Latin America: Three reports
Vogel, Tom Jr. & Jameson, Kenneth P. & Grayson, George W.
LATIN AMERICA: THREE REPORTS TERROR IN PERU, CHANGE IN MEXICO KENNETH P. JAMESON TOM VOGEL, JR. GEORGE W. GRAYSON IN THE TIME OF CHOLERA DEATH & DEBT IN PERU n epidemic of cholera broke out...
...But the epidemic was and remains most severe in Peru, where the human and economic costs have added substantially to the misery of economic depression at a time of social disorder rising out of guerrilla warfare and the struggle to control the drug traffic...
...Solidarity also teaches local whistle-blowers how to ferret out waste in budgets...
...Ren6 Dubos describes the experiment in his biography Louis Pasteur, Freelance of Science (1976): He [Pettenkofer] obtained a culture freshly isolated from a fatal case of the epidemic then raging in Hamburg and, on October 7, 1892, swallowed a large amount of it on an empty stomach, the acidity of which had been neutralized by drinking an adequate amount of sodium carbonate...
...Late in August, thousands of parishioners came to Lima's 450-year-old cathedral to attend a memorial service for Father Alessandro Giuseppe Dordi, an Italian missionary who had served some thirty remote rural towns as their only priest for eleven years...
...Cholera was held at bay in the Western Hemisphere by nearly a century of improvements in nutrition, sanitation, and health care, improvements which accelerated dramatically after the 1950s because of better (if imperfect) development strategies, the conscious formulation and implementation of health and sanitation policies by modernizing governments, and increases in the transfer of resources through foreign aid and the international financial system...
...And, as investment in water and sewage infrastructure diminishes and older systems begin to fall apart for lack of maintenance, the kind of slow improvement in sanitation that had been a part of development begins to reverse...
...Cardenas was the first Catholic priest killed by the guerrillas, but his murder is regarded as an isolated incident, antedating the current wave 25 October 1991:611 John Cavadini Rio Grande When you cross the bridge They stop you and open up your Bags...
...The priests had been working in the town of Pariacoto in the diocese of Chimbote...
...We work together in groups to open roads...
...No one questioned that the bacillus identified by Koch was the cause of cholera...
...in 1989, Latin America paid to the World Bank $1.2 billion more than was transferred there in new funds...
...Asked who was responsible for the improvements, Rosalba had a ready answer: "the government and the PRI"--undedining the payoff that the supposedly apolitical program has brought to the ruling party...
...These are among the "collective goods" that, as John Paul II wrote in his May 1 encyclical, Centesimus annus, "cannot be safeguarded simply by market forces...
...One more shot and there will be a stampede [of foreign missionaries] out of here," said Gianni...
...Along with Felix Canal Torres, his minister of fishing, Fujimori consumed an ample serving of marinated raw fish in the traditional dish called cebiche on national TV...
...But the main lesson of Fujimori's action may be to recall the point of a similar incident that took place when cholera was first being researched and understood...
...From his research, Salinas reasoned that grass-roots leadership "has been neglected as a policy instrument that enhances the efficiency of public works and augments support for the system...
...Some missionaries in the Chimbote diocese have asked to be transferred to somewhere safer...
...MEXICO'S NEW POLITICS BUILDING SEWERS, REAPING VOTES _9 ecause the corn pancake we know as the tortilla D is so important to them, Mexicans have some '~ twenty separate words to identify it...
...The government says the program has brought electricity to 5 million people, telephone service to 3,000 rural towns, and medical care to 1.4 million peasants and shantytown dwellers...
...Politically, the effort paid rich electoral dividends as Salinas's ruling Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) maintained its dominance of the Congress in the August 18 national elections while capturing five of the six governorships that were up for grabs...
...But that is not the only discovery through music...
...a popular magazine reported that Canal was hospitalized with cholera, but "lost medical records" prevented verification...
...But it seemed there was a tacit agreement that the missionaries themselves would not suffer violence...
...There is so much hate in the phone calls and letters," he says...
...Today, few would blame the current epidemic on its victims...
...He doesn't want to be one of them...
...Many of these death threats come from Peru's Maoist guerrilla group, the Shining Path, though many Peruvians claim that members of the police or army or other security forces also issue threats...
...According to Dubos, the experiment showed that along with infectious agents, many other factors are involved in epidemics, among them climate, environment, a patient's general health, and "the social structure of the community...
...So far, at least six Catholic missionaries have died at their hands...
...There are special Dogs...
...During the run-up for the August elections, slick PRI commercials sometimes followed equally professional Solidarity ads...
...Public health efforts and the change of seasons slowed the spread of the epidemic from a 78 percent rate of expansion in March to 65 percent in April, but by fall some 2,300 Peruvians had died and an estimated 700,000 of the 22 million population had been infected...
...Threats against the Catholic clergy are not new...
...For most of these desperately poor people, Dordi was probably their only link to the Catholic church...
...Young workmen, some sporting faded "LA Dodgers" caps in homage to pitcher Fernando Valenzuela, dig drainage ditches...
...His discovery added fuel to the active debate on how to deal with cholera's recurring assaults on the public health...
...is a free-lance journalist who has just returned from a three-year stay in Peru...
...The villagers had begged for her life before a fifteen-year-old Shining Path guerrilla killed her...
...Now The Commitments is anything but a documentary...
...Solidarity's showcase and biggest challenge has been Chalco, a valley just outside Mexico City that was once a lake and where 500,000 people now live in fetid slums, refugees from the countryside who came to the capital to find work...
...In the 1970s, petrodollars recycled through the private banking system were the main source of external funds, and they virtually dried up after the Mexican default of 1982...
...Centerpiece of the antipoverty initiative is the National Solidarity Program (PRONASOL), commonly known as "Solidarity," which Salinas launched on taking office late in 612: Commonweal 1988...
...The lightweight, mobile camera, our surrogate eye, captures something that was not created for the camera but that the camera makes ours forever...
...A day's drive from Sister McCormack's grave, nearly a year ago, another Shining Path teen-ager killed Sister Augustina Rios, a Peruvian member of the Good Shepherd Congregation, after making her watch the execution of six others in the town square of La Florida [Commonweal, January 11, 1991...
...Addressing Congress on September 11, 1990, the president defined this new order as "a new era, freer from the threat of terror, stronger in the pursuit ofj ustice, and more secure in the quest for peace...
...His latest book is Prospects for Mexican Democracy, published last year by Transaction...
...But there are factors that give Solidarity a 50-50 chance of surviving beyond Salinas's term, provided it avoids the double whammy of hyper-corruption and overpoliticization...
...A somewhat bizarre step taken by Peru's President Alberto Fujimori for purposes of public relations--one that unknowingly duplicated an experiment conducted a century earlier for very different purposes--serves to point up what is at stake...
...how much funding should go to medical research, how much to improved sanitation, nutrition, and other conditions affecting health...
...he thinks that staying longer will make him an easier target...
...Accordingly, the government focuses especially on areas of political weakness as it searches for beneficiaries...
...But Pettenkofer was convinced that healthy, well-nourished adults not beset by chronic infections could resist even major exposure to disease-causing agents...
...The documentarians give us vitality...
...She and her twelve-year-old daughter, Rosalba, were on their way to buy milk from one of the many stores that have opened now that the valley has electricity...
...Tom Vogel, Jr...
...GEORGE W. GRAYSON IN THE TIME OF CHOLERA DEATH & DEBT IN PERU n epidemic of cholera broke out in northern Peru in January 1991...
...Now, "local folks determine not only what they need most but how they will get it...
...This is the first major outbreak of cholera in South America since 1888...
...The German bacteriologist Robert Koch isolated the cholera bacillus during an epidemic in Calcutta in 1883, thereby laying the basis for the modern understanding of the disease...
...The victims of political violence have included children, mothers, union leaders, community organizers, police, soldiers, generals, businessmen, teachers, foreign aid workers, tourists, and every other group imaginable...
...In nearby Bolivia, after five years of depression, nutritional surveys found caloric consumption to be only 40 percent of the recommended levels, of protein 56 percent...
...And yet many of their victims have been campesino farmers...
...A threat to Chimbote's Bishop Luis Bambaren told him that four foreign missionaries would be killed if he did not resign his office...
...Whether out of political shrewdness or social vision, or both, President Carlos Salinas de Gortari wants to change this state of affairs...
...I speak of documentaries that take life on the wing, not extended photo-opportunities like Madonna's Truth orDare or documentary-meditations like Marcel Ophuls's great films...
...He has reviewed old parish records...
...One such youthful assassin, Gregorio Mitma, was ordered released from custody in 1988 even though he had confessed to killing Father Victor Acuna Cardenas by shooting him in the back as he celebrated Mass the year before...
...In the past year, that has changed...
...The Shining Path has such a maniacal obsession with secrecy and with the swift elimination of critics that discussion of motives and goals must be highly hypothetical...
...In his former parish in an exceptionally poor region south of Lima he was very popular--parishioners celebrated his birthday every year with the kind of fervor Peruvians show only for the most beloved...
...In Peru a discredited military government was replaced by the phlegmatic Fernando Belaunde in 1980 and then by the charismatic but unstable Alan Garcfa in 1985...
...It has been thought Unnecessary, And therefore all His wounds Have been plugged up...
...After months of death threats, the barking may be an alarm signal: the Shining Path have finally come for him...
...And the shellacking that the leftist opposition, the PRD, took in this year's balloting reduces the government's incentive to propitiate voters in villages and shantytowns where the PRD ran strongly three years ago...
...as such, it raises troubling questions that go beyond the arena of medical science and transcend geographical boundaries...
...Meantime, the inflow of international resources dwindled...
...the presidents of even underdeveloped Latin American countries are generally well-nourished and in good health...
...The agency then dispatches a representative to an assembly open to all local residents...
...Two days after the Dordi memorial service a bomb went off in a trash bin outside Lima's cathedral, killing a street vendor and leaving seven others writhing on the ground in pain...
...An unsigned letter two months later...
...I don't understand it...
...They talk more there, anyway, And so will overlook some slight Incontinence Of blood-of threats and killings...
...On this side of the bridge Jesus is not allowed to bleed...
...But there are probably priests and nuns...
...In 1989, for example, the World Bank loaned Latin America $3 billion for "adjustment" but only $419 million for projects in health, nutrition, population, water supply, and sewage...
...charges typical of the Shining Path, but which none of his many friends would support...
...his aims were to counter the fears of trading partners and encourage Peruvians to go on eating the dish...
...Two weeks before Dordi's murder, the Shining Path killed two Polish Franciscans, Michel Tomaszek and Zbigniew Strzalkowski, along with a mayor...
...these were the very conditions stated by Koch as most favorable for the establishment of the disease...
...Eventually the people elect a board of directors, set their priorities, and decide whether they will match the government's contribution to, say, an irrigation system, either with pesos or with their own labor--"sweat capital...
...I have been told to leave the country or be killed...
...Five of them in the past year...
...THE LAWLESS ROAD IN PERU MISSIONARIES AS TARGETS t first the death threats are infrequent...
...contribution falling from .58 percent of GNP in 1965 to .21 percent in 1988 and...
...And now the list extends to Catholic priests and nuns, especially foreign-born missionaries, who make up more than two-thirds of the total number of Catholic clergy and religious in Peru...
...Among direct beneficiaries, thousands of local Solidarity committees, made up mostly of women, have sprung up like mushrooms...
...The ruling party's gains from the program are no accident...
...Salomon Robles, a sixty-five-year-old part-time watchman from Oaxaca who picked fruit in Idaho and Washington State during World War II, sounded like one of the many Solidarity TV commercials when asked about the program...
...Luis H. Alvarez, president of PAN, applauds "the inspiration of the program," but decries PRONASOL as a power grab from Mexico City that weakens the clout of locally elected officials...
...No armchair theorist, he set about proving his thesis by ingesting cholera bacilli...
...But a community eager for development can contact PRONASOL directly...
...The disease is now, more than before, rioting in the haunts of infamy and pollution...
...Meantime, after ten years of depression, the resources available to any Peruvian government continue to decline...
...In the new gospel, D reponsibility for development was to be entrusted to automatic forces: the private sector and the impersonal market, with their supposed genius for "efficient allocation of resources...
...At first the PRI claimed all six, but in one case the PRI candidate gave up his office in unprecedented deference to well-founded claims of vote fraud...
...By then it's hard to take...
...can find only $10 million in already programmed aid funds to confront the cholera epidemic in Peru...
...And unlike President George Bush, whose nebulous "thousand points of light" relies on volunteerism, Salinas has lavished public money and personal energy on Solidarity...
...The number of bacilli ingested by Pettenkofer was immensely greater than that taken under normal conditions of exposure and yet no symptoms resulted except "light diarrhea," although an enormous proliferation of the bacilli could be detected in the stools...
...Even as he champions a free trade agreement with the U.S...
...SCREEN IRISH SOUL 'THE COMMITMENTS' he unique value of documentary is in its rawness...
...it's revolutionary," he gushed...
...First, the program enjoys robust support in the business sector, because it is financed with real money rather than pesos churned out by a smoking printing press...
...My life and my friends are here now...
...He has vitalized his familiar story with the texture of documentary...
...administration...
...One Chalco resident, Sefiora Mariana Gutierrez, fifty-four, a Guanajuato native and mother of twelve, was vague on Solidarity's workings...
...When cholera was epidemic in the U.S...
...What is the warning about...
...Formerly embracing somber warrens of mostly hopeless people, the valley now buzzes with activity...
...Father Vincent Gianni--not his real name---is not yet a victim...
...Together, we work faster...
...Missionary groups all over Peru have been receiving more threats than ever before...
...Carpenters and masons hustle to complete cinder-block schools...
...In most towns in these areas there are no development workers, bankers, businessmen, doctors, teachers, or even police...
...His overall plot may be predictable but individual scenes seem to be heading just where life wants to take them...
...military trainers will turn that situation around...
...But if the warnings are not heeded, they begin to arrive every week...
...In fact, the march of events in the story--the inspiration to form the band, auditions, ragged rehearsals, company strife, discouraging debut, revitalized rehearsals, pressures from local gangsters, successful performances and, finally, the Big Break--is formulaic to the point of corniness...
...It is unclear how many Peruvians followed their lead, and with what effects...
...At the same time many poor workers must work longer and harder for less income, and the share of working women with second jobs increases rapidly...
...Was politics involved...
...Gianni has worked in Peru as a missionary for more than twenty years...
...In short, the cholera epidemic now still raging is no accident...
...There is nowhere to hide, no one to blame...
...Dordi was the third foreign-born missionary priest to be killed during the first three weeks of August in the diocese of Chimbote, 250 miles north of Lima...
...KENNETH P. JAMESON Kenneth P. Jameson is professor and chair of the Department of Economics at the University of Utah...
...When he visits his former home in Europe, he finds he has less and less to say to the friends he knew before coming to Peru...
...With population increasing at 2.2 percent annually, Peru's per capita output actually decreased by 1.1 percent in the'80s...
...and its allies spent $50 billion 610: Commonweal for Desert Shield and Desert Storm for the defensible purpose of punishing aggression and the less satisfying goal of restoring the Emir of Kuwait to power...
...Charles Rosenberg, in The Cholera Years (1962), quotes a contemporary observer: "Notwithstanding the increase in sickness and death, every day's experience gives us increased assurance of the safety of the temperate and prudent, who are in circumstances of comfort...
...He was shot three times in the face while returning to his home after celebrating Mass in another town...
...This is a much more important fact than whether you or I enjoy the sound of soul because what we are mainly responding to isn't the music itself but the expressions on the faces of the players as the music finally takes hold of them, and the swaying and shaking of their bodies as the music flows through them...
...But he cannot sleep at night when he hears the neighborhood dogs barking...
...Fujimori seems to have suffered no ill effects...
...Foreign aid has grown much more slowly than world income, falling from .48 percent of developed country GNP in 1965 to .36 percent in 1988, with the U.S...
...The cast (mostly musicians who can act mixed with a few actors who can play) is clearly possessed by the music...
...Forty-three tank trucks dodge many dogs and cratersized potholes as they supply potable water to homes and stores...
...Many of his friends don't even know that he has been threatened...
...He has tried to find some flaw, something to explain how anyone could hate him enough to want to kill him...
...By way of contrast, the PRI's approval rating was only 49.1 percent...
...The reappearance of cholera in South America after a century's absence recasts that debate in stark form...
...Whether or not the pope had the situation in Peru specifically in mind in the preparation of Centesimus annus, one of his warnings applies with full force to the epidemic: "In the developing countries, tragic crises loom on the horizon unless internationally coordinated measures are taken before it is too late...
...While fictional moviemakers, like novelists and playwrights, pillage life for whatever their art can use, then break and twist and reshape life's raw materials to serve the central ideas of their movies, documentarians are beggars: they wait at the back door of life, take what they get, and make the best of it...
...Foremost among the vitalizing elements is the music itself...
...it is most unlikely that the involvement of a handful of U.S...
...Protestants, Mormons, Jehovah's Witnesses, and other missionary groups have also been attacked...
...Though great advances have been made in understanding and treating 25 October 1991:609 diseases like cholera, how far can basic nutrition and sanitation deteriorate before epidemics resurge...
...The fictionists strive for wisdom and magic...
...Finally, Salinas will doubtless use his power in the choice of his successor to pick a leader who knows that the state must build bridges to "the other Mexico" where people eke out a living at the base of a squat social pyramid...
...I can't leave," he says...
...Once, coordinator Benito A. Collantes Martinez told me, the decision whether an Indian village in faraway Oaxaca state needed a clinic, a school, or a paved road was made by "desk-bound bureaucrats in Mexico City...
...In the elections, a half-dozen key Solidarity figures won senate seats, possible stepping stones to governorships...
...The strength of the Shining Path in Peru's emergency zones-where nearly 60 percent of the population lives---has become so great that the government has suspended many constitutional rights and placed military commanders in charge...
...Are they just trying to scare me, or do they really want to kill me...
...It is a completely fictional, thoroughly staged movie about a bunch of Dublin working-class (but out of work) kids who get together to play American soul music...
...His research convinced him that social give-away programs imposed from Mexico City generated little long-term backing for the regime if local leaders acquired no stake in the program and if they and their people neither participated in deciding their needs nor made any contribution of their own to the accomplishment of desired goals...
...A scene like the one in which the company's most attractive back-up singer abandons the group for a family vacation only to repent and return just in time for the Big Break belongs in a Judy Garland-Mickey Rooney movie of the 1930s...
...The Shining Path often use minors to give the coup de grace because they are punished less severely than adults, or simply let free...
...His story is cooked, even overcooked, but the life that flows around and through it is raw...
...The idea owes something to research the president, now forty-three, did in fly-specked Mexican villages while preparing his Harvard doctoral thesis in the mid- 1970s, analyzing the link between public spending and political support...
...The guerrillas also dynamited the town's church...
...Neither is the epidemic the consequence of purely local policies...
...they will lobby hard to preserve an initiative that is bringing drinking water, electricity, schools, hospitals, and other services to depressed areas...
...Lower incomes force poor people to choose foods that are cheaper and more easily satisfy feelings of hunger, but that have far less nutritional value: bread, onions, bananas, replacing milk and meat...
...Four in the past five months...
...The historically rooted imbalance in NorthSouth economic relationships is one such cause...
...They are looking for statues Of Jesus bleeding...
...Whereas in the 1988 presidential 25 October 1991:613 elections the PRI took a drubbing in Chalco, it scored a 60percent-plus triumph in municipal elections last November, and its candidates scored notable victories in August as well...
...These are people who lack adequate housing and health care, finish only a couple of grades of school, and often enough go to bed at night still hungry...
...Similarly, D when poor Mexicans~0 million of them, near_9 ly half the population--speak of the impact of government on their lives, they use dozens of metaphoric synonyms...
...But if Solidarity continues to flourish while retaining its stress on bootstrap activism, such infrequently heard terms as justicia, oportunidad, and esperanza (hope) may reappear in the vocabulary of impoverished Mexicans, who traditionally have regarded the government with a mixture of distrust, disdain, and dread...
...And privately owned buses ferry people twenty miles or more to the nearest metro stop so that they can get to city jobs...
...Previous grassroots development schemes have indeed disappeared once their presidential advocates returned to private life...
...Among the politer terms in an often vulgar lexicon are perdidos (lost), olvidados (forgotten), and manipulados (manipulated...
...Indeed, paternalistic programs sparked contempt for outside authorities, who often misused or pocketed funds appropriated for development projects...
...Even the bravest begin to show stress...
...The figures are impersonal, but the effects--particularly among the poor--are not...
...in the 1830s, blame was placed on the victims, on the "morally weak...
...The anonymous callers and letter-writers have accused Gianni of consorting with the rich, being insensitive to the poor in his community, taking for himself donations intended for the poor, of being an imperialist...
...The U.S...
...Along with other factors already mentioned, the failure of the world financial community to solve the problem of third-world debt overhang is certainly among the reasons for the spread of disease in Peru and elsewhere...
...9 ut, partly in response to very real limits and failD ures of governments and policy, fashions in 4 development theory changed...
...Yes, sir," he said, "there's a lot of politics...
...15 percent in 1989...
...at the same time, not many are willing to trace a chain of causes that, honestly studied, will be seen as reaching close to home...
...And when they do make the best of it, the results are more immediately vivid than all the best works of the fictionists...
...But before it came to Chalco, she said, "the transportation service was horrible and we had no light, no water.., no nothing...
...Smaller parties shared the remaining fraction of votes...
...There is irony in the timing of the cholera epidemic, coming as it did in the midst of the formulation of President George Bush's New World Order and on the eve of its success in the Gulf War...
...Outlays rose from $300 million in 1989 to a budgeted $1.67 billion in 1991...
...In May, Irene McCormack, a Sister of S t. Joseph from Sydney, Australia, was shot execution-style in the back of the head along with four others in the main square of Huasahuasi, 160 miles northeast of Lima...
...But there may be no safe haven...
...The reversal in the 1980s of reasonably large-minded development policies that accepted state and societal responsibility for improvements in health, education, nutrition, and sanitation among all sectors of the population is another...
...On one side were the germ theorists, such as Koch...
...Other detractors excoriate Solidarity as "opportunistic," "populistic," and a PRI "electoral gimmick" that will vanish like the Aztecs when Salinas leaves office in December 1994...
...It has to be acknowledged that what has been accomplished thus far, however heartening, constitutes a bare beginning toward the achievement of a measure of social justice in Mexico...
...It remains to be seen whether the next president, like Salinas, will encourage truly decentralized decision making in a political system known for top-down, authoritarian control...
...His successor, Fujimori, who took over in 1990, has been no more effective than his predecessors in dealing with the Sendero Luminoso guerrilla movement nor with the drug traffic that partially finances it...
...He is currently a graduate student at the Columbia University School of Journalism...
...Salinas himself has become a perpetual motion machine as he scurries by plane, helicopter, and car to inaugurate PRONASOL projects, sometimes several in a day...
...It didn't hurt the party's standing that Salinas brought Pope John Paul II to Chalco in May 1990 to offer Mass and bless Solidarity...
...and Canada, he has launched a local war on poverty aimed, he says, at uplifting Mexico's downtrodden and disillusioned...
...Some say they are fighting to establish an agrarian-based utopian state after overthrowing the government...
...In light of these findings, amply confirmed by later experience, President Fujimori's resistance to cholera bacilli--assuming that the cebiche he ate was in fact infected--was not surprising...
...The fear is that the Shining Path will be able to drive out the missionaries for good...
...And local PRI bosses, even those frozen out of the distribution of funds, share the dais with indigenous leaders when Salinas hands over deeds to gap-toothed campesinos or christens a school, clinic, road, or bridge...
...it was a disaster in preparation for a decade...
...The debate of the 1890s concerned social policy toward health improvement...
...Isolated cases have been reported in Venezuela, Mexico, and even in the U.S...
...Admittedly, ineffective national governments in developing countries have contributed mightily to decline in the 1980s...
...Lending by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund increased but became skewed toward structural adjustment programs designed to reduce the role of government and to foster production of export goods rather than to support traditional sectoral programs to improve sanitation, provide clean water, and supply health and education services...
...The Shining Path's ultimate goal is not nearly as clear as the amount of suffering it has inflicted upon Peru in the name of revolution since taking up arms in 1980...
...Before this year, the Catholic church was the only organization in many regions of the country that had not yet been attacked or scared off...
...Estimates of lost export revenues ranged as high as $1 billion, or 25 percent of total annual export earnings, though actual losses are likely to be less...
...The terror is not knowing...
...The Shining Path is responsible for the rest...
...in the 1980s an average of $30 billion a year was transferred out of the countries of Latin America alone to the first world...
...He doesn't want to worry them or to let the Shining Path know that he has been talking about their threats...
...Am I ready to die...
...by midyear it had spread throughout the country and into southern Ecuador, Brazil, Colombia, and Chile...
...The U.S...
...To avoid these rake-offs, Solidarity officials often work directly with community leaders, bypassing state governors and local PRI bigwigs...
...Have I really done something wrong...
...For these they Will look in your pockets and even Scrutinize your underarms and Hold your packaged underwear to lights...
...This is my home...
...But Gianni is plagued by doubt...
...For nearly a year now, Gianni has moved from one place to another every week or so...
...Party activists have splashed PRI slogans on walls alongside those of Solidarity...
...Human rights organizations say that the security forces are responsible for about half of the more than 3,700 deaths from political violence since 1990...
...on the other Max von Pettenkofer and his followers in the "sanitation-nutrition" school of public health...
...Then every day...
...In the election, however, the party benefited from its ties to Salinas and Solidarity, garnering 61.4 percent of the vote as compared with 17.7 percent for the center-right National Action Party (PAN) and 8.3 percent for the leftist-populist Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD...
...An anonymous call one month...
...We seem to see the kids at the very moment of their discovery of their new powers...
...More than 90 percent of all Peruvians are Catholic...
...While a strengthened market system is indeed desirable, the insistent emphasis by the World Bank and the IMF on privatization--without regard to the collateral damage suffered by the poor through neglect of other developmental needs--in large part reflects purely ideological pressures generated by the U.S...
...Except for this instance and one other, observers generally consider the election the cleanest in Mexico's history...
...GEORGE W. GRAYSON George W. Grayson is professor of government at the College of William and Mary...
...This film conveys what a A Hard Day's Night did and Robert Altman's 614: Commonweal...
...A poll published in July by the highly respected Este Pals magazine found that both Solidarity and Salinas enjoyed a 62 percent approval rating among Mexicans, with fewer than 17 percent registering negative views of either...
...With ample justification, they are skeptical--to speak mildly----of politicians...
...Whether or not Garcfa, as has been charged, made off with some of the national treasure in collaboration with the scandal-ridden Bank of Credit and Commerce International, his intransigent stance on the country's debts made Peru a pariah in Western financial circles, so that current efforts to obtain new financing are made contingent on paying off much of the debt arrears...
...The radiance on the face of the rescued child's mother, the panic in the eyes of the politician caught in a lie, the gesture of disgust from a convict denied parole, are pieces of life on their way to oblivion but for the intervention of the Arriflex or the Steadicam...
...But director Alan Parker has pulled off a neat trick...
...They have been warned by the Shining Path not to become too involved in community organizing, which the guerrillas consider a threat to their revolution...
...The Green fiver can flow If something must flow, But we say, Bleed there-Where it smells more, and All flesh can see it together, In the street where all flesh is...
...Tourism declined by 70 percent, fish exports were interrupted, and all other goods from Peru came under increased scrutiny by importers...
...The preference of lenders for export-oriented investment serves to crowd out production for urgent local needs, to favor increased concentration of wealth, and to promote the interests of firstworld banks seeking repayment of imprudent and ill-conceived loans...
Vol. 118 • October 1991 • No. 18
