The Origin of the Idea of Crusade/The Fourth Crusade:
Herlihy, David
imagination of today's Borgo population split European society down the middle. This is a prevailing theme of the Paris and can be gauged by the numerous memen- Unlike the U.S.,...
...museum proper explores the Fascists' roads among industrial workers...
...Popular ideas of fighting for God should be stated that subsequent research cial problem...
...So, sometimes, He has systematically eliminated from COMMONWEAL Yugoslavs and others as well, are in- positions of power his most capable and ASSOCIATE clined to believe that Tito like Wonder intelligent associates...
...They were first blandished to recruit warriors, who would do William Collins battle against the Saracens in Spain...
...We-are shown movement, which modern historians IV), bereft of means of material coer- what is happening, but are not introduced now label as Gregorian (after Pope Greg- cion, Gregory openly sought to recruit to all the forces,which on numerous ory VII), the Church sought to penetrate warriors in the service of the papacy...
...We owe it to two meaning cynicism...
...In Italy, moreover, urban tional objects, and in creating stark and with the spirit of modernity-youth, violence and terrorism have taken a depersonalized conceptualizations of speed and a streamlined sophis- heavy toll...
...There is equally a three exhibits are reflections of the trepiof interest in Fascism dates from the fear of the-way technology was used to dation with which Europe awaits the aftermath of 1968...
...unem- tic environments, in pioneering the use of serving advertising and political ends...
...by turns respect the peace of certain days, of certain places (churches and sanctuaries) gripping and moving...
...But the knights, St...
...And you At one point during this year's Yugo- tinued survival...
...More moderducted for the good of the state, and had traditionally looked askance at war ate than Gregory, he still summoned the doubted the propriety of participatand bloodletting, accept, in the European knights to Europe to make war on the West, from the eleventh century, the no- ing in them...
...232 Madison Ave...
...eighties...
...munist" he lives in unrivaled splendor...
...Ignoring kings, the reformers now sought to transform the knights and redirect their energies in beneficial paths...
...in 1954, secret police chief Rankovic Sustaining Member: Doder, who for three years served as went in 1966...
...Fascists...
...RoRERT NELSON, The next step forward was the granting Professor of Theology, of assured spiritual pay to fighters in ap- Boston University proved causes-of indulgences, a kind of $8.95 at all bookstores substitute penance...
...If the imaginative use of "history from bly at every election...
...Through the movements known as the Peace of God and the Truce "Told with style, verve, of God, these warriors were urged to and acumen...
...He believes that Tito's Tripalo, and the next year the brilliant $100 or more "long tenure-and uncertainty whether and erudite Serbian Communist leader he will live another five months or five Nikezic was retired on charges of Commonweal Associates years-has become the cause of his re- "liberalism...
...The novelty of the struggle to reform the church, confront- abstract, too disembodied...
...In the great reform trate of Christendom (Emperor Henry tual reasons exclusively...
...Erdmann begins by posing a paradox...
...history at the University of Illinois...
...They combined Trans...
...aggressive spirit finds every broader ap- 2081} Wt-, [ 1 I'[h S1rt•i•t...
...Marshall the crusades are now more often regarded The Conquest of Constantinople, 1201-1204 Baldwin, who taught at New York Unias derivative, even inconsequential inci- Donald E. Queller versity, began the translation, provided dents in the period's basic economic, cul- an introduction, embellished the text tural and spiritual development...
...apartments, antiques, weekend houses Venetian connivance first sacked the Carl Erdmann effectively shows how on the Adriatic, Mercedes and Peugeots, Christian city of Zara in Dalmatia, and far the eleventh-century sanctification of and send their children to universities then the capital of a Christian empire, warfare departed from the judgment of abroad...
...The levels of society were pushing Church and sanctify the lay world, to saturate it militia sancti Petri, or military service to and society to this stunning reevaluation with Christian values...
...as an adolescent, applause that he pledged to stay in power thinks that Tito is himself to blame for BECOME A 1979 another fifty years...
...gime's stagnation...
...He has, even with- treme economic inequality can be conout going to America...
...Once thought to be American scholars that this work now the central events of medieval history, THE FOURTH CRUSADE: appears in English translation...
...At all events, he assured the knights -The Origin of the Idea of Crusade of the idea of a "just war...
...a backlash movement has begun mantle of the Bauhaus in creating domesnineteenth-century art form into a tool dismantling educational reforms...
...At the same time a million Constantinople itself, in 1204...
...His death in 1975 both for professional historians, and for prevented him from releasing the text to the lay and literate public...
...Yugoslavia's Tito-talitarianism The question, of course, is how long disaffection over chronic unemployTHE YUGOSLAVS dence, "had I done it, I would have be- ment, national discrimination, and exDusko Doder come a millionaire...
...he reviews that God truly willed this holy crusade...
...The Communist vote grew percepti- unlike the twenties, when the media were...
...claimed by Pope Innocent III in 1198, book is excellent...
...Italy is reliving Weimar in the twenties...
...Marshall W. Baldwin and Walter in that genre which German historians idealism with bigotry, self-sacrifice with Goffart call Geistesgeschichte, the history of selfishness, boundless faith with de- Princeton University, $28.50, 446 pp...
...As a narrative, the intellectuals, artists and managers...
...Queller illustrates the scandal dreds of thousands more remain unempassage of many more soldiers than actu- and shame which this pretense of fighting ployed in Yugoslavia...
...Do intelleceleventh century in regard to the ethics of ing the hostility of the chief lay magis- tual revolutions ever derive from intellecwarfare was twofold...
...Erdmann believes that tion of a "holy war...
...But, of long can Yugoslavia continue its balancDURING a ninety-minute television course, it is impossible to understand the ing act between East and West...
...Locked in a titanic intellectual shifts seems often too gressive heathens...
...control...
...know," he added with supreme confi- slav Communist congress in Belgrade, Doder, who was born in Yugoslavia Tito became so charged by thunderous but came to the U.S...
...Almost medieval world, the crusades perhaps Carl Erdmann at once his book was recognized to be a best represent the virtues and failings of classic in medieval history, particularly its exuberant spirit...
...For the survivors of 1968, space, color and arrangement...
...Both scholars deCommonweal: 184 serve credit for this exemplary transla- peans, and led to outbursts-such as atTo early Christians the idea of a tion, all the more valuable for the en- tacks upon indigenous Jews -which the larged notes and bibliography...
...All these currents blended in the They knew only profane wars, conHow could the Christian Church, which policies of Pope Urban II...
...In fact...
...in step with the tremendous social and One was Kardelj, a former Slovene grade Commonweal: 186...
...Throughout Europe tos donated by visitors after it opened, touched off industrial violence threaten- government control of the mass media is now displayed in the corridors outside ing economic as well as political stabil- the rule rather than the exception, but the main halls...
...pacy...
...Tito has monologue on his youth, Yugos- Yugoslavs independently of the man who done it with extraordinary success...
...How not just in terms of government...
...Erdmann was one of opportunists, who seized upor...
...holy war encouraged by their reli- Church discountenanced but could not gion would have seemed absurd...
...For years now he The only ones who hang on are cauNew York, N.Y...
...The "contemporary living...
...In Quel- early Christianity, that recourse to the Yugoslavs have been forced to seek emler's views, bad planning (the leaders sword was always suspect...
...the "new" or in the first stages of development, the, the bottom up" gives a new dimension to "ultra-left" not only forced through technology necessary for the creation of the culture of Fascism, the exhibit at the major educational reforms but made in- "hegemony" today is fully developed...
...modernity" and today's concept of Gramsci's notion of ideological the Left today finds itself in disarray...
...In fairness to Erdmann, it professional warriors, represented a spe- fits...
...as an implied apology, Somehow they have acquired plush organized in 1200-01, the crusade with it fails...
...Carl regime in Germany, the Second World ronto, finished the taskof editing and corErdmann was a German historian who War, and his own ill health cut short a recting the manuscript...
...Its failing is that his analysis of the Christian commonwealth against ag- the idea of holy war...
...The question early Muslims in 1095...
...The T IS Nb accident that the current wave sounded by the Left...
...How could the Christianity posed was not whether the rescue of the eastern church and emchurch come tQ perceive violence as a religion was a valid basis for war, pire, rather than the liberation of the Holy but whether it was possible for a Places in Palestine, was his chief motivameritorious act...
...Similarly, the emphasis on design in development of mass communication as To American eyes, the French and Ital- the exhibits reflects the relationship bean instrument to mold popular con- ian Left by the mid-seventies appeared tween what the twenties defined as sciousness...
...But lavia's President Tito suddenly recalled has shaped their destiny for so long and can anyone else do it...
...the Nazi fessor of history at the University of Towritten by professional scholars...
...A fine collection of posters student-worker alliance has broken significance that Italy has inherited the indicates the transformation of a late down...
...I'.t•I,ind, 0hin 44111 plication at the hands of Gregory VII, the 30 March 1979: 185 appreciation of the extraordinary edness, made these crusaders desperate economic changes which have taken eleventh century...
...Unwittingly, ployment in Western Europe, and huncontracted with the Venetians for the Donald...
...All who could ally appeared), and consequent indebt- for God ultimately engendered...
...Pro- swings of fortune...
...But they University of Pennsylvania, $17, 248 pp...
...too the sanctions, early given by the Erdmann's book deserves the stature it church, to emperors and kings, to defend true architect, according to Erdmann, of has held...
...day's middle class that defines itself as ticular, the wireless, became powerful Today's obsession with Fascism ex- "modern" more in terms of lifestyle than ideological weapons in the hands of the presses what many privately fear, that social relations...
...He died in 1945...
...Communists keep praying for Tito's conemigrating to the U.S...
...It is not without hegemony...
...Political rallies, and in par- scape...
...spirit and thought...
...For the European Left the Weimar But moral despair is not the only note cycle seems to be repeating itself...
...Books: WILD KNIGHTS & HOLY WARS O F ALL the works and ways of the THE ORIGIN OF THE IDEA OF CRUSADE career of extraordinary promise...
...In a richly informed analysis, Erdmann traces the emergence Christian to fight at all...
...since become legend...
...If the tication-while reflecting the growing particularly among intellectuals, disillu- Bauhaus was a symbol of "modernizaimportance of consumerism and corpo- sionment and pessimism are the keynotes tion" to the twenties, "contemporary rate ideology in shaping the cultural of the present political and social land- style" provides the iconography for tolandscape...
...As in the U.S., 1968 create the consciousness of Fascism...
...Moreover, certain situations-notably the preservation of the peace of Christians against the wicked and the heathen who would shat- By Peter Hebblethwaite ter it-admitted the meritorious use of f 6 With the sharp perception of a violence...
...Though a "Com- trolled by jailing dissidents...
...can Yugoslavia withstand external presDusko Doder tries to "look at Yugos- sure by Bulgaria and Albania, who claim Matthew Mestrovic lavia in terms of culture and civilization, large chunks of Yugoslav territory...
...And for this reason even antiBolshevik Revolution he thought of though he is 86...
...When Tito the first to show, if not entirely to casion for pay or plunder...
...Queller makes launched his Partisan war in 1941, explore, the dimensions of the social and full and judicious use of sources, deftly Yugoslavia was 80 percent peasant...
...Could their work too be were at the same time also stirring Euro- has since widened our knowledge and rendered holy...
...J...
...This Publishers, Inc...
...ity...
...and of certain persons (clerics, women, -JOHN JAY HUGHES, America peasants, merchants...
...reviews learned opinions, and traces with most of the people live in cities, work in Donald Queller's study of the Fourth detail and care the course of the unfortu- factories and service industries, drive Crusade is a work of a much different nate enterprise...
...with supplementary footnotes, and upstill .retain an irreducible fascination, .David Herlihy dated the bibliography...
...This is a prevailing theme of the Paris and can be gauged by the numerous memen- Unlike the U.S., however, student riots Turin exhibitions...
...ployment is rife among students and new materials for decorative yet funcFuturist images identify Fiat and Lancia young people...
...Queller is at present a professor of exclusively with narration...
...every oc- place under his tenure...
...He comes close to becoming an apology for Today Yugoslavia has a large and became interested in the Fourth Crusade the crusaders, who did no more, in Quel- affluent New Class (as Djilas calls it) of for reasons of the controversies that have ler's view, than follow the unexpected Communist bureaucrats, army officers, surrounded it since its origins...
...published his book in 1935, when he was the publishers...
...Walter Goffart, now proBoth the books here under review are 37 years old...
...In 1971, Tito purged the $50 the Washington Post's man in Belgrade, young and popular Croatian party leader Charter Member: thinks otherwise...
...Djilas was ousted Worpan will never die...
...Mpst Yugoslavs that while serving as a Red Guard in the who plans to continue ruling them, even' doubt it...
...How long Random House, $10, 246 pp...
...10016 has impeded an evolution of the regime tious, self-effacing, obedient yes-men...
...seem to have taken the standard Communist advice, "comrade, make the best of it...
...Peter, surely conveyed spiritual bene- of warfare...
...The organizing theme here is on the verge of assuming power...
...Now cultural changes it witnessed...
...The work grams...
...His person has long much of the uncertainty about the future...
...His concern is almost cars and watch Western television prosort...
...Erdmann traces this fundamencrack reporter, the discipline tal and ominous shift in attitudes toward and readable style of a pracviolence not only on the level of texts, ticed editor, the inside knowlbut also in the language of symbols, par- edge of a Jesuit-trained priest, ticularly in the use of holy banners in and the candor of a free-spirited layman, Hebblethwaite gives us battle, and of battle cries, which evoked a brilliant account of an amazamid slaughter the name of God and his ing year in the history of the pasaints...
Vol. 106 • March 1979 • No. 6
