-ideology pulp supposed to be characteristic of our age...
...This is the task Alasdair Maclntyre has set himself in his brief book, and he has executed it superbly...
...He was also an unresolved contradiction to the logic of the security system...
...Granted that the steel worker with a house and car does not feel so close to the edge as does a miner out of Zola's Germinal...
...Oppenheimer did not abide by these restrictions, therefore he is "disloyal...
...That higher real wages, more consumer goods, more leisure, better housing, greater job complexity, and mass culture have changed the living conditions of the working class in industrialized countries is beyond dispute...
...The end points in that argument seem clear enough: ability to perceive reality in different ways is not infinite...
...Stem stresses the personal animosity Strauss bore Oppenheimer because the latter made him appear a fool before a Congressional committee...
...An employee of the government is subject to the security system, and "the measure of his obedience to [its] requirements is the decisive measure of his loyalty to his lawful Government...
...Goldthorpe and Lockwood find that it makes sense to emphasize the leeway reality allows to the play of the mind...
...In this study family origin is one of the most powerful predictors of other responses...
...because of the proof of fundamental defects of his 'character.'" This was an odd reason, since the original charges had not mentioned "defects of character" and the hearing had not addressed itself to that issue...
...114 pp...
...Wouldn't it be useful if that were true of all the people with whom you discuss the working class...
...The number of ways of organizing mass production is to some degree limited, though there is disagreement about which aspects of industrialization are critical and how constraints operate— through the dictates of technology, hierarchy, or affluence (to name a few possibilities...
...Some gaps are beyond the authors' control: it would be important to know, for instance, what changes occur over time, as new generations and conditions emerge, but that sort of knowledge requires longitudinal studies of the same groups over decades...
...rising expectations induced by affluence may turn into political radicalism if they fail to be satisfied...
...and complexity makes modem enterprise especially vulnerable to disruption...
...Or his critics may be right and his influence far less than what it is commonly supposed to be...
...This discord in some ways parallels the continuing battle among writers of various kinds as to the exact composition, aspirations, and political views of the working class...
...An alternative interpretation is put forth by the neo-Marxists: granted that the working class has realized substantial gains in living standards, its political quiescence is not due to the satisfaction of genuine needs...
...He also made other enemies, like Lewis Strauss, then chairman of the AEC...
...In short, class and status relationships do not change entirely part' passu with changes in the economic, technological and ecological infrastructure of sociallife: they have rather an important degree ofautonomy, and can thus accommodate considerable change in this infrastructure withoutthemselves changing in any fundamental way...
...Dr Mendelsohn discusses the nature and condition of the Jewish proletariat and their profitable alliance with the Jewish socialist intelligentsia, and the transition from propaganda to a new policy of agita tion...
...If Nixon and Wallace win out, it will not be because of any "laws" about the evolution of industrial societies...
...The system demands that a man restrict his associations...
...Radicals are right in blaming Labour's leadership for conservatism, but wrong in relying on the experience of daily life to evoke by itself a radical consciousness...
...Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press...
...The United States, Sweden, the U.S.S.R., Japan, and the Union of South Africa are all industrialized countries yet they differ in the allocation of wealth among the values of war, space, leisure, equality, growth, civil liberties, health, etc...
...indeed, some, like Richard Nixon, testified to his character and Americanism...
...They have used him as a slogan and symbol, an instrument of their desires...
...That the workingclass movement has lost some of its revolutionary and even reformist zeal is also obvious...
...Like them he was attracted by the ideology of the Popular Front and causes sponsored by the Communist party...
...Stress on economic issues (employment, taxes, health care, housing, inflation), and the irresponsible greed of corporations in causing pollution and waste may provide the basis for a coalition of workers, ethnics, blacks, and chicanos, and the liberal elements of the middle class—in short, the old Populist dream...
...urbanization and suburbanization eliminate sharp contrasts in patterns of residence and social relations...
...Somewhat more optimistic writers, like Andre Gorz and Serge Mallet, think the system contains elements promoting awareness among workers and creating conditions that will spawn more or less militant collective action: blurring of job distinctions creates a basis for unity among workers and technicians against managers...
...If alienation is taken to mean a home-centered and privatized style of life, concern with consumption, and lack of satisfactions deriving from the intrinsic qualities of work, then "Marx's original characterization of `alienated labour' can stand as a not greatly exaggerated account of our major conclusions...
...Workers remain alienated because: propaganda stirs up false wants in order to promote ever higher levels of consumption...
...As the leading scientific adviser to the Atomic Energy Commission he was automatically part of an interlocking advisory system in the government...
...More probably there was a fear that Oppenheimer's immunity could not last and that eventually someone would attempt to hunt him down...
...Since the number of choices available to the voter never matches the variety of personal preferences, there is always some simplification at work...
...it will remain for some time to come the best single secondary source on the case...
...What else do we need to know...
...One, of passing interest, is that with respect to practically every one of his major doctrines Marcuse is a derivative and not an original thinker...
...His book The Blackcoated Worker (London: Allenand Unwin, 1958, available in paperback) deservesas much attention as C. Wright Mills's book on the same subject...
...Unlike Captain Dreyfus who never emerges as a person from the innumerable accounts of his case, Oppenheimer is always at center stage...
...Like poor workers now affluent, the downwardly mobile bring to their new situations perspectives from the old...
...Working with this sort of evidence (of which the above examples are but a tiny part), Goldthorpe and Lockwood are skeptical toward some of the arguments advanced about the alienation of workers...
...Indeed, I find it somewhat puzzling that no prominent politician on the Left has seized upon this strategy as a way, if nothing else, of advancing his own career...
...We should beware, therefore, of political analysis which relies too heavily on some nonpolitical process like modernization, technology, or economic growth to bring either progress or catastrophe...
...Finally, Marcuse's attack on modern philosophy founders because it builds on a thorough misunderstanding of the neutrality of logic and of what the diverse (not single) modem philosophies are and what they seek to do...
...Following this strategy, Labour would try to emphasize the persistent inequalities of British society and to politicize new aspirations and discontents: rising ambition for children, the urban environment, recreation and the kinds of job-related matters the Tories would find it rather hard to champion—routine and boredom, worker participation in direction of factories, and democratization of economic decisionmaking at plant, community, and national levels...
...If an identical present fails to make the two groups alike, the case for the mediating role of attitudes and perceptions is that much stronger...
...As the working class thus loses its distinctive qualities, it assimilates into the middle class...
...The ability to respond to the same thing in different ways emerges quite clearly in the authors' analysis of the world of work...
...This meant that he also made enemies, especially among the military and their supporters, for his opposition to the H-Bomb and his support of a project which threatened the position of the Strategic Air Command...
...technology destroys the sharp break in both work experience and market position between those who work with their hands and those who work with their brains...
...And so Oppenheimer was forced to defend himself and his life in hearings before the Gray Board...
...Marcuse brings to experience a set of categories that imposes order on experience...
...and they retain their own images of society and the best means of ensuring their children's future in it...
...Although his "associations" were known to many renowned investigators, he was treated with kid gloves...
...argued that advanced industrialization is leading to the decline and decompositon of the working class...
...This is a serious charge, and Maclntyre does not make it lightly (or perhaps as directly and strongly as I make it here...
...he could allow himself to be publicly malicious about those whose abilities he held in contempt...
...If objective reality is limited in the extent to which it can shape views about job advancement, social relations, aspirations for children, and the like, it is all the more unable to control the precise way in which people express these views politically...
...Such ambiguities are resolved by assuming that some facts are more meaningful than others, and so Oppenheimer's "associations" weighed heavily on the minds of security officers...
...Even before the hearings began, Oppenheimer's conversations with his lawyers were bugged...
...Thus Philip M. Stern, who started as a collaborator on a legal analysis of the Openheimer affair, became so fascinated with Oppenheimer the man that his work turned into a full-fledged description of the case...
...A man's politics is therefore not fully determined by either his life situation or even his preferences...
...But they have not taken from him, for it is not there to be found, a comprehensive and wellgrounded political and social philosophy, or a frame of analysis, or even a methodology by which to enhance their understanding of the world...
...I wish to suggest here that we ought seriously to entertain this last, as well as the first, possibility...
...This, combined with pressure from those who saw him as an obstacle to their own ends, decided the issue for the Administration...
...and his attorneys were denied access to information favorable to Oppenheimer...
...Now it is a commonplace (at least from the time of Kant) that we can understand the world only because the mind brings to its task of understanding a set of categories by means of which it organizes what is given in experience...
...BOOKS can expect that the working class will settle down to a role in the pragmatic resolution of technical problems, and be happy about it...
...On the other hand, it seems clear enough that reality can be variously perceived...
...The book is a critique of two strands of argument that draw opposite conclusions from the same conceptual error: excessive determinism...
...2 What makes The Ai9`tuent Worker so good and so important is the authors' awareness that these are logically distinct categories whose connections in real life may vary and must be demonstrated for each case...
...In the late '50s and early '60s, what the authors label as liberal sociology (Lipset, Bell, Clark Kerr, et al...
...The pessimists among the neo-Marxists, notably Marcuse, expect that the masses will never realize they are trapped in this one-dimensional existence and will therefore never do anything about it...
...The man who could inspire enormous respect in colleagues and students was also arrogant...
...Most arguments about the political consequences of modernization turn on assumptions as to what is a function of industrialization and what is not...
...Nor were looks deceiving...
...Even so, the authors think those who expect time to bring consider BOOKS able change have the burden of proof to specify more precisely what they expect to happen and why: A factory worker can double his living standards and still remain a man who sells his labour to an employer in return for wages...
...the findings and recommendations of the Gray Board came to the Commissioners of the AEC for a final decision...
...radicals have hoped that the workplace would become a basis for the development of solidarity among fellow workers, white-collar personnel, and perhaps even supervisors...
...Since prosperity, technology, and urbanization are all likely to continue, we 2 In a very fine earlier book, David Lockwooddemonstrates the importance of distinguishingamong market situation, work situation, and statussituation in order to understand changes in theattitudes and behavior of white-collar workers...
...Other gaps in the book might have been taken care of more readily: given the importance attributed to leadership, it would be valuable to know something of the history and traditions of Luton's trade unions...
...This is exactly what a team of British sociologists headed by John Goldthorpe and David Lockwood have done in their excellent book The Affluent Worker in the Class Structure, the third and final volume reporting on an intensive study of blue- and white-collar workers in the English town of Luton.' i The previous volumes in this series are: 'The Affluent Worker: Industrial Attitudes and Behavior (1968) and The Affluent Worker: Political Attitudes and Behavior (1968...
...To withstand their own fears and the pressures would have taken a quality of character lacking in the morally flabby Eisenhower administration...
...Hence they feel little warmth for anything surrounding the work place...
...Arguing circumspectly (perhaps mindful of inevitable accusations of elitism), Goldthorpe and Lockwood stress the importance of leadership in determining the choice among political alternatives...
...Similar recommendations were acted upon in regard to other scientists with predictable consequences for their lives and careers...
...For security personnel this was entirely too interesting a life, and it made them uneasy...
...Goldthorpe and Lockwood find that the two groups still remain quite distinct: workers are less inclined to entertain friends at home, join voluntary associations, associate with white-collar families even when living next door to them...
...Oppenheimer's life is the stuff out of which myths are made...
...Wealth can be used to equalize incomes, go to the moon, or make wars...
...Here the role of income and residence could be cleanly tested because it was easy to find samples of white- and blue-collar employees whose pay and houses (rented or owned, public or private) were identical...
...Among those workers who do have middleclass habits and views, a very large proportion turn out to be downwardly mobile persons who once belonged to the middle class...
...Here, in fact, Marcuse's simplistic account of causality is most defective, for it overlooks the discontinuities and disharmonies of advanced industrial societies, the role of accident in history, and the impact of political traditions and cultural institutions...
...The exigencies of steel production do not make the organization of a Japanese steel factory identical to that of its American counterpart...
...And any good analysis of the workers will at the same time have to explore more general questions about the sources of political behavior...
...Yet it must be made...
...WHAT DO THESE ARGUMENTS IMPLY about the politics of the working class...
...those capable of revolt must be outside the one-dimensionality of man, in which case, again, man is no longer, if he ever was, one-dimensional...
...After three straight defeats, the British Labour party decided to shed its radical aura in order to seize the middle ground...
...RICHARD NIXON, Edmund Muskie, George Wallace, Harold Wilson, the New Left, the Old Left, Michel Rocard, Jean-Jacques ServanSchreiber, Rudi Dutschke—pretty much everybody dreams about the working class these days, though they dream different dreams...
...What is ultimately discouraging about this wretched case is that there is little indication that the security system and the view of the world it fosters have changed much...
...He was an intellectual who had BOOKS a professional mastery of the rarefied field of modern theoretical physics, and who quoted from the Bhagavad-Gita (read in the Sanskrit) as he watched the world's first mushroom cloud form...
...At the end of the war and for nearly ten years afterwards, Oppenheimer was an anomaly, a major "security risk" who was privy to secrets of the brave new atomic world...
...And our perceptions are often inaccurate...
...Maclntyre traces, with learning and acute perception, Marcuse's readings of Hegel and Marx and Freud, and shows that in every case those readings, by selecting only what is congenial to Marcuse's predilections, distort and misrepresent the doctrines they purport to advance...
...For all his intellectual brilliance as a physicist OppenCLASS STRUGGLE IN THE PALE The Formative Years of the Jewish Workers' Movement in Tsarist Russia EZRA MENDELSOHN An account of the Russian Jewish labor and socialist movement from its beginnings to the revolution of 1905...
...The New Left came into being before its members knew of his existence, and it is by no means clear that they have adopted more than bits and pieces of his theories...
...Though the Labour party did win two elections in the mid-sixties, Goldthorpe and Lockwood wonder whether the shift to the Right was or remains necessary...
...The book's faults are largely those of omission...
...For people mad for "security" he was a very provoking figure...
...If to be rational is to consider alternative positions to one's own and to lay oneself open to criticism and refutation in the light of any possible extreme, then Marcuse by foreclosing on tolerance effectively cuts himself off from such criticism and refutation...
...But these recommendations were ignored in Oppenheimer's case—if one seriously wanted an atomic bomb, then Oppenheimer had to be regarded as indispensable...
...Oppenheimer could have justly claimed what Andre Malraux said should have been his response to his enemies, "Je suis la bombe atomique...
...They are changing, but in a different direction—toward what the authors call "instrumental collectivism," a family-centeredness that represents "the adaptation of traditional patterns either to the problems posed by new conditions or to new opportunities...
...Just why that is so, Goldthorpe and Lockwood do a brilliant job of explaining in The Affluent Worker in the Class Structure...
...Even during the war, as work at Los Alamos was progressing, there were recommendations that he be dismissed...
...10022 heimer did not exhibit any greater political sophistication during the thirties than many other, less gifted Americans...
...HERBERT MARCUSE COMPELS ATTENTION be cause he is, or is said to be, one of the more influential social philosophers of our time...
...As GOLDTHORPE AND LOCKWOOD POINT OUT, the liberal and neo-Marxist schools both treat politics as a reflection of "real" forces...
...Nixon, McCarthy, Wallace, Humphrey, and RFK may all be attractive to different aspects of the same man...
...But an epiphenomenon is not a cause...
...Ethnicity, race, a greater spread in living standards, and sheer size all act to increase the variety of plausible modes of interpreting one's situation and the number of ways to express oneself politically...
...Despite similarities among the political systems of industrialized countries (parties, bureaucracies, mass participation, and the like), their politics vary...
...But it did not end there...
...Legal scholarship may have suffered a loss, but the resulting book is a gain for the rest of us...
...Arguments about the future are usually also arguments about the origins of the present...
...At the same time his anomalous position with respect to "loyalty-security" made him a tempting and profitable target for Joe McCarthy...
...FOR HIS COLLEAGUES and most others who came into contact with him, J. Robert Oppenheimer was a compelling figure...
...What remains contentious are propositions that predict the political orientation of workers in the future: have they been absorbed into the system for good or are conditions preparing for a new era of conflict and change...
...Unlike their white-collar counterparts, workers make little use of factory recreation and social facilities, established by directors doubtlessly well-versed in the "human relations" school of management: "'Even people within easy bus ride don't like coming back to the company...
...8.50 Cambridge University Press ++ 32 East 57th Street +i+ New York, N.Y...
...hecan work at a control panel rather than on anassembly line without changing his subordinateposition in the organization of production...
...Although objective aspects of workers' lives do increasingly resemble those of the middle class, workers are not becoming more middle-class in thought or behavior—at least not yet...
...the persistence of gross inequalities of income and other resources combined with continued use of the market as an instrument of discipline leave the worker in a precarious situation...
...Many of them, in order to get higher pay, deliberately gave up jobs they felt contained greater intrinsic satisfactions and moved away from family and friends...
...In Luton, neither is happening because the workers see their jobs solely as a way of earning enough money to support their outside life styles...
...Economic prosperity means that workers can now consume like everybody else...
...his opposition to the H-Bomb did not prevent Edward Teller and others from working out a practical method of making the weapon...
...Largely, that they are indeterminate...
...Fluoridation can be a blow for progress in health or for "the Communist conspiracy...
...One of its presumptions is that the degree of "risk" men represent can be determined by a close examination of their lives, particularly their "associations" and politics...
...This takes us into one of the most critical problems in political sociology: how powerful are the constraints imposed on behavior by "objective conditions...
Vol. 18 • February 1971 • No. 1
