The New Peace Movement Part II
Friedenberg, Edgar Z.
As nuclear energy and rockets are again revealing, science itself is intrinsically more revolutionary than any ideology or political or social movement. Merely trying to adjust to new scientific...
...The 50,000 votes which Hughes polled is probably the rock-bottom minimum peace vote in Massachusetts...
...There is a realization that to advocate disarmament without at the same time dispelling the idea that this would mean the collapse of the economy and tens of millions of unemployed is not sufficient...
...But certainly much more important was the reaction to Cuba...
...This is the atmosphere 9 The space race—for all its extravagance and military overtones—is perhaps desirable to the extent that it provides a non-military focus for competition...
...Action as a Policy Absolute pacifists have concentrated, not on political activity, but on direct action...
...Now, one is tempted to say, science is spoiling all that.' For science is too literal, in a way too childish...
...It overdoes everything...
...Confronted by the ewig weibliche, what political arguments do not begin to sound hollow...
...Anything less than this, any temporizing for the sake of expediency or of immediate gains, is a betrayal of the peace tradition and of the most urgent need of humanity...
...Many peace supporters, and especially young people, are apolitical for the reason that they are fed up with ideo!ogies and ideological squabbling...
...And Khrushchev's sending of rockets to Cuba was a threatening episode, however "triumphant" the outcome...
...Time is running out, and in the meantime the arms race continues...
...this and is a race, a struggle for advantage, or illusory maximum security, which becomes more likely to explode into a nuclear war the longer it continues...
...8 The level of intellectual discussion in the peace movement has gone up considerably since the formation in the Spring of 1961 of the Committee of Correspondence (now called the Council of Correspondence), which brought together such men as Lewis Mumford, David Riesman and Jerome Frank with radical pacifists...
...Within these two groups and between them are a whole range of different positions...
...They would like to forget all that...
...And adding the two words "peace" and "revolution" together does not make a program...
...Many peace workers feel that, despite all this activity, the peace movement is only "talking to itself," convincing only those who are already convinced, and has not succeeded in relating itself to any wider peace sentiment or having any real impact upon events...
...Dramatic protests have been carried out, such as the voyage of the ship Golden Rule into the bomb test area in the Pacific, a walk from San Francisco to Moscow and a series of on-the-spot actions against Polaris submarine launchings...
...Pacifism is equated with weakness and with less, rather than more, attachment to human freedom...
...The most widely followed campaign was in Massachusetts where an especially competent candidate, H. Stuart Hughes, polled only 2.5 per cent of the votes...
...On paper these pacifists had preached a Gandhian revolution of non-violence, decentralism, and anti-statism...
...A considerable number are high school and college students, taught to be "socially responsible" and searching for some way to be it...
...The revolution which fails to understand the nature of freedom, (which is always freedom for opposition), cannot help but turn into tyranny...
...SANE has had a rocky career because of its handling of the problem of Communists or former Communists in its own ranks...
...it can be coupled with many different views, or none at all...
...This embraces everything from the sentimentalism which finds a positive virtue in not caring about politics (believing that good intentions ought to be enough for everything) to a conscious and intelligent rejection of politics on the grounds that abolishing war requires revolutionary change...
...some participants cooperating with the law (for example, desisting when told to desist) and others refusing to cooperate (for example, "going limp") .6 Since few people are converted by these actions and the public is likely to be either antagonized or indifferent, what purpose do they serve...
...armies at the first opportune moment would overrun Europe, there are two kinds of replies: the "reversible" unilateralist says that at some point it might be necessary to rearm, but at least the gamble for peace would have been tried, while the "irreversible" unilateralist maintains that we will have to learn to practice the only feasible method of conflict today—mass non-violent underground resistance...
...What is here intriguing is that it is the first time in many years (perhaps since the suffragettes) that women have been moved to act as women...
...Politics over-reaches itself when it attempts to do what only a church can do— combine in some inward sense unanimity and freedom, so that there is no need The Castro episode also revealed that the Communist question still has the power to cause serious dissensions in the peace movement—not over the question of working with American Communists," but over the question of the basic nature of Communism...
...This pyramid like some monstrous inner growth stretches to the breaking point...
...The peculiar numbness which has hung over things since the advent of nuclear weapons is a testimony to how much is at stake and the fearful possibility that war will go out in one last overwhelming paroxysm...
...There is as little room for American Communists or Communist sympathizers in the peace movement as there is for American Legionnaires, and for the same reason...
...They forget that the main question is reversing the trend towards war and that it is much more important that this be done than that some particular pacifist thesis be vindicated...
...No longer does it possess even the chance of the winner of a duel...
...The sine qua non, however, is that the initial actions should be genuine, clear enough and decisive enough not to be mistaken for additional gambits in the Cold War...
...We just hope this happens before the next war instead of after...
...The enthusiasm of many leading pacifists for Castro, even after it was apparent that Castro had embarked on a one-party system and a dictatorship, showed that pacifists are not immune to the lure of the mass leader...
...Lapp, op...
...He reacts to this as a human being, rather than as a computing machine calculating "acceptable casualty levels...
...Too few appear to have thought their way through to a clear realization that the Cold War can lead to neither victory nor defeat in any terms and that there is not the slightest possibility of either side being able to win it...
...The public image of the peace advocate or pacifist is likely to be of a well-meaning idealist who can easily be taken advantage of by less scrupulous enemies of freedom...
...of cultism, of substituting automatic action and emotion for thought and communication...
...If you lose, you are annihilated...
...The pacifist view is that they are a preparation for a time when peace sentiment will be widespread enough to make mass action possible and effective...
...It is not only a question of persistently (and ineffectively) appealing for public support, but of working out the ideas which will be convincing...
...The only way to stop the doomsday trend, is for one side or the other to take drastic action by announcing that it will start to cut back its weapons and actually taking the first step...
...The enormous ingenuity spent on trying to make war still feasible within this shrunken space— (that is, on exploiting other possible determinants of superiority) —is an eloquent testimony to how reluctant we are to recognize the scientifically-created dilemma of a world too small and a force too great for successful all-out wars...
...It has succeeded in broadening the peace front—for example, by bringing in the leaders of six industrial labor unions (perhaps the first sizable dent in labor's support for the Cold War...
...3) vigils and fasts—a version of picketing, usually carried out by smaller numbers, sometimes in remoter places or over longer periods of time...
...As nuclear energy and rockets are again revealing, science itself is intrinsically more revolutionary than any ideology or political or social movement...
...The basic problem is that military force is still the most convincing symbol and measure of a people's commitment to its tradition and ways (that is, the means by which people show how much they believe in what they do believe in), and pacifists have not succeeded in projecting some other symbol and measure .9 The most striking fact about the peace movement (even in its political manifestations) is that it is apolitical...
...More than 11,000 students in 70 areas participated in its Students Speak for Peace Day...
...Merely trying to adjust to new scientific and technological discoveries imposes a perpetual revolution on modern societies...
...Peace thinking requires the clear understanding that the Cold War can lead nowhere, while its very nature increases the possibility of unintentional disaster...
...In between are all those who make no special effort to bridge the gap between ideas which seem self-evident to them and the kinds of objections which are raised by ordinary Americans...
...To believe—and one believes in a totalitarian ruler, whereas one only votes for or supports a democratic one—is to accept this identity...
...It wasn't until Castro went over openly to the Soviet camp—thus becoming an out-and-out participant in the Cold War—that some of them withdrew their support...
...Any decisive outcome is precluded by the nature of the situation, in which the very existences of two great peoples stand surety for each other...
...Why this poor showing, not only for Hughes, but for other peace candidates...
...Pacifism for them is part of the answer, the way to resist totalitarianism effectively by seizing a psychological and moral advantage...
...As long as there is some arriere pensee which anticipates any other outcome there remains some reason for continuing it...
...This spectrum now stretches from "nuclear pacifists" at one end to "unilateralists" at the other...
...While there are many divergences among the supporters of Women Strike for Peace, there is also a widely shared common set of ideas, some of which run something like this: "People are everywhere the same...
...We are in a limbo now between a bankrupt and suicidal militarism which refuses to die and the beginnings of the possibility of world peace...
...When the general "ground level" of force rises so high that superiority only appears in this region, then force no longer meets the conditions of combat...
...For the first generation in human history peace alone spells survival...
...IT peace has an international appeal, there should be an independent non-governmental peace cause in the Soviet world...
...Nuclear pacifists merge with, and share much of the general orientation of, the liberal-labor left...
...They would put the word "threat" in quotation marks...
...Nuclear pacifists are primarily opposed to nuclear weapons, rather than war in general, while unilateralists (comprising most traditional pacifists) favor varying degrees of American-initiated disarmament, regardless of what the other side does...
...Each can easily be identified by his refusal to condemn militarism as such, impartially, on both sides...
...7) refusal to pay income taxes for war—another growing form of protest which often, however, leads only to the government attaching bank accounts or personal property . 5 The important dividing line in these protests is between "legal" and "illegal" or civil obedience and civil disobedience...
...Differences of social system and ideology are unimportant by comparison...
...Like its West Coast predecessor Acts 5 This list does not include refusing to serve in the army or to make or transport arms, which are, of course, the sine qua non for the individual pacifist...
...To the list could be added a few more uncommon actions such as the boat trips to the bomb test areas and to Russia, hunger strikes, burning of draft cards (after World War II), etc...
...They suspect them of being defeatist or of being willing to sell out to totalitarianism...
...Few human institutions or traditions have been so reliable...
...War has proved one of the most resilient of all human behaviors, adaptable to an endless variety of conditions and times...
...4) sit downs—inside or outside of buildings, at entrances to atomic plants or rocket sites or, occasionally, in public squares, and sometimes coupled with (5) trespassings— on military installations, submarines, or government projects...
...Their demands are addressed equally to the men on both sides and (although they might deny it) in a certain respect put the men as men on the defensive...
...Force, in other words, must be kept within the limits which permit meaningful superiority if it is to serve military purposes...
...What began as a revolution for freedom abandoned that goal and turned into a reaction against freedom.'° 10 The root of the difficulty is a fatal confusion between politics and religion...
...It is inevitable that the United States will become more socialistic and the Soviet Union more liberal...
...They refuse to be drawn into political arguments, but stick to their own unanswerable argument that they are acting to protect their homes and children...
...Douglas MacArthur visiting the Philippine Islands in 1961 declared: "Global war has become a Frankenstein to destroy both sides...
...Pacifists often give the impression of being more attached to their own ideas about how peace is to be brought about than they are to peace itself...
...cit., p. 7f...
...Some of these pacifists had stated repeatedly in the past that they were opposed to all dictators, but this did not stop them from adjusting their principles to make an exception for Castro...
...Pacifists who talk about revolutionary change may be forgiven for some vagueness, but theirs is a vagueness which extends even to fundamental principles...
...They refused to see that a political structure which makes possible continuing opposition is the only thing that matters in the long run, since revolutionary unanimity cannot be sustained, and after it dies nothing remains in the one-party state but the enforced unanimity of the police...
...It contains now only the germs of double suicide...
...These men, however, were defeated in 1960 after only one term...
...Do this for long enough, and eventually it will catch on," one pacifist observes...
...As even the military themselves recognize, 4 nuclear weapons are a reductio ad absurdum of war...
...The argument that the Cold War provides the possibility of the mutual annihilation which guarantees the stalemate ignores the fact that theCold War has gone far beyond to make room for opposition because no one wants to oppose...
...That is that people do not trust peace candidates...
...This position is taken in varying degrees by most of the members of the older pacifist organizations, such as the Fellowship of Reconciliation and the War Resisters League, as well as members of such newer groups as Peacemakers and the Committee for Non-Violent Action...
...In an age when science has done the unprecedented, humanity will not survive unless it is prepared to do the unprecedented in other respects too...
...The inner identity of ruler and ruled leaves no possible grounds for opposition...
...The absolute pacifist prescribes a dose of "impossiblism...
...2) walks— a Gandhian method which has involved thousands, particularly in five Easter Aldermaston Marches in England and an equivalent number of Easter UN Marches in the United States...
...Nowhere is the revolutionary character of science more evident than with regard to war...
...Not all supporters of the Women's Strike would accept all of this, but the general complex is probably fairly typical...
...And this has been done while avoiding the organizational rivalries and disputes which usually plague such attempts...
...In the civil rights field of the Negro struggle, he points out, similar actions were carried on for many years (often by some of the same people), and they are only now producing results...
...He sees the issue of war, as the abolitionists saw the issue of slavery, primarily in human and moral terms...
...The Cold War Many pacifists, as this shows, continue to accept the assumption that the Cold War itself makes sense, and that in some way it could be won by one side or the other, even if not by a nuclear war...
...What is the future of the peace movement...
...6) refusal to take cover in air-raid drills—carried out in several cities with growing numbers for many years now...
...In addition many peace workers began to put more emphasis on electing peace candidates to Congress...
...ceiling" with less and less room to maneuver in...
...The two sides are becoming more and more alike...
...Peace has to be projected as a genuine alternative and not left as an unknown quantity which may seem more uncertain (and more fearful) than the military patterns so long familiar...
...The military find themselves squeezed between the rising "floor" and this 1 Or in the (probably mythical) words of Gen...
...They are moved to act in protest against masculine presumption...
...It depends on whether peace supporters can remain true to their principle of rejecting both American and Russian militarism equally to work for a dynamic third alternative...
...This group brings together student support for peace on the widest possible front and engages in an impressive variety of projects...
...There is a more deep-seated factor, however, which comes closer to the real dilemma of the peace movement...
...In the showdown, however, it appeared that this Gandhian revolution was for the future, while in the present, in some situations, they would support revolutions of violence, centralism and statism...
...A number of different kinds of group direct actions have been developed, which may be roughly classified as follows: (1) picketing— the standard protest, carried out in crises or on annual occasions, usually under conditions rigidly prescribed by police departments...
...Some are remnants of the old Henry Wallace party, but joined by young people who have never heard of Henry Wallace...
...The possibility of "disarmament without misery" has to be spelled out in logical arguments which can be translated into simple terms and circulated on a mass basis in pamphlets and leaflets...
...If all this is described as impractical and utopian, the unilateralist answer is that it is just what is "practical" that has failed and is leading us to destruction, and it is time now to try the "impractical...
...Out of more than two million votes Hughes succeeded in gathering only 50,000, far fewer than most of his supporters had anticipated...
...You're happy and joyous, or into prison you go...
...Neither side will accept the system of the other (after a while if only because the other holds it), and each would choose mutual annihilation before defeat...
...The issues between the United States and the Soviet Union are exaggerated and in the course of time mean less and less...
...But the idea (implicit in so much peace activity) that all that is needed is to "get out and demonstrate" and experience an emotional togetherness, a folk-songy oneness, is a delusion...
...An analysis of the half-conscious ideas of a large number of women about the "patriarchal" character of technology, war and even "civilization" itself would be an, important part of any historical study of the present moment...
...After charges that peace demonstrators were manhandled in Times Square a representative of the New York Police Department sat in on a pacifist conference discussing best ways to carry on demonstrations...
...In the peace field eventually the same thing will happen, with even more revolutionary implications...
...Most unilateralists tend to agree that such unilateral action should be "phased"—that is, it should be done by the kind of steps which at each point would provide the maximum opportunity and bring the maximum pressure to bear on the other side to follow suit...
...There is an inevitable line where spontaneous support turns into coerced obedience, but this line is never visible in the totalitarian state...
...Any attempt to apologize for the military moves of either side weakens the peace cause...
...The Spectrum of Pacifism The development of nuclear weapons has created a new spectrum in the peace movement...
...3 At the other end of the spectrum from the nuclear pacifists are the unilateralists, including both those who favor unilateral nuclear disarmament and those who want general unilateral disarmament...
...Turn Towards Peace supporters have also tried to concern themselves with some of the economic problems of disarmament, to offer economic alternatives to labor which would make disarmament more acceptable...
...Pacifists cannot support a Castro who lines up in the Cold War (for whatever reasons), any more than they can support those who would use military means against him, and then expect to be believed when they say they are against all militarism...
...In this respect Castro has betrayed freedom, and no supposed benefits or necessities (or contrasts with the horrors of the previous regime) can excuse or compensate for this...
...War has a ritual character...
...War has spelled human affairs in two words, "victory" or "defeat," but in this language it seldom failed to give an answer...
...As one woman peace leader puts it, "We want to protect our young against the evils of masculinity...
...They all desire peace and the opportunity to live in friendship...
...The pivotal evil today, the place where all other evils focus, he declares to be war, and whatever must be done to get rid of war must be done...
...But where is the above-the-battle peace group in Russia...
...for Peace (begun by the same person, Robert Pickus), Turn Towards Peace is extremely catholic, willing to make room for every variety of peace activity from sit-downs to letter-writing...
...In fact, by giving up the Cold War it might actually "win" the Cold War...
...When CORE first started working in the South many years ago, who would have guessed that it would spark so much...
...Confusion sometimes develops because of lack of understanding ahead of time as to just which is involved, though the same project may be planned to have both aspects...
...Preventing the next war should take priority over any question of methods or theoretical purity...
...These actions are "gestures of conscience," signals in another language, crackpot only as all prophetic actions are...
...The orbiting of nuclear weapons would be the first step in that direction...
...Out of ten or twelve who might be described as peace candidates for Congress, only three were elected, and in many cases the defeats were overwhelming...
...In the one group are those who basically do not regard Communism as a threat...
...the women see themselves and their children as a "minority" threatened by what men are doing...
...Overkill—that is, the ability to kill each person on the other side several times over—is not meaningful superiority...
...Turn Towards Peace brought together thirty-eight organizations, not on a radical pacifist program, but on the basis of a general concern for peace, operating both on the local and national levels...
...In the New York area, for example, Harry Hale Purvis, running as an Independent on a Voters for Peace platform on Long Island, polled only one and a half per cent of the votes...
...They feel that the fundamental human necessities ought to be simpler than that, and in one sense they are right...
...These are the "cause" people, those for whom a "moral" stance and a somehow "progressive" outlook are the essence of politics...
...Eventually people will wake up and see that they can do something about war...
...It is as if we have been holding our breaths against the moment of the turning point which we know will be the most decisive mankind has ever taken...
...Delegations of leaders of the Women's Strike have visited Geneva, Washington and Moscow and have declared that they were not "taken in" by either Russian or American positions...
...It is imperative that somewhere in the world there be those who see beyond the present world conflict to forms and ways of life that will be superior to both alternatives in the Cold War and who, without compromise, will stand for this vision of the future...
...4 Gen...
...There remains only a short time...
...It depends upon a fundamental rule of combat: that force will be sufficiently limited so that superior force may be rewarded...
...The risk that the other side would take advantage of this would be great, but no greater than the risks of nuclear war, and the side which could really do this would gain an incalculable psychological and moral advantage...
...Political Intervention While some pacifists oppose political action on the grounds that nothing should be done to support the state since the nation-state itself is one of the chief causes of war, if it is not, in fact, synonomous with war, a much larger number have poured an increasing amount of energy into political campaigns...
...Instead of apportioning blame or judging between the two sides, people should start trusting each other now...
...As peace advocates we are willing to join with anybody who wants peace, regardless of their political ideas, and we will support any candidate who takes the peace position, irrespective of where he or she stands on other questions...
...Leslie Groves at Los Alamos after the first bomb had successfully gone off: "The long hairs have done it at last...
...They believe in the good intentions of Communists, are optimistic about the future development of Communism and are not concerned about the possibility of world domination...
...He refuses to forget the fact, obscured by strategy, gamesmanship, the Rand Corporation and social scientists, that war is first and last an evil, bringing with it every human suffering...
...With the idea of doing something about this, an over-all grouping named Turn Towards Peace was organized four or five years ago...
...The Castro Episode Peace as such is not a program...
...They make up for the smallness of the numbers involved by the extremity of the action...
...And it must be admitted that the behavior of pacifists themselves sometimes contributes to these stereotypes...
...There is also a considerable overlap, since many unilateralists (borrowing a leaf from left-wing "front" methods, but without any subterfuge about it) are also active in nuclear pacifist groups and sometimes have even helped to form them...
...Confronted in May, 1960, with the accusation by the Senate Internal Security Committee that Communists or Communist sympathizers were active in the organization (presumably for ulterior motives), SANE, reiterating its position of not working with Communists, chose to cooperate with the Committee...
...Though it denied that any names were actually turned over to the Committee, or by the Committee to it, this action brought down on it a rash of resignations...
...In the meantime a last frantic pyramiding of fear goes on, the attempt to get rid of fear by more fear...
...The revolutionary enthusiasm and unanimity of Castroism satisfied many radical pacifists who could not look beyond this enthusiasm to the totalitarian implications of the course which Castro took...
...There is only one thing wrong—these are relations between human beings and another human being and not between human beings and a god...
...The peace movement is not only politically immature...
...Theoretically, victory in war might be determined by how many times over each side could exterminate the other, but actually people can only be killed once, and this sets a kind of "force ceiling...
...The most phenomenal occurrence among nuclear pacifists has been the emergence of Women Strike for Peace, which almost overnight enlisted the support of some 50,000 women (and some estimates put the figure even higher), many of whom are now active in holding demonstrations and meetings throughout the country...
...No longer is it a weapon of adventure—the short cut to international power...
...They regard it as a threat to human freedom (but one which cannot be stopped by military means...
...Then comes the mocking simulacrum—the unity achieved by the secret police...
...In the current sociological jargon the "peace game," if it is to be successful, has to be completely disentangled from the "war game...
...It seems to be an axiom that the more threatened people feel the less likely are they to be interested in disarmament or any other major change...
...It makes no sense to talk about the defeat of Communism or the victory of Communism...
...And, instead of longing for the short cut of mass emotions, the peace movement should devote itself to working out plans which make sense and a program which can be translated into the consciousness of ordinary people...
...li The Communist's view of peace is that "Soviet bombs are for peace...
...The unilateralist point of view might be summed up somewhat in this way: In the release of nuclear energy science has made a technological breakthrough which must be matched by an equivalent breakthrough in human affairs...
...A large number of people ready to support any program if only it is for peace—this almost invites political manipulation...
...N. Y. 1962, p. 146...
...2 "We already have enough nuclear explosives to overkill the Soviet Union at least 25 times...
...On the other hand are those who are pessimistic about Communism...
...The most successful year was 1958 with the elections of Byron Johnson of Colorado, Robert W. Kastenmeier of Wisconsin and William H. Meyer of Vermont...
...The principal organization of the nuclear pacifists is the Committee for a SANE Nuclear Policy, a sprawling amorphous collection of individuals and local groups largely existing to bring pressure to bear on the government to negotiate an end to nuclear tests and the abolition of nuclear weapons...
...it has a "know nothing" quality which, besides limiting its effectiveness, would also make it fair game for political exploitation if the right combination of circumstances came along...
...That peace itself is not a weapon is precisely what has to be demonstrated...
...Before either happened there would be—disaster...
...This is a revolt which has a conscious feminist orientation...
...American bombs are for war...
...Some, a declining number, are survivors of the "causes" of the twenties and thirties, harking back to what now look like more idealistic times...
...running as Independents, challenging deeply entrenched two-party voting habits...
...it gives us more than we bargained for...
...Action has its place, but not as an unconscious reaction...
...The American peace movement has rejected the alternative of working with governmentcontrolled Soviet "peace" groups, correctly pointing out that the Soviet government is no more "peaceful" than other governments...
...8 Another important broadening development of the past few years has been the growth of the Student Peace Union, which was begun by ten students at the University of Chicago and now has more than 125 local chapters...
...The real "revolt o'f women" has not occurred yet...
...It has been able to incorporate new discoveries and still continue to be what it has always been—the final word, the extreme limit of communication, the ultimate "decision process...
...One factor is undoubtedly that many were handicapped by 7 In this connection the ideas of Seymour Melman are especially important...
...The peace movement's task is to demonstrate that disarmament and ending the Cold War must take priority over every other issue and to show what possible ways there are to reach these goals...
...What might happen in a disarmed world would be of an entirely different character...
...Consider, for example, what social and economic effects would arise from discoveries—by no means impossible—of ways to synthesize food cheaply, manufacture gold in the laboratory or change human skin pigmentation...
...The fusion of a whole people into oneness can only be a temporary occurrence in mundane terms...
...But it also showed a fundamental confusion about pacifism and democratic principles...
...The revolution that is needed now is the revolution against war and militarism and both power blocs...
...Recently SANE has broadened its program to include "unilateral initiatives"—advocacy of steps to reduce tension, irrespective of the actions of the Soviets...
...One of the chief problems of the Women's Strike, as of the entire peace movement, has been the difficulty of locating its opposite number in the Soviet Union...
...But because of the inertia of old ways and the failure to grasp just how new the situation is, unless some absolutely new step is taken, these weapons are bound to be used eventually with immeasurable destruction and no "victory" for either side...
...Like others, pacifists tend to divide into "soft" and "hard...
...6 Pacifists often make a point of "working with" the police...
...The absolute pacifist is more interested, in these times, in being "prophetic" than in being "progressive...
...To the argument that if the United States acted this way, the Soviet 3 Women Strike for Peace made contact with private women's groups in Moscow, which, however, were not peace groups...
...If you win, you stand only to lose...
...In the election of 1962 the outcome was again disappointing...
...The forces of modern science are actually sized for "space wars"—wars in outer space—and this may be a possibility...
...And the word "revolution" by itself is not a program...
...Ralph E. Lapp in Kill and Overkill...
...While in the past men traditionally killed men in war, in a nuclear war women and children would equally be victims, and this fact is slowly sinking into the consciousness of some women...
...The aim is not to tempt the other side all at once into aggressive action, but to provide the context within which it would be easiest for both sides to proceed in the same direction together...
Vol. 10 • April 1963 • No. 2
