Who are the Catholic 'fundamentalists'?
Coteman, John A.
WHO ARE THE CATHOLIC FUNDAMENTALISTS? A LOOK AT THEIR PAST, THEIR POLITICS, THEIR POWER JOHN A. COLEMAN For a number of years Protestant fundamentalism has been subject to the scrutiny of the TV...
...The word "inte-grism" was first used by the opponents of those who called themselves "integral Catholics," just as modernism was used by curial officials to disqualify the scholars...
...In Latin America, in addition to Opus Dei, the principal integralist movement is "Tradition, Family, Property," which has supported the dictatorships of Brazil and Chile...
...It lends support to the newly founded Roman Catholic political party...
...was to hold the line...
...In a seminal essay comparing integralism and fundamentalism, Daniel Alexander notes that integralists reject a simple bipolar opposition between themselves and the modernists ("Is Fundamentalism an Integralism?'' Social Compass, Winter 1985...
...In contrast, the integralists did not leave the Catholic church, in part because, as Kurtz wrote, integralism originated with Benigni and other curial bureaucrats and because a strategic alliance grew between the Vatican bureaucrats and dissident social movements within the church...
...and Communio e Liberation in Italy...
...Lefebvre sees his movement as a "faithful remnant" (a frequent reference of integralist groups) and believes that there has been no legitimate pope since the death of Pius XII...
...Against the authentic Catholic tradition, papal fundamentalism forgets that there is a hierarchy of truths even among defined doctrines and that, traditionally different "theological notes" of certitude were attached to assess the varying authoritativeness of magisterial pronouncements (ranging from formally defined to solidly probable as a safe, if reformable, guide...
...In Catholic terms, they went into schism to found their own seminaries and churches...
...The price of all of this was fear, the violation of charity and trust within the church, and the constriction of Catholic tradition into a narrow, cribbed, and defensive orthodoxy...
...Opus Dei has about 2,500 members in the U.S., and there are groups of Lefebvre supporters...
...It opposes government spending on welfare...
...In any case, I am doubtful that biblical fundamentalism is ever likely to become a characteristically Catholic form of fundamentalism, given traditional Catholic sensitivities to the sacraments and the Catholic insistence that the Bible is the book of the church to be interpreted in and through the church...
...Now there has been a shift in attention and over this past year I have participated in several major academic conferences that have focused on a variety of' 'fundamentalisms" currently affecting the world's religions: Islam, Judaism, Protestantism, and Catholicism...
...He defines papal fundamentalism as a form of "authoritarian heteronomy [that] can rightly be seen as the Catholic form of fundamentalism in that it treats the ecclesiastical magisterium in the same manner as the Protestant fundamentalists treat the Bible"(Journal of the American Academy of Religion, December, 1985, p. 794...
...3. Among both Catholics and Protestants, the debate was caught up in a highly polemical form of discourse...
...Catholic organizational networks have been quick to respond to this challenge...
...French sociologist Alaine Touraine notes that it is precisely because such antimodern movements are determined by the opposition they arouse, and because they organize themselves by Iabeling-their opponents, "that they are open to other conflicts in society as a whole and help to stir them up by crystallizing around two competing views of the world and two antagonistic ways of achieving a better society...
...Several national officers of Catholics United for the Faith, for example, have recently claimed in print that progressives in the church, such as the Reverend Richard McBrien of Notte Dame, have invented the term and the phenomenon to deflect attention from their own dissent to papal authority...
...These antirevolutionary ideas are played out in the political world through the Le-febvrites' alliance with the French nationalist and reactionary movement of Jean Le Pen...
...opposes the false values of the French revolution that he now sees infecting the church, in Peter Hebblethwaite's words: "[For Lefebvre] liberte was embodied in the pernicious doctrine of religious freedom...
...and Canada...
...Note that the core symbols evoked by these reactions-papal primacy and sola scriptura-are also central to Catholic and Protestant orthodoxy...
...and there is a right-wing political agenda...
...Protestant fundamentalists have developed the electronic church and raise funds through direct-mail techniques...
...There also existed a loose connection between these scholars and socially progressive movements led by such men as Marc Sangnier in France and Romulo Murri in Italy...
...In some important cases, the current national security doctrine in Latin America explicitly draws on the writings of Latin American Catholic integralists of the 1920s and '30s...
...They claim that the only...
...In the United States, the main American integralist influences are Catholics United for the Faith (a major actor in the conflict between Rome and Seattle's Archbishop Raymond Hunthausen), the True Catholics, the Remnant, and the Wanderer Forum...
...The Catholic version does not rest on the literalism of the Book so typical in scriptural fundamentalism, but rather appeals to a literal, ahis-torical, and nonhermeneutical reading of papal or curial pronouncements as a sure bulwark against the tides of relativism, the claims of science, and other inroads of modernity...
...Unlike world-rejecting sects and cults, integralists and fundamentalists seek to live in modernity (and influence its direction), but not of it...
...These antirevolutionary ideas are played out in the political world through the Le-febvrites' alliance with the French nationalist and reactionary movement of Jean Le Pen...
...Thus, Protestant fundamentalism appealed most to a declining rural Southern population and an agrarian aristocracy being squeezed out by the forces of the new industrial urbanism...
...This is why they are often a vehicle for the specific social protest of a group which is oppressed or in decline...
...It cherishes the traditional symbols, rituals, and spirituality that give us such a rich religious heritage...
...Nor are they naive or ignorant about the currents of modernity...
...4. Although integralists and fundamentalists were reacting to the forces of modernity, they are not antimodern in every respect...
...Rarely will it admit that liberal Catholics also love the faith and act from sincere religious motives and interpretations concerned with effective evangelization in the modern world...
...the scientific, especially the Darwinian, revolution...
...In a similar way...
...Then the sharp distinction between the teaching and the learning church-superseded in some respects by Vatican II-becomes reimposed...
...But true conservatives respect the church's need to change and adapt...
...To be sure, integralists and fundamentalists stretched these central orthodox symbols out of proportion and created a caricature of them...
...On most issues, their journal was the very best predictor of later Vatican actions against the Dutch church...
...To begin to understand this truly Catholic temptation, we need to look at integralism, past and present...
...Hertel claims that Opus Dei financial circles came to the quick rescue of the Vatican during the Banco Ambrosiano scandal in 1982 with the proviso that the Vatican reciprocate by giving Opus Dei a more decisive voice on Vatican policies in the third world...
...Neither Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger nor John Paul II is, himself, an integralist, but both often play, wittingly or not, into the integralists' hands...
...Similarly, Lefebvre's Catholic integralists flourish among expatriated pieds noirs, French Algerian colonialists who returned to France when Algeria became independent...
...Bishops said to be members of Opus Dei have increased in Peru since that time...
...It does not need nor should it try to impose its own viewpoint on everyone else...
...Thus, fundamentalists and integralists, typically...
...Conservatives generally recognize that they are a part of the whole church and are without pretensions of being a "saving remnant...
...Even today, contemporary Catholic integralist groups, such as Catholics United for the Faith (U.S...
...Against these deviant insiders, Roman officials, executing a coup of "bureaucratic insurgency," proposed the curia itself as the only safe and legitimate guide within Catholicism...
...They engage in extensive correspondence with Vatican offices reporting on sermons, theologians, catechism classes, liturgical practices, and a variety of other details of church life...
...Lefebvre...
...The integralists feel that there is not a bipolar opposition between good conservatives and modernist extremists, but rather a tripartite structure: on the right are those who turn their backs on their own era, whom they call traditionalists...
...to compare and contrast it with Protestant fundamentalism...
...Hertel claims that Opus Dei financial circles came to the quick rescue of the Vatican during the Banco Ambrosiano scandal in 1982 with the proviso that the Vatican reciprocate by giving Opus Dei a more decisive voice on Vatican policies in the third world...
...Shall the Fundamentalists Win...
...In fact, it is doubtful that this "conspiracy" consisted of anything more than the letters and travels of the indefatigable editor and essayist...
...there is even said to be a form of Sikh fundamentalism...
...In the last decades of the nineteenth century, Catholicism, like Protestantism, tried to come to grips with the challenge of modernity, particularly historical and textual studies of the Bible...
...In spite of disclaimers of a political agenda, Opus Dei (which is also influential in Peru and other Latin American countries) provided the Franco and Pinochet governments with several government ministers and advisers...
...do not see themselves as simply reactionary...
...Nonetheless, while versions of Marian devotion that stress secret messages, that picture the madonna as the virgin of the apocalypse, and that are linked to fighting the cold war are frequently found in Catholic integralist groups, such devotions are neither exclusive to them nor definitive of their general stance...
...In the post-World War II period, they championed cold-war ideology and in Latin America the national security ideology...
...Opus Dei adherents are often members of technocratic elites...
...What we see today, in fact, has been called papal fundamentalism by Gabriel Daly, a specialist on the modernist crisis...
...American Catholic integralist publications have begun a campaign to downplay any talk of papal fundamentalism...
...Bishops said to be members of Opus Dei have increased in Peru since that time...
...Indeed, recognizing the dangers of mixing integralism with mainstream orthodoxy (they often seemed only a hair's breadth apart), Pope Benedict XV decreed in 1916 that the term "Catholicism" was sufficient without adding the needless and polemic adjective, "integral" or true Catholic...
...Along with Protestant fundamentalism, these neo-integralist journals see secular humanism pervading American culture...
...Pius X (a telling allusion to a revered figure of classical integralism), which is strongest in France and Switzerland...
...Maybe we need a new, good Benedict XV to warn us again of its dangers and to call a halt to its insidious growth...
...Some of this network of corporate wealth surfaced when the multimillionaire Spanish entrepreneur and Opus member, Jose Maria Ruiz Mateos, was tried and found guilty of major currency offenses and tax fraud by the Spanish government...
...The curia in the twentieth century has long used and cast aside integralist movements to suit its own purposes...
...By superimposing a political dimension on its conflict with modernity, both integralism and fundamentalism mobilize around symbols of nationalist populist patriotism...
...Countless clerics were harassed, excommunicated, censured, relieved of their posts, or stripped of their credentials...
...This comes as no surprise since contemporary integralists see the post-Vatican II church as a new form of the modernist heresy...
...1. The Catholic integralist program is always mediated in and through the institutional church...
...Hertel also documents the strong links between the organization and conservative corporate wealth, such as the Opus-proxy foundation, Limmat-Stiftung in Zurich and Opus-related banks and foundations directed by Opus Dei members in Spain, Germany, and Latin America...
...2. The general mainline Protestant response in 1922 to Henry Emerson Fosdick's throwing-down-the-gauntlet sermon...
...Just as Methodism and Presbyterianism included enclaves of fundamentalist sympathizers, a continuum united Catholic integralists with the mainstream of the church...
...Lefebvre sees his movement as a "faithful remnant" (a frequent reference of integralist groups) and believes that there has been no legitimate pope since the death of Pius XII...
...Opus Dei in Spain...
...in the end, Benigni lent his support to Mussolini...
...what I earlier called papal fundamentalism, appeals to and builds upon classic integralism, which serves as a kind of cultural and historical resource for the new movement...
...When the papacy is strong, it should be able to relax...
...In between the two, the integralists claim to find the correct balance...
...And he was right...
...Archbishop John Quinn of San Francisco (America, September 21, 1985) warned of the dangers of what he called a new "integrism...
...Rather, their main political complaint argues that modernity and secularization have gone far enough...
...The path of Monsignor Umberto Benigni, papal secretary of state under Pius X and the animator of classic integralism, shows this essentially reactionary nature...
...Articles in the Wanderer strongly support a cold war era brand of anti-Communism (with many appeals for support of the Nicaraguan contras...
...a close associate of Paul VI and former rector of the Catholic University of Milan, comments on this aspect of the organization: "They define themselves as the one true church and the only valid Christ literary Supplement, August 4, 1988...
...It is this active will to shape a different world that distinguishes integralism from mere traditionalism...
...In a study published in Concilium (October, 1987), Peter Hertel argues that integralism is the key to a theological understanding of Opus Dei, which sees itself as "Ae immaculate remnant of the true church...
...In the tentative and unorganized efforts of these scholars, a group of Roman curial officials saw an international conspiracy against the papacy and the central symbols of Catholicism...
...As many as 100,000 American Catholics are estimated to convert each year to evangelical Protestant fundamentalism...
...Communio e Liberation, which sponsors its own Italian political movement against what it describes as the "secularization" of the Christian Democratic party, also views itself as a kind of true remnant...
...In this way integralism fed off of and back into the mainstream, just as exaggerations of the Petrine ministry, which exist in the mainstream, fed the integralist imagination...
...An old-and very unwise-Roman dictum used to run: "No enemies on the right.'' This has protected all but the most egregious integralists, such as Action Fmncaise, which was condemned in 1926, and the Lefebvre movement from ecclesiastical censure...
...It could also be used to suggest that all teaching authority, in the final analysis, is papal teaching authority...
...Protestant fundamentalists are more strongly individualistic and that along with the voluntarist principle allows alliances and social movements between and among denominations, while the integralists' ecclesiology does not lend itself to acceptance of democratic voluntarism...
...But at times the extreme claims made by John Paul 11 for the papal teaching authority seem to be in disharmony with his equally strong sense of the Catholic community...
...Tapes to combat biblical fundamentalism circulate in parishes...
...on the extreme left are those who are ready to sacrifice everything to modernity, whom they call the modernists because they misunderstand their own era...
...The integralist program, early on, became closely linked to the antirevolutionary, protofascist politics of Action Franqaise...
...Some of this network of corporate wealth surfaced when the multimillionaire Spanish entrepreneur and Opus member, Jose Maria Ruiz Mateos, was tried and found guilty of major currency offenses and tax fraud by the Spanish government...
...The tradition they treasure is a living tradition, like the householder in the Gospel, bringing forth both the old and the new...
...The cognitive dissonance exercised on integralists by the possibility of schism generally suffices to keep them in the fold, on a papal leash...
...In fact, both groups are adept at using the latest organizational methods and technological advances to spread their message...
...In Europe, the principal integralist movements include Archbishop Lefebvre's Fraternity of St...
...1. The two arose at the same time, during the first and second decades of the twentieth century, in reaction to the inroads that a new synthesis between liberalism and religion was making on the established churches...
...papal fundamentalism is the test of orthodoxy...
...2. Both integralism and fundamentalism represent a synthesis of a theological outlook and an ideological-political stance brought together against the erosion of traditional authorities, in one case, the inerrancy of the pope, and in the other, the inerrancy of Scripture...
...Generally the "modernists" saw their task, in Alfred Loisy's terms, as constructing a new Catholic apologetic based on the role of religion rather than on an appeal to neo-Thomism, that is, by appealing to a deep religious understanding of symbol, community, and mysticism rather than to a rational apologetics which, the modernists claimed, mistakenly took the mystery out of the faith...
...The fundamentalists lost the battle to control the authority centers of mainline Protestantism and they left...
...Baron Friedrich von Hugel, who served as an essential go-between, putting various modernist writers in touch with one another...
...Catholic integralist thinkers lent ideological support to the protofascist regimes of Vargas in Brazil...
...But it is also true that in distorting core truths of Catholicism-the centrality of dogma and the Petrine ministry in the church, for example-the integralists run the risk of undermining the very truths to which they so tenaciously cling...
...The Catholic.tradition of fundamentalism-integralism-with long tendrils going back to the nineteenth century, has come back to haunt us in the post-Vatican II church...
...In fact, however, despite the many inner contradictions inherent in the authoritarian populism typical of early integralism (which it shares witfrearly Protestant fundamentalists, such as William Jennings Bryan), Catholic integralist groups in Europe came to have an affinity with fascism...
...In spite of disclaimers of a political agenda, Opus Dei (which is also influential in Peru and other Latin American countries) provided the Franco and Pinochet governments with several government ministers and advisers...
...In the process the modernists were lumped together with anticlerical and Masonic enemies of the church and, indeed, were seen to be even more dangerous than the external enemies...
...To the extent that a millenarian imagination is found within integralist groups, it is likely to be linked to Marian symbolism, as Victor and Edith Turner have noted (Catholic Pilgrimage, Columbia, 1978...
...3. Fundamentalism's political energies are filtered through a potent millenarian imagination...
...Following their chosen symbol, the integralists are usually strong papal legitimists...
...in contrast, is a form of petrification incompatible with a living tradition...
...It proposes a solum magisterium litmus-test of orthodoxy in place of a traditional Catholic sense of balanced and multiple sources of authority (scripture, magisterium, human experience, sensus fidelium...
...The Tablet concludes...
...form of fundamentalism is biblical fundamentalism...
...If integralism were to reign in the church, it would become a sect, a frightened little enclave of closed minds...
...Peron in Argentina, Franco in Spain, Petain in France, and Salazar in Portugal...
...At the start they would not even go to Mass with anyone else...
...and fundamentalist campus ministries have successfully recruited Catholic students at campuses such as Rutgers and the University of Illinois...
...Emile Poulat, a major historian of integralism, puts the point nicely...
...By 1914 the modernists had been crushed and integralism held sway...
...and strongly supports a promarket economy and conservative politics and politicians (one article observes, "The Communists more and more openly treat a Democratic party victory as a virtual victory for communism...
...A secret international organization of spies (the Sapi-niere) and diocesan vigilance committees were set up to detect and report any hints of the newly identified heresy in seminaries, colleges, dioceses, parishes, and other Catholic organizations...
...Giuseppe Lazatti...
...It is time for "the true Catholic" to take a stand before things get any worse...
...For the integralist imagination, "in both senses of the word 'lost,' the Catholic cannot but get lost in the world unless he lives in it as part of the church...
...even bishops...
...It also has important differences with conservatives...
...The virtue of studying the variety of fundamentalisms in the world religions is that it reminds us that each has its own homegrown variety...
...Benigni-much like the integralist American radio priest of the 1930s, Charles Coughlin- claimed to embody in his movement "the social question," enunciated by Leo XIII in Rerum novarum...
...Remarkably, these neo-integralists stridently deny that they have any political views or programs of their own...
...When, in 1907, Pope Pius X condemned modernism a synthesis of all the heresies the curia had identified-the full force of the Roman church was marshaled to crush the movement...
...Conservatives resist trendy fads and too quick an adoption of new practices without considering their long-term consequences...
...Manicheahism in religion exhibits an elective affinity to Manicheanism in politics...
...Nor is violence against one's opponents eschewed in the pages of the Wanderer where an article praises two men who "in the space of fifteen minutes on Christmas Eve, 1984, managed to give three priceless birthday presents to Jesus," when they bombed abortion facilities for which they are now serving prison terms in Florida...
...A veritable reign of terror against the world of Catholic scholarship ensued...
...They have literally stalked a number of U.S...
...During the 1970s, Confrontatie specialized in denouncing "erring" theologians and catechists...
...Integralism...
...coalite was expressed in collegiality, the idea that all the bishops of the world form a team with the pope, thus undermining the papal monarchy...
...These groups are papal fundamentalists of the kind 1 described 'earlier: an uncritical adherence to papal and curial documents serves as the litmus test for orthodoxy...
...In a content analysis I recently did of a year's worth of issues of the Wanderer and the Remnant, I picked up a number of common integralist themes...
...And though they disclaim any political agenda, they champion a new Christendom model for American society...
...and the forces of liberal, bourgeois democracy, which in Europe carried a decidedly anticlerical stamp...
...and to distinguish it from conservative trends in Catholicism...
...Indeed, in the long run, it may be genuine Catholic conservatives who serve as the most powerful defense against Catholic fundamentalists-those "innovators" who mistake a very short period of modern church history (1870-1950) for the much longer and richer tradition...
...Confrontatis (the Netherlands), and Sehonstadt (Germany), sometimes by a tortured rhetoric, claim to represent the authentic spirit and letter of Vatican II...
...As the excommunication of Archbishop Marcel Lefebvre demonstrates, papal condemnation of integralist groups can be a potent weapon, and, in this case, has led to widespread defections from the group back to Rome...
...in the last few years, it has opened branches in the U.S...
...a close associate of Paul VI and former rector of the Catholic University of Milan, comments on this aspect of the organization: "They define themselves as the one true church and the only valid Christianity is their kind...
...Catholic integrajist movements also have been carriers of anti-Semitism and militarism...
...while fraternite took the form of ecumenism which allegedly masked the differences between Christians" ("A Roman Catholic Fundamentalism," Times literary Supplement, August 4, 1988...
...One way to understand integralism is to note its similarities and differences with respect to Protestant fundamentalism...
...The Confrontatie group in Holland has revived the heresy-hunting of the Sapiniere, constituting itself a "vigilance committee" in the Dutch church...
...Thus, in an editorial in the London Tablet (November 5, 1988), the editors note that some recent remarks of John Paul II, "could be used to put every kind of teaching on the same level, which would mean that Vatican II's insight-r-that there is a hierarchy of truths-had been lost...
...The Vatican and John Paul II run the serious risk of being discredited when links to the narrow orthodoxy and political views of the papal fundamentalists are* fostered-or, at least, not contained...
...Conservatism is a valuable and necessary component in Catholicism...
...Without trying to resolve this problem of terminology, it has become clear to me that there does exist a kind of Catholic fundamentalism, historically called tntegralism, which originated at the turn of the century during the modernist crisis and which has made a comeback worldwide in the post-Vatican II church...
...Hence, integralists champion Christendom models in the social order...
...And it is not always clear that the religious motive directs the political content...
...Creeping infallibilism," which makes all statements of the pope and curia equivalently infallible, is substituted for the genuine Catholic doctrine of papal and episcopal infallibility...
...Several years ago...
...What is more likely, as Lester Kurtz has suggested, is that "ecclesiastical elites recognized and capitalized on the possibility of fortifying their own position by constructing a caricature of the modernists' position through weaving their opponents' views into a coherent whole and condemning modernism as a heresy" (The Politics of Heresy, California, 1986...
...theologians and bishops wherever they speak...
...Communio e Liberation, which sponsors its own Italian political movement against what it describes as the "secularization" of the Christian Democratic party, also views itself as a kind of true remnant...
...While there are important similarities be-tween Protestant fundamentalism and Catholic integralism, there are also essential differences...
...Sometimes fundamentalist groups are not wrong in their diagnosis of some genuine threats to religious faith-a reality often obscured by their authoritarian methods and draconian remedies...
...Catholic scripture courses and study groups increase in number and are almost never taught in a biblically fundamentalist manner...
...Rather following Georges Goyau of Action Francaise, they refuse to acquiesce in the inevitability of change, "a refusal which expresses a will to shape the world in a way which is different from that of non-Christian forces...
...Catholic integralism...
...Hispanic Catholics have been especially targeted by fundamentalist conversion campaigns...
...Hertel also documents the strong links between the organization and conservative corporate wealth, such as the Opus-proxy foundation, Limmat-Stiftung in Zurich and Opus-related banks and foundations directed by Opus Dei members in Spain, Germany, and Latin America...
...Terms used by opposing parties were not value-neutral...
...Integralists, in contrast, rarely speak of the Second Coming or foresee cataclysmic transitions to Christ's kingdom...
...This movement-labeled modernist by its opponents-was a loose, spontaneous grouping of scholars who sought to retrieve the Catholic tradition from the reactionary political, intellectual, and social milieux in which it was enmeshed...
...If papal policy moves toward greater accommodation with modernity, integralists are constrained-at least on the surface-to go along...
...ince variants of integralism are just as unlikely to disappear in Catholicism as fundamentalism is in Protestantism, it is important not to answer the integralists' caricature of liberal and conservative Catholicism with a caricature in return...
...To be sure, garden variety biblical fundamentalism can be found among Catholics...
...Around the turn of the century, a number of Catholic scholars in France, Italy, Germany, Belgium, and England sought to formulate a Catholic response to and rapprochement with the new forces...
...It also turns discipline into dogma...
...like earlier integralists...
...Attention to the fundamentalist impulse and agenda is growing, as I pointed out at the beginning, and this is giving us a clearer picture of what drives them as well as their religious and political goals...
...Solum magisterium (or solus papa) rather than sola scriptura is the more, likely rallying cry for a. Catholic variant of fundamentalism...
...suggests that racism is a much overblown theme in American society...
...Conferences on biblical fundamentalism are being held throughout the country, especially in Texas, Florida, and Arkansas where the challenge is greatest...
...Catholic integralists are very vocal in denying that any sucfi' thing as papal fundamentalism exists...
...Instead, Catholic liberals are regarded by them as deviant insiders...
...5. Both integralists and fundamentalists, in spite of a preponderance of overtly religious language, have a pervasive political agenda...
...Not everyone agrees on the propriety or usefulness of the word "fundamentalism"-a term that came into popular use in the 1920s to describe a strand of evangelical Protestantism-in speaking of every resurgent and aggressive form of belief and practice that claims to return to the core or fundamentals of a religious group...
...In a study published in Concilium (October, 1987), Peter Hertel argues that integralism is the key to a theological understanding of Opus Dei, which sees itself as "Ae immaculate remnant of the true church...
...This literature paints all Catholic progressives as "modernists" who sell out the substance of Catholic faith...
...The principal enemies of the church lie within the church, the "deviant insiders...
...Giuseppe Lazatti...
...Most significantly, they are charitable to those with whom they disagree...
...But by appealing to these core symbols, they drew on the sensibilities and constituencies of mainline Catholicism and Protestantism where they had potential allies...
...Thus, William Ward, Maisie Ward's ultramontanist grandfather, expressed the desire to read daily, infallible papal pronouncements in his London Times...
...A LOOK AT THEIR PAST, THEIR POLITICS, THEIR POWER JOHN A. COLEMAN For a number of years Protestant fundamentalism has been subject to the scrutiny of the TV camera, investigative journalists, and the academic community, not so much because of its religious views but because of its impact on American politics...
...These were not easy issues for European Catholics who, especially after the loss of the Papal States in 1870, felt under siege...
...Unlike fundamentalism, integralism has maintained its connections to and a place within mainstream Catholicism...
Vol. 116 • January 1989 • No. 2
