The culture of fascism:

...The outrage that marks the work of Kathe political culture that nurtured...

...On the eve of World post-War sections...

...For the survivors of 1968, space, color and arrangement...

...He died in 1945...

...A case in point is the dubious inclusion of entire families provided the unskilled lowed totally divergent courses...

...the War...

...In the secmodern look, and technology trans- tion devoted to pre-War painting, we formed the patterns of everyday life...

...A measure of and factory blueprints, the functional however, it grapples with the thorny the exhibit's success in capturing the concepts of modem design pioneered by the Deutsche Werkbund (drawing on the talents of people like Peter Behrens, Walter Gropius and Henry Van de Velde) are followed from experiments before the War to their flowering in the Bauhaus...

...Almost medieval world, the crusades perhaps Carl Erdmann at once his book was recognized to be a best represent the virtues and failings of classic in medieval history, particularly its exuberant spirit...

...Books: WILD KNIGHTS & HOLY WARS O F ALL the works and ways of the THE ORIGIN OF THE IDEA OF CRUSADE career of extraordinary promise...

...In the audio-visual lapse that engulfed Germany in the '20s...

...Les Halles in the French capital, Equally, they afford a glimpse of the "Paris/Berlin 1900-1933," has been at- mood of today's European intellectuals tracting crowds and critical attention and the pessimism with which they enter since it opened last spring...

...But they University of Pennsylvania, $17, 248 pp...

...To show how these taposition of Dada and Expressionism in 1914 as exemplifying the superiority changes affected life in the district, a where personal links certainly existed, of Franco-Russian music over group of leftist historians have compiled and where in literature, at least, one can German-on a program devoted to German music...

...eighties...

...What differs is the Seventies Meets the Twenties" suggests work, socializing, child raising and polilarger cultural and political framework...

...The T IS Nb accident that the current wave sounded by the Left...

...the Borgo San Paolo retained its rural The limitations of a comparative ap- However, despite the welcome revival of Toiler's Hoppla...

...In fact...

...The organizers insist that "The Seven- parts, the larger in the city's municipal and other foreign influences in the arts...

...Once thought to be American scholars that this work now the central events of medieval history, THE FOURTH CRUSADE: appears in English translation...

...Fascists...

...Marshall the crusades are now more often regarded The Conquest of Constantinople, 1201-1204 Baldwin, who taught at New York Unias derivative, even inconsequential inci- Donald E. Queller versity, began the translation, provided dents in the period's basic economic, cul- an introduction, embellished the text tural and spiritual development...

...Unlike them, Fascists for poor families...

...In this very successful it's central themes, residents, often in a attemptt to chart the rise of Fascism and mixture of Piedmontese dialect and Italtrating the emergence of ''modernity" as its impact on everyday life, Fascism ian, recall the long working hours in the an identifiable style that was a byproduct emerges as the force wrenching Italy into city's early factories, the first streetcars of Germany's rppid industrialization the modern world...

...Similarly, the emphasis on design in development of mass communication as To American eyes, the French and Ital- the exhibits reflects the relationship bean instrument to mold popular con- ian Left by the mid-seventies appeared tween what the twenties defined as sciousness...

...Italy is reliving Weimar in the twenties...

...But learn that Matisse went to Germany three if the time is significant because of the times between 1908 and 1910, that he flowering of artistic imagination and counted a number of German students achievement, it was equally the era that among his circle of friends, and that sevgave birth to totalitarianism...

...with supplementary footnotes, and upstill .retain an irreducible fascination, .David Herlihy dated the bibliography...

...It is not without hegemony...

...licized but more innovative, "Turin Between the Wars" offers visitors a // ARISBERLIN 1900-1933," by far panorama of political, social, and cul- the most ambitious of the three tural change in Italy's automobile capital shows, explores the connections and confrom the end of World War I to 1939...

...museum proper explores the Fascists' roads among industrial workers...

...Behind eral of his works were bought by German Europe's renewed interest in Weimar and collector Karl E. Osthaus...

...At the turn of the century, than what brings them together...

...the period, the contrasts in the works are Certainly, Europe holds no monopoly far more striking than their similarities...

...In the United States, From a common starting point in color popular biographies of Hitler are paper- experimentation, the Fauve and Bleu back best sellers, and a trade in Nazi Reiter painters achieved startlingly difinsignia flourishes...

...trasts of German and French culture of It was during these decades that the period by charting friendships and Europe shed the legacy of the nineteenth personal contacts and juxtaposing concentury, the arts took on their distinctly temporary artistic movements...

...A fine collection of posters student-worker alliance has broken significance that Italy has inherited the indicates the transformation of a late down...

...Seventies," London joins major Sorrow and the Pity in which the The three exhibits share with these films European centers in hosting a show about filmmaker explored the seeds of Fascism a vision of Fascism not only as a political a crucial period of Europe's cultural past...

...a backlash movement has begun mantle of the Bauhaus in creating domesnineteenth-century art form into a tool dismantling educational reforms...

...Both scholars deCommonweal: 184...

...Despite the flurry of by Piscator in 1927, and the screening of several rare films with live accompani- War I, its craftsmen went to work in the intellectual exchange found in letters, mechanical trades that had established translations and reviews of the period, ment and hand-out translations, the prothemselves in the city...

...The Communist vote grew percepti- unlike the twenties, when the media were...

...This is the strong point (with the 30 March 1979: /83 imagination of today's Borgo population split European society down the middle...

...The picture that emerges from the in the formal nihilism of Dada's playful, photographs, documents and family aleven frivolous, experimentation, but in THIS, together with an imaginative use bums of people from the Borgo is one of a the political despair and economic col- of traditional and non-traditional lo- society in transition...

...modernity" and today's concept of Gramsci's notion of ideological the Left today finds itself in disarray...

...In electric kettles and fans, architectural designs its, "Turin Between the Wars" reflects a district, seaside outings organized by the broad notion of culture...

...More seriously, "The an oral history of the community that point to similar experiments in language traces changes in patterns of family life, and typography...

...U.S., however, where interest in Fas- Literature holds a special place in the cism centers largely on the Right, show as a point of contact...

...labor of the rapidly expanding auNowhere is this clearer than in the jux- Stravinsky-ironically cited by Cocteau tomobile industry...

...spirit and thought...

...In leased the following year, established the the cinema one can date its emergence to ideological parameters for The ConforW ITH "The Twenties Meets the Marcel Ophuls's 1969 documentry The mist, 1900, and a score of other films...

...Vegetables grew in kitchen proach restricted to the level of high culgardens, chickens and cows roamed the ture become increasingly evident in the periment in total theater originally staged unpaved streets...

...We Are Alive!, an ex- character...

...the "new" or in the first stages of development, the, the bottom up" gives a new dimension to "ultra-left" not only forced through technology necessary for the creation of the culture of Fascism, the exhibit at the major educational reforms but made in- "hegemony" today is fully developed...

...A prototype of today's efficiency kitchen, designs for planned communities, blueprints for model homes, glassware and furniture show the transfer and growing capacity of industrial technology to ina m Esno0 fluence middle-class domestic life...

...neighborhood...

...Walter Goffart, now proBoth the books here under review are 37 years old...

...unem- tic environments, in pioneering the use of serving advertising and political ends...

...If the tication-while reflecting the growing particularly among intellectuals, disillu- Bauhaus was a symbol of "modernizaimportance of consumerism and corpo- sionment and pessimism are the keynotes tion" to the twenties, "contemporary rate ideology in shaping the cultural of the present political and social land- style" provides the iconography for tolandscape...

...0 win M M M D EsPrFE passing reference to expressionist and Bauhaus theater experi- 0 T, ments, the performing arts receive short shrift...

...within French society and culture...

...We owe it to two meaning cynicism...

...on this fascination...

...cales, is the strong point of "Turin Be- shows, mini-documentaries of the exhibThe show is most successful in illus- tween the Wars...

...The "contemporary living...

...the Nazi fessor of history at the University of Towritten by professional scholars...

...tion of native sons such as Hans Arp and The shows that have dotted the cultural Rene Schickele to the modernist movelandscape of Europe in recent months ment and as a sign of political cooperamark not only a new stage in reinterpret- tion and cultural exchange...

...But if the generation of Stefan Commonweal: 182 George, Thomas Mann and Hugo von exception of dance) of "London/Berlin: problem of recreating the social and culHofmannsthal was fully conversant with The Sevenlies Meets the Twenties," a tural reality of people who leave few hisFrench culture, interest in German cul- season of exhibitions, concerts, theater, torical records from which to reconstruct ture was not reciprocated...

...Throughout Europe tos donated by visitors after it opened, touched off industrial violence threaten- government control of the mass media is now displayed in the corridors outside ing economic as well as political stabil- the rule rather than the exception, but the main halls...

...This is a prevailing theme of the Paris and can be gauged by the numerous memen- Unlike the U.S., however, student riots Turin exhibitions...

...phenomenon, but as a cultural system At the Pompidou Center, the huge em- Luchino Visconti's The Damned, re- ultimately capable of controlling man's porium of the arts on the former site of internal and external environment...

...day's middle class that defines itself as ticular, the wireless, became powerful Today's obsession with Fascism ex- "modern" more in terms of lifestyle than ideological weapons in the hands of the presses what many privately fear, that social relations...

...Rilke's ing the Fascist past, but are the most books of poetry written in French attest to recent signs of the preoccupation with long residence in the French capital while Fascism that has surfaced among intel- German translations of major symbolist works and correspondence show the web LYNN GARAFOLA is an American writer of personal and professional ties between spending a year in London doing research on men of letters in the two countries before a book...

...AlsaceEurope's obsession comes from critical Lorraine is singled out for the contribusectors of its intellectual Left...

...SEEING THE LINKS BETWEEN WEIMAR & US Modern culture & fascism LYNN GARAFOLA lectuals of the Left in the last decade...

...But despite its preceding decades lies a preoccupa- the evidence of contacts, in the remarkation with the origins and culture of Fas- ble collection of paintings assembled for cism...

...Political rallies, and in par- scape...

...ployment is rife among students and new materials for decorative yet funcFuturist images identify Fiat and Lancia young people...

...ties Meets the Twenties" is more than a museum and a satellite show in a public As in the case of painting, the show says catalogue of the twenties, that its aim is elementary school in the Borgo San more about what separates the German Paolo, Turin's oldest working-class and French literary worlds of the time to explore the impact and influence of that period through fifty years to today...

...xenophobia found expression in reviews Goethe Institute and British Arts Coun- The exhibition is divided into two such as L'Efort which decried German cil...

...If the imaginative use of "history from bly at every election...

...For the European Left the Weimar But moral despair is not the only note cycle seems to be repeating itself...

...ity...

...and deciKollwitz and George Grosz is rooted,not sively marked the period's artistic life...

...Less pub- the eighties...

...published his book in 1935, when he was the publishers...

...In Italy, moreover, urban tional objects, and in creating stark and with the spirit of modernity-youth, violence and terrorism have taken a depersonalized conceptualizations of speed and a streamlined sophis- heavy toll...

...only superficially the broader social and tics...

...As in the U.S., 1968 create the consciousness of Fascism...

...His death in 1975 both for professional historians, and for prevented him from releasing the text to the lay and literate public...

...After the War, cultural patterns in the two countries fol- gram suffers from a lack of focus...

...Marshall W. Baldwin and Walter in that genre which German historians idealism with bigotry, self-sacrifice with Goffart call Geistesgeschichte, the history of selfishness, boundless faith with de- Princeton University, $28.50, 446 pp...

...Like the other exhib- that ran from downtown to the still rural after the turn of [he century...

...There is equally a three exhibits are reflections of the trepiof interest in Fascism dates from the fear of the-way technology was used to dation with which Europe awaits the aftermath of 1968...

...French films and lectures, sponsored by the their lives...

...By contrast to the ferent results...

...The organizing theme here is on the verge of assuming power...

...They combined Trans...

...Carl regime in Germany, the Second World ronto, finished the taskof editing and corErdmann was a German historian who War, and his own ill health cut short a recting the manuscript...