LETTERS
EDITOR: In his comment on discussions concern ing the CIA ("Anti-Communism and the CIA," May–June, 1967), Michael Walzer maintains that if one opposes secret CIA interference in...
...Mr...
...Clearly, this attitude leaves no room for harmony with the principles of world organization which includes Communist nations possessing equal rights and protections...
...During the Conference, Eisenhower tells us in his Mandate for Change, he and Churchill agreed that if Vietnam were to be partitioned, "approximately half of that country must remain non-Communist...
...Recently offices were opened in Buffalo and Westchester...
...I would suggest that such a self-examination might include a review of the concept, inherent in Walzer's conditions for a critique of the CIA, that the U.S...
...policy...
...The Union's resistance at this late date is ominous—Miss Horowitz cannot even explain the "reason" which provided the Union with any justification for court action...
...Gobetz having clearly suggested irregularity, the union took the cue and began a lengthy court action...
...Of course, all these are "matters of judgment...
...In the former, there have been 71 apprenticeship openings since March, and Negroes filled 20 of those posts...
...The war today has its roots in, and is still trying to enforce militarily, this Eisenhower demand, despite its rejection by the Geneva Conference and the U.S...
...But unfortunately my country's nonmembership in the OAS, like her nonposition on Vietnam, is a result of her fear of doing anything that might cause conflict with the U.S...
...Presumably, if CIA intervention in other lands is genuinely associated with anti-Communism, and if Communists are strong enough actually to threaten capture of power, there is no trouble with CIA intervention at all...
...The implication is that CIA interfer ence in domestic affairs anywhere in the world is justified if a Communist victory is imminent and if, in someone's judg ment, such a victory will be "morally catastrophic...
...These are minor points, but nevertheless significant as indications of the complexity of the problem and the confusion that has grown out of the attempt to cover naked exploitation with the cloak of good-neighborliness...
...by such people as Kenneth Clark and Ray Marshall...
...And it is expanding beyond New York City...
...EDITORS: There is an important factual error in William B. Gould's article, "Discrimination and the Unions" (DISSENT, Septem ber-October 1967...
...The success is due as well to the consistent help of men like Don Slaiman of the AFL-CIO Civil Rights Department, Harry Van Arsdale, Peter Brennan, and the apprentices themselves who have come back time and again to encourage new applicants to take advantage of the existing program WILLIAaI GOULD replies: The "important factual error" which Miss Horowitz alleges turns out to be nonexistent...
...In much of the current debate, it seems to me, the word is used with no precise meaning whatsoever...
...What else could they be...
...However, there are at least two places where glib statements by Mr...
...I do not say that the "election" was a gennine expression of popular will, but it seems clear that there is considerably more to the Balaguer phenomenon than Mr...
...What Mr...
...Frieden berg in his analysis of the United States' rape of Latin America are so important and come so close to the heart of the matter that I hesitate to take issue with small things...
...Genuine self-determination, whether by internal revolution or by elections, is precluded by the Dulles doctrine since we cannot permit the decision to go against us, In April of 1954, President Eisenhower appealed to Prime Minister Churchill for joint military intervention in the Indo-Chinese War, hoping that this would scuttle the pending Geneva Conference...
...Walzer reinforces this im plication by arguing that the trouble with recently exposed CIA activities was that "they served political and material inter ests which often had little to do with anti-Communism," and that they rested upon "deliberate exaggeration" of the Communist danger...
...intervention in the domestic politics of other countries a matter of judgment, he is aiding in the subversion of international law generally, and lending legitimacy to the Administration's Vietnam policy in particular MICHAEL WALZER replies: I'm not sure that Mr...
...pledge not to disrupt the Agreements forcibly...
...Obviously, the roadblock in this case was created by an academic who, for some reason, did not believe that Negro youth from nonacademic backgrounds could test as well as they did...
...Joaquin Balaguer, which I think indicates less that he is an unreconstructed Trujillista, as Mr...
...Walzer may not agree that a Communist victory in Vietnam would be a "moral catastrophe...
...We are confronted by an unfortunate fact—most of the countries of the world do not share our view that Communist control of any government anywhere is itself a danger and a threat...
...But in presenting criteria for evaluating the CIA's activities which make U.S...
...EDITOR: In his comment on discussions concern ing the CIA ("Anti-Communism and the CIA," May–June, 1967), Michael Walzer maintains that if one opposes secret CIA interference in Indian anti-Maoist pol itics, one must argue that a Maoist vic tory is either not imminent or would not be morally catastrophic...
...Gould's dismissal of the Apprenticeship Program is nothing more than self-serving rhetoric...
...Again, Eisenhower was demanding that Vietnamese be debarred from exercising self-determination...
...The WDL program does not owe its success to a slogan, but to a dedicated staff that knows how to recruit and prepare minority youth for job openings...
...They constitute the very stuff of international politics...
...Certainly, it makes no sense to be for or against intervention taken in this sense...
...they are the normal means of influence and pressure...
...I have nothing but praise for the Workers Defense League...
...But it is just not possible to say anything in general about all the conceivable indirect uses of power, money, and influence...
...This in chides the use of foreign aid as the basis for direct political dictation (e.g., U.S...
...Charter provides, as it must, that every nation is entitled to freedom from interference in its internal life...
...Second, Mr...
...Gordon and I agree on the proper use of the word intervention, and that makes it hard to say whether or not we disagree on other, more substantive issues...
...Canada's policy toward Latin America has been a combination of abdication of responsibility and complicity in exploitation, and her record there is little better than that of the U.S...
...But if Communists are to be fought by us everywhere, they must be fought perforce within other countries...
...While Local 28—after a court ruling which recorded years of blatant racial discrimination by that Union—did drop the color bar in 1965, it also, as Miss Horowitz herself notes, took the "cue" from Professor Gobetz and began "a lengthy court action...
...In the fall of 1966, 26 of the Apprenticeship Program's applicants scored among the top 60 applicants...
...empire-building in the area...
...Friedenberg proposes, than that he possesses in abundance that quality which the American press refers to in Soviet politicians as "a talent for survival...
...If we take a position against a Communist faction within a foreign country, we have to act alone...
...In the latter city there have been 42 openings, and 8 Negroes have been placed...
...is morally justified under any conditions in intervening in the internal affairs of other nations to prevent domestic Communist victory...
...assistance to Greece, but not to Yugoslavia), or the financing and direction of subversive activities aimed at overthrowing an established government (e.g., Iran, Guatemala), or the commitment of armed forces to a civil war (e.g., Vietnam...
...In his plea he argued that the "loss" of Indo-China to the Communists was unacceptable "by whatever means" it occurred, and had to be prevented...
...Even allowing for massive American help, it is remarkable that Balaguer has retained his credibility for more than two years (as compared with about a week for Wessin y Wessin), that he defeated Juan Bosch in his "election" to the presidency and that the Dominican Republic has been off the front pages for a relatively long time...
...could do with regard to an other country that could not be construed as intervention, if the word is taken loosely enough, or if it suits one's political purposes to attempt the construe tion...
...Local 28 took its "cue" promptly and enthusiastically...
...Friedenberg conceal complex and per haps instructive situations...
...Friedenberg says that "the OAS...
...I am a Canadian and I would fain have it so...
...In any event, 23 of the young men are now in the union (one was drafted into the army and the other two accepted apprenticeship appointments...
...Such a concept is plainly incompatible with the objective of a world ruled by law among nations generally, and with the U.N...
...There is a certain logic in that, perhaps, for there is hardly anything that the U.S...
...The implication is that Canada's refusal to join the OAS and her Latin American policy generally is based on opposition to U.S...
...The Sheetmetal Union, Local 28 did not contest the admittance of 11 Negroes recruited and tutored in 1965 by the Joint Apprenticeship Program of the Workers Defense League and the A. Philip Randolph Educational Fund...
...The U.N...
...Making or refusing loans, giving oi withholding foreign aid, selling or not selling arms, encouraging or not encouraging state visits, bribing or not bribing particular officials, financing ox not financing opposition forces or local secondary associations—all these acts are obviously and equally intended to bolster or weaken particular governments, heads or state, political forces...
...Moreover, my article contained complimentary remarks about some of the trade union leaders of whom Miss Horowitz speaks highly...
...And since Communist nations have considerable capacity for reinforcing local resistance to external interference, or for interfering themselves, the Dulles doctrine consigns us to eternal brinkmanship, with the odds overwhelmingly on ultimate world destruction...
...Since he has also confessed that all reports to him at that time indicated "about 80 per cent" popular support among Vietnamese for Ho Chi Minh, he was obviously urging they be denied the chance to express that support politically...
...The first is his treatment of the career of Dr...
...In Sherman Adams's memoir of the Eisenhower Administration, First Hand Report, Adams quotes John Foster Dulles at a cabinet meeting during a crucial period in the proceedings of the 1954 Geneva Conference: It is not difficult to marshall world opinion against aggression, but it is quite another thing to fight against internal changes in one country...
...But it simply will not do to whitewash Local 28's conduct and to say that the "roadblock" was created by others...
...Gordon and I together oppose, I think, is something quite different, that is, any great-power bid for direct control of the government or economy of another country...
...Whereupon, Walter Gobetz, who administered the test for the New York University Testing Service, announced that ''I've been teaching for thirty years and I've never had results like that...
...Now I would suggest that it is of no help whatsoever to use the word intervention in a way that makes it simply the equivalent of international politics...
...The fact of the matter is that the program has been called one of the most successful in the U.S...
...Charter specifically...
...Editors: The main points made by Mr...
...In fact, those young men joined Scott Green, the first Negro apprentice in that union (also placed by the program), very quickly after their tests and physical examinations...
...it certainly was not created by Local 28...
...Commendably, Walzer insists that exposure of the CIA needs to be followed by self-examination, on the part of the democratic Left, of the "myths, misunderstandings and distortions of cold-war thought that justified the CIA...
...Friedenberg has told us...
...Canada had always refused to be a member...
...soon degenerated into an apologist body for U.S...
Vol. 14 • November 1967 • No. 6
