Forgiving The Unforgivable
Ferrari, Frank
FORGIVING THE UNFORGIVABLE An interview with Archbishop Desrnond Tutu Frank Ferrari r lea for South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation ~nmission-the topic of the interview that fol s-sprang...
...O F In Guatemala, half-way to healing ollowing thirty-six years of bloody civil war to (;uatemala-during which 1 million Gua temalans were displaced domestically, 2 t I,I )1 U Fled abroad, 100,000 were killed, and 40,000 still remain unaccounted for-a UN-brokered peace was finally signed in December 1996 between the government of President Alvaro Arzu and rebel forces known as the Unidad Rcvolucionaria Nac ional Guatcmalteca...
...TUTU: Yes, amnesty could be granted to Chris Hani s killers if their applications satisfied the conditions for granting amnesty...
...Years...
...I'tn being African...
...You've been chairing the commission's hearings since December 1995...
...If that's the case, how can people hold on to anger and forgive at the same time...
...While a genuine sense of domestic tranquillity has yet to be established in Guatemala, he noted, Guatemalans "have been given a political space, which they can use to recover their dignity...
...You've listened to some horrendous stories of pt r enal suffering and tragedy...
...Archbishop Des ,norrd Tutu, the former primate of the Anglican church in South Africa, is chairinapt...
...You hear this and think, "how can we sink quite as low as that...
...Hani, one of South Africa's most popular black leaders, was assassinated in 1993.11 was at Hani s funeral and remember your passionate homily praising him...
...On the other hand, former Deputy President F.W...
...I want to highlight especially the role of women...
...For example, the settlement let stand a 1984 government amnesty that exempted its security forces from responsibility for acts committed in the war, and extended the life of the Commission to Clarify the Violation of Human Rights, a weak committee established in 1994 to investigate human-rights violations with no authority to charge individuals accused of violations...
...Many have found that their marriages, if not broken, have fallen into serious difficulties because often their wives and children didn't know that that was what daddy was doing...
...Last night in a dream I slept with my mother, Then he woke me The stranger My ten-dollar lover...
...We are distressed since reconciliation is something not just for the TRC but for all South Africans...
...Perpetrators must apply and satisfy certain conditions: It must be a thing that happened between 1960 and 1994...
...The commission has attempted to establish as complete a picture as possible of the nature and extent of gross human-rights violations conmtittell front March 1960 to May 1994...
...You hoped that I could begin to share the truth about what happened...
...It must have had a political motive...
...No way...
...We want to hear their story...
...It is a very roundabout way...
...But they said they wanted to see it...
...FERRARI: Do they come down the end of December this year...
...So if something is wrong, I don't ask who has committed it, I say it is wrong...
...Now we've got to roll up our sleeves and put our shoulders to the wheel to make this country work...
...Does what's happening between blacks and whites in South Africa have a particular message for the United States...
...Reparation" is the term used in the act...
...How do you heal...
...He was found guilty and sentenced to several terms of life imprisonment, plus several more years...
...I want to say again, please show me where the revelations and the work of the commission have led to a resurgence of race hatred, and I'll show you many, many instances of the opposite...
...TUTU: Doctor Buthelezi s IFP from the onset has hardly cooperated with the commission, despite many appeals...
...28-Dec...
...Remember the anguish they went through so that they don't inflict it on others...
...It's there each time the Afrikaner and English meet...
...Now it is possible that many in the community, and possibly his own family, didn't know that when daddy went out in the morning to his office looking so normal, in fact, his work was the killing of people...
...We are being asked already to intervene...
...As the people recount their suffering, they have a chance to recuperate and to realize they have certain basic human rights...
...Saints "What a rich compendium, a vide mecum for every day of the year...
...It isn't surprising that the incident seems to be so insignificant...
...FERRARI: Do you think that reconciliation is lasting for people whose life doesn't improve...
...FERRARI: Go back to the point you made on the ability of the victims to forgive...
...That is something whose value we can never compute...
...Long ago, I said apartheid was evil in essence...
...Many people thought they knew what had happened, but the details, when they began unfolding, shocked us...
...People will give up, not just on reconciliation, but on democracy if it doesn't deliver the goods...
...we have unearthed the truth...
...Commonweal 1 8 September 12, 1997...
...18-26/98 Apr...
...we looked at cases to the best of our ability...
...We are required to be even-handed in the sense that we must give everyone the opportunity to state their case...
...You have said the same, and Richard Goldstone, Constitutional Court Justice, said "the old wounds have not been closed...
...Malan and the others were acquitted.] Our particular amnesty process is a compromise, but an important compromise...
...But there are crucial differences: REMHI is not a governmental entity and does not interface with the country's judicial system...
...That is one response...
...I'm not here to play marbles...
...Another question: How can there be forgiveness without remorse...
...Race and ethnicity are irrelevant...
...I just want to point out that our commission counseled the mothers and told them that a video we had is quite harrowing...
...Unlike South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission (so' above), the Guatemalan accord called for an ambiguous means to deal with atrocities committed during the war...
...It will be down the line when one of the things that must be done, what they will talk about, is the change in the quality of life of people...
...I couldn't go but someone else did...
...The animators speak the local languages and have taken a vow of confidentiality...
...Is South Africa the place where nonracialism is taking hold...
...Because they are not completely free until we are free...
...They're always carrying that...
...Months...
...And there are now other theologians in South Africa who are talking about a theology of anger, how anger can help people come to grips with the future, particularly with regard to holding on to something of the past...
...According to Gutierrez, they have "succeeded in making people who give their testimony feel as if they were undergoing a kind of resurrection...
...Because amnesia is the way to hell...
...Victims have been given an official forum where they have told their story...
...The most that we have done is to be facilitators...
...New, Keck, and author of Maltin...
...I was the chair when Mandela attended the hearing in Johannesburg...
...The policy of either the previous government or the liberation movement must have been behind it...
...And you see, just to add maybe one thing, many things have happened, many people have disappeared, but as a result of the amnesty applications, we've been able to find out where people who were secretly killed were buried...
...There can be no future without forgiveness, and to ever forgive, you have to know what happened...
...to facilitate tlve granting of amnesty to persons who make fit It disclosure of sill the facts related vet acts associated will: political obiectives at the time: to establish and Publicize the fate and whereabouts of victims...
...And, sometimes people forget this: the amnesty is not automatic...
...I don't claim that that is our work...
...The commission got him because he said he wanted to do something to help rebuild, rehabilitate his community, and he went before the commission...
...Somebody has looked at statistics that slid when women came before the commission, it was almost always to tell a story of what has happened to slime tine else...
...There is another kind of justice than the retributive one...
...Remember for one thing, the cost of the freedom they have got, so that they will not devalue it...
...sib- FERRARI: One final question...
...When they appear before the amnesty committee, if they express no remorse, people say, "look at them, they don't care...
...If that is how you feel about amnesty, I'll resign from this commission...
...I was chosen because I was morally neutral...
...We are working against the status of apartheid, and whilst we don't want to keep using apartheid as a scapegoat, the fact of the matter is that much of what is happening now in terms of crime, to a large extent, could be blamed on what happened under apartheid, the kinds of beliefs we had in the apartheid era, the corruption...
...Dubois said, the problem of the color line...
...tP' FRANK FERRARI: Archbishop Tutu, as I understand it, the ultimate aim of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission is to create a culture of human rights in South Africa so that what happened in the past does not happen again...
...That in this quest for transformation in South Africa, the people who don't have jobs, who don't have education, who don't have the houses-can those people still hold on to reconciliation and forgiveness...
...Furthermore, the nation nuist be notified of any decision to grant amnesty through publication in the official Government Gazette...
...How upsetting is it to you and the work of the commission that Inkatha is not involved...
...FERRARI: How long would you say it would be before you could estimate the effectiveness of the commission...
...In fact, we can be fellow South Africans...
...Once amnesty is granted, the perpetrator is set free, and many have already been set free...
...and hi restore their human and civil dignity by giving them the opportunity to relate their accounts of what took place: and to cwnpile comprehensive reports of the commission's work...
...But all was not lost...
...So there may be some things that could be applicable...
...I said to the ANC, to no other party have I said I will resign if you hold on to a view that undermines our position...
...But we don't say that the victim is on the same moral plane as the perpetrator...
...So, there is the acknowledgment by the nation, and you can't put a money value on that...
...While reparation is not compensation, one of the things that has happened is that these people who were treated like rubbish now have a story that the country acknowledges...
...TUTU: This is not exactly the case...
...Any credibility that I might have comes from my fight against apartheid and against oppression...
...You see this in South Africa...
...We are, however, not surprised...
...We've been able to exhume the bodies and help their families rebuild...
...it is freedom especially for white people...
...We don't want to be prescriptive...
...There's an end pain that I think might be felt...
...This is not the only incident of that kind...
...It is an interesting coincidence that the most vehement F Commonweal 1 6 September 12,1997 opponents of the commission have tended to be those who benefited most from apartheid...
...And there is a specific provision in the law to do this over two years, then the shutters come down...
...When they can in fact say, "Yeah, I can be friends with you...
...A driver knocks somebody down, and it causes a riot...
...They had to accept that that is what the country did...
...de Klerk has said that the commission's activities and the way that it is dealing with the past are rekindling polarization...
...FERRARI: Archbishop, following that point, there are some people who say the commission is not neutral...
...77te hill connnission's uvrk ends this year, with a report due thegure•rmtie) rt by March 1998...
...TUTU: Yes, after this period no one can come forward and say, just look at this horror story, because they've been given the opportunity of telling their stories...
...When they do ask for forgiveness from the victim, as most of them have-in fact, I can't recall anyone not somewhere expressing repentance-people say, "Ah...
...Those are not just some slogans I like throwing around...
...Not all of them have appeared, but the ones who have done so said at our very first hearing: We have told our story in many many places, but this is the first time, having told it here, that a heavy burden has F Commonweal 14 September 12, 1997 been lifted off our shoulders...
...Whereas the victims have to wait until we determine that they are a victim and then we make a recommendation to the president about the reparation that is to be made, and he has to ask Parliament...
...People tend to think of one kind of justice, which is retributive justice...
...TUTU: There is a kind of Catch-22 situation for the perpetrators...
...Is the very reconciliation that you're trying to achieve threatened by the polarization coming out of the revelations of the past...
...Afterwards they said it was horrible, horrible, horrible, but thank you because now we know what happened...
...They have a strange notion about what reconciliation is...
...The committee on reparation and rehabilitation is responsible for dealing with victims' applications in a speedy and accessible fashion, and for making recommendations to the government oil hire reparations to be granted...
...TUTU: No...
...General Magnus Malan, defense minister in the former government of F.W...
...He formerly ins error l rCe''hr...
...Legally, there is no requirement that they express contrition, though in some ways, most of their expressions were, I think, reasonably genuine...
...The Germans have said it was victor's justice...
...The commission is divided into three committees that deal respectively with human-rights violations...
...TUTU: There are, of course, very, very severe strains, and it is crucial that people experience freedom as being qualitatively different from what was the case when they were oppressed...
...They have to stand in the full glare of their city and say I did this and this and this...
...After this, the country can't be held to ransom by new revelations...
...representing South Africa's different constituencies...
...We give the perpetrators every chance...
...I don't want him to go to jail...
...Truth and justice are not the same...
...We're just saying God seems to have blessed us in finding a way, which is not acceptable to everybody...
...Compensation seems to say you can quantify suffering, compensate someone for the loss of a loved one...
...de Klerk, and several other army officers were accused of the deaths of thirteen people by death squads...
...REMHI, working through local parishes, has carefully chosen 600 "animators" who have been trained to take the tape-recorded testimony of victims or their families...
...On the other side, when I say "no, not quite," I have found breathtaking and, in fact, exhilarating the magnanimity of peo pie, the incredible nobility of spirit of people who have suffered as much as they have suffered...
...Still, according to Edgar Gutierrez, REMHI's director, the project has created a means for Guatemalans to come to terms with their past...
...It has ended...
...It seems that justice is eluding the victims...
...It would have been highly unlikely that the security forces would have agreed to a transition to a democratic civilization without amnesty...
...titet<'ut of the African American Institute, and fillet ill lahr~rn:teshurg from 1992 to 1994...
...they are putting it on, it's not genuine...
...There revs a keen au are rress in the country at the time that the need for justice and rec onciliation went beyond simply the installation of a new government...
...What I'm saying is, yes, until you find a way of dealing with the legacy of the past, you're going to constantly be shocked by the eruptions of racism...
...It doesn't just disappear...
...First, Nuremberg has not satisfied anybody...
...Reconciliation is costly and it involves confrontation...
...They think that reconciliation is patting each other on the back and saying it's all right...
...That isn't surprising because it reveals the ghastliness...
...The interesting thing to note is who are the people most opposed to the commission...
...And yes...
...One article implied Inkathas not only reject the commission but also participation in the process curtailing violence within the province...
...The Afrikaner is always believing that unless he's got power, he's going to suffer the same thing he suffered as a result of their losing the Boer War...
...Since the peace settlement, international teams of anthropologists and medical personnel have documented nearly 500 mass graves in the country, most of them constructed by the Guatemalan military to bury slaughtered villagers...
...They decided long before the commission started that it was going to be a witch-hunt...
...The people to whom we have to take off our hats are those who have been trampled underfoot, and by now are filled with anger and bitterness, and should be bent on revenge...
...Colonel de Kock ran the Vlakplaas Headquarters, site of the hit squads of the South African Police...
...de Klerk, if it is a fact that the commission was exacerbating feelings of animosity, how come people can still live in squalor, wake up in the morning and go to work in town, mainly working for white people who are affluent and have beautiful homes, salubrious surroundings, and at the end of the day, those people go back to the squalor-all of this and that they shouldn't say we've had enough of this, we've seen just how horrible these people are, and now we want our payback...
...Minister of Finance Trevor Manuel has said that the faculty of remorse is vital for reconciliation...
...It is not the case that the perpetrators get off scot free...
...Otherwise Jesus Christ would not have died on the cross...
...I forgive him...
...TUTU: I think what you mean about anger is again acknowledging that such things happened and refusing amnesia...
...But having said that, you have to ask, what is the alternative...
...If it is felt that what you did was out of proportion to your objective, then amnesty will be refused...
...This process allows them to get some kind of recognition and some kind of reparation on the basis of a story that requires some rigorous process...
...I think it is part of God's sense of humor to say to the world: Now look LOYOLA HOUSE Guelph Centre of Spirituality 40-DAY INSTITUTES COST: $2200 (CDN) We offer the Spiritual Exercises of St...
...But I haven't said I will resign if you don't come before the commission...
...Did you imagine, before you tk•e...
...Where else could one find a famed modern theologian side by side with a first century woman, a Christian Zen monk near a Quaker artist, a mystic of t]ic ] io .[i:.:.ind then a desert hernii*A V. [IL' and generous J7ocik.'%j*arti[ I Iierrigan, author T11EIOSSF~UW Pl1$L1SHING COMPAN'I 37[~ n 1ou lirnue.i' Y. NY 10017 lra c )ei2-M1 ? or Call 1.1 Ou}-395-Ob9O . IN Commonweal 1 5 September 12,1997 Norrie Blaquart Twelve Years Old in Bangkok Gag the nightingale Bruise the rose Tear petals away Wherever flowers grow...
...A slash of the moon Lay between us Like a cool silver river, And soon we were adrift In pools so faraway I saw over his shoulder My mother could no longer Tread the flow...
...But we're not omniscient...
...Most of them are septic and have to be cleansed...
...There is also proportionality...
...While there is no guarantee that any Guatemalan human-rights violators will be brought to justice, Gutierrez believes the REMHI testimony will help Guatemalans "to heal and have something to live for...
...Over the ohjections of many indigenous Guatemalans and international human-rights groups, such as Amnesty International, who wanted a full investigation of all war crimes, the peace accord created a weak process for uncovering and adjudicating the past...
...They have a warm relationship, but it is not really warm under the surface...
...Now again, you get these eruptions...
...Ignatius three times a year...
...Articles in the daily press highlight the absence of Chief Buthelezi s Inkatha Freedom Party from participation in the work of the commission...
...We are sad that the IFP has abandoned its peace talks with the ANC in KwaZulu Natal...
...DESMOND TUTU: In a way, No, not quite...
...Amnesty was the price we had to pay to get the security forces on board...
...And most important, "a new generation will then be able to learn from them and to say, 'Never again?'" I IAHVFY FIRFSIDE I larvey Fireside is a visiting fellow at the hrstifute for European Studies, Cornell University...
...And so, we speak about restorative rather than retributive justice...
...The article doesn't speak about people like Brian Mitchell, the police officer whose orders resulted in the deaths of thirteen people...
...Frank Ferrari is lire-president of Pre'Yentures...
...TUTU: The act requires that we be even-handed, but we are not waiting to be persuaded that somehow apartheid wasn't evil...
...We were invited to the Rwanda delegation to help them as well...
...The 1998 dates are: January 3-February 12 May 2-June 11 & October 5-November 14 DIRECTED RETREATS 1997-98 Nov...
...77re commission has seventeen numbers...
...In 1995, the new , democratically elected Parliament enacted The Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act...
...When we had the de Kock trial, some extraordinary facts emerged about the things done to our people...
...They never believed me, you see, when I told them this, when I said I am deeply committed to freedom...
...We are trying to get at the truth for the purpose of healing this land, and to find ways to ensure that the ghastly things that happened do not happen again, because we are passionate in our love for this country and its people, all included...
...TUTU: We want to avoid seeming like we've got blueprints which we're dishing out all over the place...
...Remember who they are...
...You didn't hear what the legacy is of this, what are the aches and pains, what did we do to each other...
...Could amnesty be extended to Hani s killers, and under what condition...
...Mainly, it's not the victims...
...The problem is, as W.E.B...
...I don't make any apologies for that...
...I watched recently one of the security police having to demonstrate the "wet bag" method he used...
...In the introduction to his book, Reconciliation, the Search for Truth, Kadar Asmal says that South Africa is now grappling successfully with the defining problem of the twentieth century...
...cause it has helped a closure to take place...
...A rich i v imagined Colh Chart c' i mediatin:: figur,s in a spiritual communion : f many faiths.-Kenneth L. \Voodw-ud, Religion Editor...
...One of the mothers, whose son was dragged with a rope, was asked how do you feel about the police...
...Nobody would ever have thought that South Africans would be held up as anything but an example of awfulness...
...So many of them are ready to forgive, which sometimes makes you feel as though you should take your shoes off because you are stepping on holy ground...
...Initially it was a very difficult meeting, but by the time he left, the victims' kin were waving to him...
...The best that is for you, I shall strive for that myself...
...While the body was burning, the perpetrators were carrying on and enjoying their own barbecue...
...As Santayana said, those who forget the past are doomed to repeat it...
...We are saying: We had the opportunity...
...6/97 Feb...
...They are solving it...
...We want to have their perspective...
...So they were surprised when I told President Nelson Mandela you can't have your gravy train...
...Second, South Africa would not have been able to afford it...
...So I want to ask Mr...
...16-24/98 Mar...
...And here I have to heed Judge Mohammed's judgment in the Constitutional Court on the constitutionality of reparations because he's said, amongst other things, many people have suspicions about things having happened to their brothers, but they didn't have the evidence that would satisfy a court of law...
...They had a nightmare they called apartheid...
...After the end of the Boer War, the English and the Afrikaners didn't deal with it...
...The families have expressed remarkable appreciation, be AN 440f Daily Reper[.ons on Saino . 1 rnphets, and MI ~Ln,srs for (1u i Tim...
...I was invited to go to Australia where they are talking about reconciliation with the Aboriginies...
...So we're not waiting to get evidence that somehow we missed out and now the evidence demonstrates otherwise about the evil thing we fought...
...I noticed recently an article that referred to the mothers of the Gugulethu Seven [activists beaten and killed by South African authorities...
...II provided for a commission whose objectives are to promote understanding and overcome the conflicts and separation of the past...
...Every political party, whenever some embarrassing revelation was likely to take place before the TRC, has attacked the commission to preempt that embarrassment...
...We think it is instructive that the act does not use the term "compensation...
...It would be ideal if the whole nation accepted the commission...
...The fact of the matter is that we have been sent to find ways of transcending the conflicts of the past...
...I think we ought to have a special thing to mark the role that women have played...
...Having to come clean in public has a very heavy cost...
...Afrikaners had women killed in their concentration camps...
...I certainly didn't expect this...
...amnesty, and reparations and rehabilitation...
...You ask: "Is the amnesty too heavy a price to pay...
...I have to say for myself, you see, we are such an unlikely bunch...
...So, Northern Ireland, Bosnia, Rwanda, wherever, your nightmare, your intractable problem will end...
...ERRARI: Archbishop, apart from reconciliation, black and white, the one province in South Africa whose immediate history challenges the principle of reconciliation is KwaZulu Natal...
...The second is to ask: Supposing we had a settlement without amnesty, what are the alternatives...
...Well, we are talking about the possibility of a Nuremberg Trial...
...What would you like to do to this policeman who shot your son...
...Inasmuch as it's only the oppressed that can do the forgiving, do you think they can forgive without any demonstration of remorse on the part of the perpetrator...
...You can't put a money value on what it is to be acknowledged as a person, and to be able to tell your story to a commission appointed by the president, your president, elected by you...
...4-12/98 June 16-24/98 June 26-July 4/98 June 26-July 4/98 - 8-Day Directed Retreat - 8-Day Directed Retreat - 8-Day Directed Retreat - 8-Day Directed Retreat - 8-Day Directed Retreat - 8-Day Directed Retreat - Enneagram Retreat For descriptive flyers or information contact: Secretary, Loyola House, PO Box 245, Guelph, ON N1H 6J9 Tel: (519)824-1250 [ext.2661 Fax: (519)767-0994 Commonweal 17 September 12,1997 at them...
...Memory is quite, quite crucial...
...FERRARI: On the question of the acknowledgment of the past, Thabo Mbeki, South African deputy president and assumed successor to President Nelson Mandela, said "the hatred and animosities of the past will not go away unless the truth is told about what happened...
...it goes into the fabric of your nation...
...They thought I was driven by political motives, and they believed that once you had this democracy, I would be seen holding down a particular position...
...The depth of depravity was breathtaking...
...It is not a general amnesty, but an amnesty on an individual basis...
...I told them: "No, I am driven by my faith...
...In order for us not to repeat what happened to others, we've got to have a memory...
...So the perpetrators are in a no-win situation...
...What is happening at home in South Africa is that we are saying we genuinely want bygones to be bygones, but not in a glib way that people don't take account of what has happened, because then they won't be bygones...
...The South African Constitutional Court has upheLt the commission's power to gra:rt amnesty...
...ERRARI: One is haunted by the plight of the victims...
...A number in the white community hold on to the view despite the evidence...
...FORGIVING THE UNFORGIVABLE An interview with Archbishop Desrnond Tutu Frank Ferrari r lea for South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation ~nmission-the topic of the interview that fol s-sprang from the same political negotiations it led to elections in 1994, and the creation of the r f, nonracial South Africa...
...As an illustration, a young man who was first poisoned and shot in the head was then burned...
...We are even-handed, but some don't want to believe it...
...I wonder how can a commission such as yours that is listening to the tales of the victims and holding hearings on the consequences of apartheid be neutral...
...We are independent...
...One should ask people like de Klerk, "When you say it is opening up and exacerbating animosity, who are you talking about...
...Some people question whether, given the crimes that have been committed, amnesty is too big a price to pay for what they have suffered...
...He sat through this tirade...
...in, that the situation would unfold in the war that it has...
...FERRARI: On another case, the New York Times [August 121 reported the opposition of Chris Hani s family to the possible granting of amnesty to his killers...
...We must give everything that we have to help people remember...
...TUTU: There are some things you can see in the short term but reconciliation is, in fact, a process...
...With a general amnesty, as you had in Chile, you are revictimizing the victim by saying the things that happened to you are of no account...
...First we have to overcome the community's fear of speaking out," Gutierrez told a gathering at American University in Washington, D.C., last June...
...It is not our work in a proprietary kind of sense...
...The testimonies have been translated and transcribed at fourteen regional offices...
...That would outrage the moral nature of this community, the moral nature of the universe...
...And it is freedom not for black people...
...In order to' rant a:nnesty to an individual, the commission must he satisfied that tine act in question was associated with a political objective: that it took place during lite• time period designated by the eomntissio:r...
...and that fu fl disclosure hats bee:: made by the perpetrator...
...A report detailing REMHI's findings will be released this fall...
...Therefore, I believe that housing, jobs, clean water, life, security are quite crucial...
...What we have built up is a chain based on trust...
...He arrived at a point when someone was accusing the ANC of atrocities in their camps...
...The Nationalist party gets an equal chance to tell its story-why it wanted to have such a policy, and explain things from their perspective...
...We can have a passion for human rights and have that culture...
...Named the Project for the Recovery of Historical Memory (and known by its Spanish acronym, REMHI), it is modeled in a limited sense on the South African Truth commission...
...But we've all got to be saying now we've attained freedom, but that's just the beginning...
...too many resources would have to be invested in trials which, in fact, would not guarantee a conviction, as we saw with the Malan trial...
...He came and achieved for us reconciliation...
...She said, "I don't want anything to happen to him...
...FERRARI: All gratefully acknowledge the contribution you have made over the years as a Christian, a theologian, and an active member of society...
...He has applied for amnesty.] Very few people attended that trial, even at the time when this guy was sentenced...
...They had a problem which people said was intractable...
...It is a very heavy price to pay...
...I care about your best interest...
...It is true that the amnesty provision expunges the victims' rights to civil damages, though there is a provision for reparations...
...Despite all of those revelations, that didn't egg our people on to an orgy of revenge...
...Your nightmare will end too...
...Human-rights activists prevailed on the Catholic church to establish a commission to uncover and record what had transpired during the war...
...When we were viewing it, they became so incensed that one of the mothers threw a shoe at one of the police officers who was testifying...
...How do you compute this...
...when men dime b fore the conimi.•i&on it s-,•as almost at Comnronirrar 1 3 ".•;Ptrmtte•r 12, 1997 ways telling about what happened to themselves...
...All of your life, Archbishop Tutu, you have pursued justice for the people of South Africa, all of Africa, and globally...
...Remember in order for us to be human...
...But he confronted people and caused division...
Vol. 124 • September 1997 • No. 15
