The Dismissal of British Labour
Fyvel, T.R.
A Political Letter from London THE NIGHT WE LEARNED last June that the Labour party had been defeated, I tried to solve the puzzle of this unexpected slap in the face. It was, I thought,...
...But the economic function of immigrants is only one aspect of this Afro-Asian impact upon an insular British life, this curious last act of Empire, with former subjects making dimly for the mother country...
...But they were adamant that such planning must not impinge on the workers' right of collective bargaining for the highest wage to be got, never mind whether in private or nationalized industry...
...In the Nigerian war he seemed to back the Federal side (in itself not wrong), merely for British material advantage...
...I felt that these three clashing trends in Britain could not coexist indefinitely...
...While these measures had long been the ideals of middle-class reformers, none was a vote-winner among the mass of Labour's working-class supporters, and none was without snags...
...Last, with all the opprobrium for restricting colored immigration, even by Asian holders of British passports, the Labour government at home passed an important act making race discrimination in housing and jobs illegal and setting up a Race Relations Board with statutory powers against offenders...
...In 1968 another and massive inflationary crisis enforced a traumatic devaluation of the pound, large foreign offset loans to Britain, and Callaghan's retirement from Treasury...
...On the whole, I now think these first reactions were broadly correct...
...what of the soullessness of the consumer society, what about pollution, the total alienation of student youth, the campus revolution, black power, the ghetto revolution, the need for moral revolution—why indeed did I not even mention the word "revolution" before...
...The promise was that the Labour government would modernize British industry...
...but it illuminates the fact that for British Labour leaders, as for the American Left, political contact with the organized workers has become a problem...
...Rash promises...
...But it did...
...In today's consumer society, what the working-class voters wanted from their leaders was not more socialism but more affluence...
...Against this appeal, all Labour's record in improving social services and civilizing British society was of no avail, and out in what should have been mid-career went Harold Wilson and his talented colleagues...
...As one trying hard to keep up with sociological fashions, I see how hard it has been for Labour ministers overwhelmed by daily departmental work to do the same...
...Meanwhile Richard Crossman, that most fluent left-wing writer, was in the most strict administrator's job wrestling with the mathematics of opposing claims within a fixed budget of public housing, health, and social security...
...Most visible, if ultimately not most important, were the setbacks in foreign policy, conducted largely by Harold Wilson himself, who was desperately slow to grasp that all the gimmickry and socialist phrases, which at home helped him to keep his left wing in line, carried no weight abroad...
...The cause of it was that whenever the British economy grew, lack of industrial competitiveness caused it to suck in imports on such a growing scale that the country's balance of international payments, and so the pound, were put in danger...
...He had set off for Moscow on another needless personal trip, a Wilsonian P.R...
...He hung on in spite of his tiny parliamentary majority...
...to spell out the obligations of employers in guaranteeing job security...
...but the Labour ministers resolutely pushed the measures through...
...above all, with the potentially openended costs and competitive priorities of the National Health Service during a time of feverish medical revolution that, among other results, has sent thousands of British doctors and nurses to the understaffed United States, to be replaced here by Indian and Pakistani doctors and West Indian and African nurses...
...The second plus was his own political dexterity...
...The Conservative governments during their 13 years of sunshine propaganda had largely swept these problems under the rug...
...This was a joke...
...Touch wood, for who knows what can happen tomorrow...
...By training a statistical economist, gifted with a fabulous memory, Wilson emerged as the most adroit radical party leader since Lloyd George, never at a loss for telling repartee or self-advertisement or both...
...The divorce laws were reformed to provide divorce by consent after three years' separation, in place of all the degrading connivance over adultery and alleged cruelty...
...The shock of defeat through the desertion of part of their work THE DISMISSAL OF BRITISH LABOUR ing-class following is still too deep...
...George Brown's "Statement of Intent" to increase productivity, solemnly extracted from employers and union leaders, remained mere decor, and his Department of Economic Affairs soon disappeared through its inability to plan...
...Thus, at the beginning, he mollified left-wing critics on his resounding silence about Washington's Vietnam war policies by broad hints about his alleged role as confidential intermediary with Premier Kosygin...
...but one already saw the U.S...
...Almost within weeks, Wilson's seesaw drama took another turn...
...When Labour came in, Britain's curious state education system was still largely divided into socially separate schools for brighter and less bright pupils...
...Mr...
...Introducing a new, emasculated trade-union bill, Mrs...
...One has always to remember that when Harold Wilson won his narrow electoral victory in November 1964, it was at a harsh stage in the cruelly slow British readjustment to having lost an empire but not found a role...
...She might well have added: "And this makes all democratic socialist planning problematic...
...If I, middleclass, Jewish, and in my maturer years, can react in this way, how much more the British working classes, faced so suddenly with a race problem...
...How can middle-class intellectuals at the head of the Labour party contain such inflationary wage pressure, particularly by the strongest unions, so as to have means for the desired expanded social services for the weak, those below the poverty line, the sick, the growing army of the old, and also for British aid to the developing world...
...What about the population explosion, the horrifying needs of the never-to-be-developed countries, what of the Cold War lies behind Denis Healey's Nato, as exposed by bold (and bad) Ameri can revisionist historians, what of the burn ing American crime of the Vietnam war sup ported so hypocritically by Wilson...
...Now, this problem of immigrants and a permanent color admixture, if commonplace in the United States, is quite new in Britain and indeed in Europe...
...Modernization was needed above all to end the "stop-go" seesaw in British economic policy since the war...
...Isn't that what Georg Lukacs was talking about at Frankfurt in the '20s with his Geschichte and Klassenbewusstsein, and we know what happened to all that and to Lukacs under Stalin...
...pattern of immigrant concentration in certain larger cities and the genuine T. R. FYVEL danger of overcrowded colored ghettos in these cities...
...About half the newcomers are West Indians, most like American blacks in that they are English in culture and language and justifiably bitter about white race prejudice in Britain and their mostly lowly status as laborers...
...In Europe, a muchpublicized campaign by Wilson and his Foreign Secretary George Brown to enter the Common Market ended in predictable fiasco: only after de Gaulle's exit was the door to negotiations reopened...
...To avert this, sharp deflationary measures were introduced...
...One can here also mention Home Office guidance to the unarmed British police to try to contain even violent political demon THE DISMISSAL OF BRITISH LABOUR stration with a mixture of tact, restraint, and good humor, which made an American observer like Mary McCarthy rub her eyes in disbelief...
...By the time Wilson asked her to head a new Department of Employment and Productivity, it was clear that in a still largely capitalist economy, to ask the unions for voluntary wage restraint so that the government should have the scope to expand the social services was just not possible...
...This being so, I realize how foreign to American left-wing ears this whole drama of the British Labour government must sound, this strange story of Richard Crossman of the New Statesman immersed in the mathematics of state-pension blueprints, of Denis Healey (once a young Communist at Balliol College, Oxford), presiding over briefcase conferences of British top generals, of Barbara Castle rushing around "to stop the strike at Ford's" instead of heading a preferably violent protest march against the takeover from Detroit...
...Quite different is the case of Labour's decisive failure in its domestic wage policy, affecting its entire social reform program...
...If some Labour veterans grumbled about this middle-class academic bias, a shared background gave these ministers a cohesion unusual in a Labour cabinet...
...Commonwealth immigration had brought to Britain a colored population that, because its average age is young, will before long amount to 5 percent of the total population or half the U.S...
...Now the need in British industry was to cut loose from reliance on captive imperial markets and from that entire amateur tradition, which had for so long provided titled nonentities with directorships in Britain's blue-chip firms...
...As against industrial weakness, there was the asset of the City of London, second only to New York as a center of finance, banking, and insurance and keeping pace with the growth of world trade —though, of course, the operations of the City did not go well with too much militant socialist talk, as Wilson also knew...
...to promote agreements linking wage rises with higher productivity...
...But Labour promised to end privilege in education, to humanize social welfare...
...Crosland had gone there because Wilson's Foreign Secretary Patrick Gordon Walker had been unexpectedly defeated in the general election by a racist candidate...
...The Conservatives with their small parliamentary majority have, after a euphoria of mere days, quickly run into the difficulties every expert had expected, with a national dock strike and a storm of world indignation against their proposal of resuming arms sales to South Africa...
...The trouble was that the Labour ministers' creed obliged them to fight this battle without admitting in public two basic facts...
...At any rate, if one hears the 50,000 "new Americans" in England praise the civilized surface of British life in terms surprising to a resident, a reason for it is that Britain's socialist ministers were good liberals in the American sense of the word—not their basic political task, but their achievements, which are not to be minimized...
...In spring 1966, in another general election, he campaigned brilliantly...
...HAVE SPELLED THIS OUT in detail, becauseI in evaluating the Labour government, the point is that it was not an abstract Britain ready for socialism but a somewhat antiquated and leaky firm whose management Harold Wilson and his colleagues, as it were, took over in November 1964...
...It aimed to streamline union structure...
...By 1964, however, these had become dated and Britain's whole status uncertain...
...More over, the outlines of the new political long term problem for Labour are already plain to see...
...At a subsequently arranged by-election, the spectacle was repeated and Gordon Walker disappeared from view...
...Labour swept home with a thumping majority in Parliament of nearly 100...
...In a recent conversation I found a leading Labour party personality shaking his head about the apocalyptic tone of American New Left writing...
...All this stuff about the "totality" of society and the need to destroy the whole systemDas System...
...No good saying that these passports had been granted in the utterly different days of lordly Churchillian imperialism or that no one accused the East African governments of racism for forcing out their Asian residents...
...percentage...
...Worse, when the ruling whitesettler minority in Rhodesia unilaterally declared its independence, short of sending in a fair-sized military force, which his Service chiefs advised against, Wilson could only try to regain British authority by talk...
...So was abortion, introduced into the National Health Service to get rid of the backstreet abortionists and the heartache they caused...
...Of course, there are enormous differences...
...Now they had to start all over again from the beginning, but now they also knew the score —that there was no room at the top for amateur politics...
...Somehow, the Labour government was closely associated with the colored, so the insidious propaganda ran...
...Once again in opposition, Labour and trade-union leaders are again comrades— no one writes books about "the agony of the British Left...
...There have therefore been no fierce Labour post-mortems...
...Furthermore, under the same slogan of workers' rights, the TUC would not even let the government touch the antiquated structure of a multiplicity of historically overlapping unions, from giant to small, which left effective power with local shop stewards who could call strikes at the plant level: British Ford Motors alone had to negotiate wages with 16 separate unions...
...In the eyes of the Zurich bankers, the impression of Labour amateurism was not lessened by the appointment of two fashionable ex-Hungarian left-wing economists, professors Balogh and Kaldor, as special advisers to the government...
...To stop the run on the pound, the government, in panic, clapped a surcharge on imports without consulting its trading partners: not even Anthony Crosland's most T. R. FYVEL soothing words at the Council of Europe in Strasbourg satisfied the angry Europeans...
...And in foreign affairs, thanks to Labour's greater understanding of Soviet Russia and its closer relations with the Commonwealth as well as with the U.S...
...That is to say, everything could be planned by a Labour government except wages...
...Wilson's initial difficulty was that his parliamentary majority over the combined Conservatives and Liberals was only a precarious four...
...In opposition, Labour had thundered against Conservative curtailment of Commonwealth immigration from the West Indies, India, and Pakistan...
...Heath's Conservatives did not officially exploit this, or only in hints...
...And in two absurdly overpublicized personal meetings on board a British warship he failed utterly to persuade the Rhodesian rebel Premier, Ian Smith, to return to the antiracist fold...
...The other was that where sectional advantage was concerned, trade unionists could not be swayed by an appeal to those wider socialist principles to which their leaders paid lip service—not in today's affluent society...
...nor by the revelation that the vaunted Ministry of Technology was to be headed by Frank Cousins, a trade-union leader given to incoherent speeches, aided by, of all people, the novelist Lord Snow, who was known to be in bad health...
...An attractive woman and a fiery, often extreme left-wing orator, she had in opposition days been the darling of the Party rank and file...
...T T WO CONCLUDING THOUGHTS...
...Minor disasters of inexperience followed quickly...
...Labour constitutes a large parliamentary opposition, and all the enduring problems from which Britain cannot escape should keep them busy in the ring...
...Here progress was made, particularly when Roy Jenkins was at the Home Office...
...T T HE REAL CRITICISM is to say that these achievements of Labour ministers were on issues of detail, and that Labour's failure on a larger scale was affecting its whole socialist basis...
...One was that the struggle was against their own following among the organized work ers...
...A left-wing MP, returning from a talk on Merseyside with extreme, militant shop stewards, said that if only he could promise to restore hanging, to punish homosexuals, to get rid of dirt on television, and to repatriate the colored, he would be returned in a landslide...
...But this in turn meant not just talk about higher productivity and efficiency, but also some sort of policy for preventing wage and price inflation from getting out of hand, as it had done regularly since the war, and so forcing the government into the fatal cycle of "stop-go" and only minimal growth...
...Wc!l, although the New Left with its vocabulary was invented in this country (to be precise at Cambridge, in the early 50s), it has in practice had little impact here...
...and other Nato allies, Britain would resume her proper role of providing moral leadership...
...Vain optimism...
...This moment of truth for the Labour ministers came in summer 1966...
...He also had what looked like an attractive cabinet, where trade unionists like Jim Callaghan and George Brown were flanked by no less than ten Oxford men and one Oxford woman, Barbara Castle...
...Further nationalization— no, there would not be much more of that...
...Crossman was also in the midst of working out a new, comprehensive statepensions structure—mathematics again!— and answering his unusually fierce critics with equal zest, when he was removed overnight by the election...
...Denis Healey as defense minister kept his Armed Service chiefs remarkably contented while raising individual pay and imposing overall cuts, so that from 1968 onward Britain was spending steadily more on state education than on defense...
...Police and prison officers solidly demanded the retention of the death penalty, while legal but private abortion clinics soon created sensationally publicized abuses...
...I think he often even confused himself...
...job, when a new crisis started a run on the pound, this time so massive that it was only halted by a holocaust of deflation, which slashed Labour's program for improved economic and social welfare...
...Here therefore was a major impasse for the Labour government...
...voted for Nixon or Wallace are in Britain safely enrolled in a Labour party headed by progressive intellectuals...
...Still, one can say that the novel phenomenon THE DISMISSAL OF BRITISH LABOUR of inflation in a stagnant economy, familiar to Americans, was already discernible in Britain at the end of the Conservative years...
...That he was no statesman emerged only gradually...
...American critics might find these powers still too limited, but they are something quite new and thus important in Britain...
...It was admitted equally that such growth had to come from stepping up British exports and getting the balance of trade right...
...But even in disguise, no go...
...Somewhere there ought to be a mean...
...but since in theory they could always bring the government down, Wilson had continuously to bamboozle them with socialist phrases...
...But the racist upsurge went further...
...But that powerful right-wing Tory Enoch Powell had eager followers in calling openly for colored repatriation...
...It is on their performance in a four-year uphill struggle, from 1966 to 1970, that they should be judged...
...Shortly after writing a straight attack against these entry restrictions on East African Asians, I found myself almost defending them against friends in New York (bless them...
...he encouraged despondent ministers...
...Of course, far more workers with some Powellite sympathies still legally voted Labour, so that conversely one could be glad that many of the blue-collar workers who in the U.S...
...and, finally, that wage agreements between employers and unions should be treated as legally enforceable contracts...
...and a leisurely tradition of amateurism from top to bottom in industry, which prevented a rapid increase in productivity from mopping up this extra purchasing power...
...the most militant trade unions, pushing up wages and so purchasing power...
...and the top leaders in the Trade Union Congress (TUC) warned that even were they to agree to restrictions on collective bargaining, these would never be accepted by the militants further down, who led the constant unofficial strikes, which by the time Labour came in had already become a special and growing handicap for British industrial exports...
...technology would come to the fore...
...Now the Labour government looked impotent abroad as well as mean...
...Of course, Wilson also started Labour's rule with several pluses...
...IN A WAY, one could regard these foreign setbacks as part of a British rather than a Labour predicament, and as not so vital because the British public was often hardly aware of them...
...It had become clear that at least part of the vast sums Britain had invested abroad, which had helped to create trading centers like Hong Kong, Singapore, and Johannesburg, should have been invested in Britain's neglected home industries, which as a result were often undercapitalized and antiquated compared to the brand-new plants of German, Japanese, Swedish, or Swiss competitors...
...Bypassing the financial stranglehold of the Treasury officials, a new Department of Economic Affairs would plan the longterm expansion of the economy...
...Capital punishment was abolished permanently...
...In an article called "The Culture of Inflation," which I wrote around 1960 for the Labour monthly Socialist Commentary, I reflected that Britain possessed the largest advertising industry in Europe, enjoining citizens to buy, buy...
...Castle's trade-union reform bill therefore proposed a package deal...
...Yet the problems for the British and American Left are not totally unalike...
...Barbara Castle's case, next to come, was the most interesting...
...And wasn't Lukacs the mentor of that other sociologist fellow from Frankfurt, what's his name, Marcuse, who is still in California and they say has much influence...
...The British press, radio, and television have on the whole admirably followed suit in stressing the essential contribution of Commonwealth immigrants in hospitals (without them the National Health Service would collapse), in public transport, or as factory workers in otherwise labor-scarce districts...
...The last two to three years have seen a hardening of British working-class ranks over color issues, which it would be useless to deny...
...Under Labour's youngest Oxonian, Anthony Wedgwood-Benn, the Ministry of Technology finally came to life with a system of development grants for lagging regions and a state corporation to promote industrial mergers in the interest of efficiency...
...The union leaders, who had the support of the Left minority in Parliament, agreed with the official theory that Labour was the workers' party and must strive not only for higher social services but a planned economy...
...Woodrow Wyatt, a prominent Labour backbencher, explaining the specially large swing against himself and Jenny Lee in their coal-mining constituencies alongside that of Enoch Powell, reported that thousands of miners had voted against Labour for the first time in British history...
...Again the propaganda was primarily directed at the industrial working class and had some results...
...Like Churchill during the war, so the first postwar Labour government had still acted on the world stage, as in Attlee's role in self-government for India, Ernest Bevin's in the creation of Nato, and in the stirring international appeal of Aneurin Bevan's National Health Service and other welfare-state innovations...
...The other half, however, are Indians and Pakistanis speaking foreign languages, arriving with a system of tight family relationships, and for religious reasons intending to live in culturally self-contained communities...
...Finally, indignation became worldwide when Wilson's government withdrew the right to come to Britain beyond a limited annual quota—from Indian and Pakistani holders of British passports in East Africa...
...Exploiting the chance, de Gaulle at the same time reiterated his determination to keep Britain out of the Common Market...
...Do I mean that this tinkering with capitalism in a declining coun try is to be taken seriously...
...That is, the TUC was all for a Labour governmental campaign to modernize industry—but not trade unions...
...Although the election victory had been narrow, it seemed further that particularly the younger electorate was thoroughly tired of Conservative rule...
...Its ministers were not only struggling continually against unof THE DISMISSAL OF BRITISH LABOUR ficial strikes, which perpetuated both an upward wage and price drift and export shortages...
...In office, Wilson was, it seemed, bombarded from every Labour-dominated local authority, health and education board, to restrict colored immigration certificates still further, which the government promptly did, and thereby acquired a Commonwealth image of "meanness...
...He placated them effectively, but at the cost of constant confusion about his real policies...
...In 1969, in what seemed for a moment like a head-on clash between the government and the TUC, with the astonished Conservatives looking on, the outcome—inevitable in the circumstances—was total retreat by Wilson and Mrs...
...A second blow against the government by its own supporters was more limited in its effect on votes, but an unhappy business...
...I can in deed hear the questions...
...And here a profound division of thought between Wilson's Labour ministers and their trade-union colleagues soon revealed itself...
...Castle...
...In the armed India-Pakistan clash he did nothing, yet offended the Indians and had to leave the peace-making to Kosygin...
...However, one can readily imagine the Foreign Office brief: "The cardinal policy for a Britain unpopular in the Commonwealth, excluded from the Common Market, and menaced by Soviet Russia, must be never to be out of step with the United States, her chief ally and financial backer...
...If their fears of a colored threat to their new-won, precarious affluence are irrational, they exist...
...It was, I thought, for two basic reasons...
...But if these did the trick of preventing an immediate financial crisis, by also forcing cuts in industrial modernization, they caused British industrial competitiveness to slip still further behind, so that the next "go" phase of reflation of the economy brought still larger imports and so monotonously renewed financial crisis and another "stop...
...and, above all, he sensed that the popular tide was still running against Toryism...
...As now revealed, Conservative election propaganda was directed at housewives, particularly working-class housewives, with the one constant theme of associating Labour with rising prices—and it worked...
...For, on the other economic flank, unofficial strikes and trade-union pressures enforced such unprecedented wage increases that prices were equally sent soaring in an inflationary spiral, which the Conservatives were swift to exploit...
...It was Anthony Crosland as education minister who gave the system a decisive push toward "comprehensive schools" for pupils of all abilities, which the Conservatives will find it hard to reverse...
...Homosexual relations between consenting adults—previously a legal offense and so a fruitful source of blackmail—were legalized...
...I note well how unsocialist this must sound to American leftists, but this is Britain, still in search of technical efficiency...
...Castle turned on the Conservatives with the warning they should realize that "power in industry has today passed to the shop floor...
...Moreover, the organized workers were sometimes revolutionary but unlike their leaders almost never liberal, so that Labour's main achievement in liberalizing British society interested them little, if at all...
...Aren't these people aware of the real scene...
...it was soft on a further influx, on colored women occupying all maternity beds, on shutting its eyes to illegal Asian immigration (on a small scale certainly going on...
...No, I have put this in terms of parody, but not a gross one and it illuminates the cautionary moral: too much practice and parochialism on the British Left, too little practice to back the talk on the American Left...
...Given a British trading deficit for 1964 of £ 600 million, there was nothing like Wilson's public-relations announcement of a first 100 days (sic) of bold socialist measures to startle Britain's financial creditors and start a new crisis for the pound...
...No less quickly exposed were Wilson's claims of special Commonwealth warmth T. R. FYVEL toward himself as a left-winger...
...How tackle the reality of new race prejudices...
...Even amidst general progress in outward racial tolerance, long-standing West Indian residents have felt the chill...
...A second problem was the bloc of 50 or so Labour MPs of the incurably romantic Left, in whose doublethink the mere term "socialism" signified a panacea, Soviet Russia was allegedly Britain's friend, and colored immigration something that progressive British workers welcomed...
...When this role was shown not to exist, he was exposed as all the more supine a supporter of President Johnson...
...As I have said, the Labour government, while stemming the inflow, set up legal machinery against discrimination toward the newcomers already here...
...Traveling through England, I, too, was once or twice startled by the change involved, as when, for instance, I found myself on a Birmingham railway platform in a tiny white minority among hundreds of Pakistanis...
...A Political Letter from London THE NIGHT WE LEARNED last June that the Labour party had been defeated, I tried to solve the puzzle of this unexpected slap in the face...
...It was plain from the start that Labour's program to transform British society through more and better comprehensive schools, new and modem hospitals, higher pensions, subsidies for the arts, and the rest could be paid for either through higher taxation, which was no longer desirable now that higher-earning workers paid income tax, or as Labour spokesmen confidently proclaimed, out of the accelerated economic growth they promised...
...It was this last clause that once again aroused the familiar out cry against government interference with the workers' freedom to engage in collective bargaining, backed if necessary by strike action...
...Nor are several other achievements, which had to be left unfinished...
...The consequences of this defeat became soon apparent...
...Since in spite of class-war talk this push is conducted on a jealously sectional basis, it is hard to contain, even though by sending up prices the wage rises are often illusory...
...Ministers like George Brown, Jim Callaghan, and Barbara Castle in turn wrestled with this problem of wage and price policy...
...They were defeated...
...It was precisely after this disastrous beginning, when Wilson had seemed unable not to fall over his own feet, that one's respect for his remarkable powers of recovery grew...
...Over Rhodesia his halfway-house policy of economic sanctions failed either to satisfy the vociferous Africans or shake Ian Smith...
...The real preference of these left-wingers, to my mind, was for permanent opposition...
...Perhaps Powellism affected only half a dozen seats, but in a close election this mattered...
...who said British prestige could sink no lower...
...I personally saw no answer...
...The once empire-cushioned British economy needed urgent overhaul...
...By far the strongest force in British society today is the steady push of the vast middle-earning population—the industrial trade unions joined by more and more white collar workers—for more material affluence...
...They succeeded best in what were from a strictly party-political standpoint lesser tasks, but important tasks for those who wish to improve the quality of British social life...
...In the first half of 1970, Roy Jenkins as chancellor had by skillful financial management for the first time since 1945 brought Britain's balance of trade into surplus and so had set off not only a rapid repayment of Britain's debts but the promise of a boom...
...They, and not middleclass intellectuals, must live and work alongside racially and religiously foreign immigrants and, as they see it, compete for scarce housing and hospital beds...
...he toured the country with fighting speeches on modernization...
...It has in many respects not been a bad performance...
Vol. 17 • November 1970 • No. 6
