The Church in China

...There are numerous rivers in China for East-West traffic, but there is only one major North-South rail line...

...Neither side has given credible explanations for its behavior in the 1960 crisis...

...One unnoted reason for its initiation by Mao was the persistent and resented personal attacks on him by Krushchev for his indulging in the personality cult...

...The purge that habitually accompanies any change of political power is programmed for containment...

...Even the accounting system is capitalist, based on profits...

...The Carter administration cannot fail to take notice...

...Technology is prized above hand labor, and educational expertise is valued beyond open university enrollment...

...On the other hand, light industrial goods, such as textiles, embroideries, radios, clocks, and transistors and the like could be easily handled...

...Normalized relations are patently in our national and business interests...

...They see the USSR, on the other hand, as a rising empire, aggressively bent upon world control of resources and devoting twice its GNP to armaments as compared with the U.S...

...The following affirmative steps would seem logical as another American initiative...

...The broadcast said that by 1946--the year of the Communist takeover--the Chinese CaJ.holic Church included 20 archdioceses and 108 dioceses, a growing band of priests, religious and laity "actively engaged in the apostolate...

...The Chinese and their ideological brethren in the West claim that the bureaucracy behaves as if it owns the works because it controls the distribution of goods produced under the State plan and it fixes wages and prices...

...should grant China "most-favored-nation treatment for her goods...

...I expected the Chinese, as self-proclaimed Leninists, to follow his definition of imperialism as the last stage of capitalism...

...Peter's Basilica...

...The only visible presence of the Roman Catholic Church in mainland China today is one church in Peking, described as a "showcase" for Communist toleration of religion in the People's Republic...

...While other experts may argue about the advantages and disadvantages of the Vatican's policies regarding the Communist nations of Eastern Europe, observers of the China scene hold out little or no hope that such policies could even get an airing in Peking in the foreseeable future...

...To ptit it another way, they are still chasing "paper tigers" as they did in the '50's, but today's tigers have changed color...

...Three years earlier, Pope Pius XII appointed a bishop for the diocese of Yutze, a Franciscan named Father Anthony H. Yang Kuang C'hi, but it is not known for certain if he was ever officially ordained to the episcopacy...

...The Manchurian-born prelate's words could be echoed today with about the same conviction...

...I was told by an old friend, a long-standing resident of Shanghai whom I saw again last spring, that everyone in China attends a political education meeting at least once a week...

...to normalize its relations with China, thereby contributing to stability in the Far East, and to enhancing its own trade position in that sphere...

...Abroad, they can be construed as acts of bad faith, unilaterally breaking the Shanghai Communiqu6 in which the U.S...

...While Mao's ideology was geared to internal necessity, preaching self-reliance and organized economic decentralization, it is destined to undergo rapid domestic changes...

...Mao had no taste for this propaganda style, as he explained in a conversation with Edgar Snow...

...Only last October, the Vatican Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples marked with special ceremonies the 50th anniversary of the consecration of the first six native Chinese Catholic bishops...

...They view the race for world domination between the U.S...

...What is the pragmatist line...

...Its children get into the universities and become the new educated ruling elite...

...Consultations with the Japanese are obviously indicated as are negotiations with the Philippines over our bases on their islands...

...Commonweal: 393 the wrongdoers...

...The two immense Chinese iron and steel works are .located in the midst of iron ore deposits and coal and coke mines...

...1, 1977, it would increase Chinese-language broadcasts aimed at the People's Republic of China, Taiwan and other Chinese-speaking peoples, but there is no indications of a warming trend in the cool atmosphere that surrounds the question of possible diplomatic---or any othermrapprochement between the Holy See and the Communist giant of Asia...

...The letter said similar prison leaves had been granted two other Jesuits...

...An exiled Belgian prelate, Bishop Charles Van Melchebeck, C.I.C.M., of Ningsia--now living in Singapore -----claimed that these "schismatic" bishops were duped by the Communists into believing they had been appointed by the Vatican and then used to further Communist purposes...

...are their best potential trading partners...

...Only last December, one of a few priests still functioning-at the Peking churchwtold a U.S...

...The Vatican yearbook still lists three archbishops and 17 bishops in mainland China, but L'Osservatore Romano, the Vatican daily newspaper, only last year estimated that no more than a dozen Catholic prelates are still alive in mainland China and the indication was that none is visibly active in an episcopal role...

...acknowledged 'that all Chinese on either side of the Taiwan Strait maintain there is but one China...

...The line since Mao's death indicates the dominance of the forces of order and discipline that had outnumbered him for years on the Central Committee and had simply awaited his death to come into their own...

...3) The Chinese were rebuffed by the Soviets also in their desire to expand into Siberia in search of additional arable land, even for temporary cultivation...

...The time is propitious, the proposition is popular on both sides...

...Lack of democratic dissent prevents any opposition from organizing challenge or change...

...No need to change the well-learned principles, just shift said that while there are probably 120 Chinese Jesuits still alive in mainland China, the society has definite news of only three of them--all in prison...

...forces and military installations from Taiwan...

...3) Washington should withdraw troops from and abrogate its security treaty with Taiwan signed in December 1954, ending these diplomatic ties, while arranging informal guarantees for the huge American investments there...

...24 lune 1977:394 Hua Kuo-feng, the new Party Chairman, puts him into a position to bridge the gap between the extreme factions...

...It was a pledge of fealty to the new pontiff...

...It is certain that the Vatican desires some sort of rapprochement with mainland Chinamthere is probably a master plan for China somewhere in a Vatican desk drawer--but prospects for any kind of workable relations are still quite dim, expert China-watchers contend...

...When asked whether the threat of nuclear destruction is not a significant deterrent, the Chinese parry that nuclear weapons might be avoided...

...I ) The U.S...

...I believe the break culminated over nationalist rivalries...

...Already the "Gang of Four" are dubbed derisively as "capitalist roaders," a term hitherto reserved for the former targets, Teng Sbiao-ping and Liu Shiao-chi...

...The setbacks suffered during last summer's devastating earthquakes stimulated the need for accelerated development...

...The new moderate leaders in China today seem geared to getting on with the job, and halting the disruptive political campaigns...

...In some measure, they unilaterally abrogated the defense pact with Taiwan of 1954 by executive fiat...

...There was good reason for the order of priorities that prevailed during the decade of Cultural Revolution...

...These internal changes will be wrought subtly now in the name of Mao's principles, inculcated in the masses by a pervasive network of propaganda organizations...

...While he remains celibate, celebrates the pre-Vatiean II Tridentine Latin Mass, administers Holy Communion and hears confessions, he totally accepts divorce and abortion and claims that the Vatican--to which he claims allegiance--"has always been a tool of imperialism...

...Four years ago, Cardinal Paul Yu Pin, exiled Archbishop of Nanking who is now rector of Fu Jen University in Taiwan, warned the Vatican that the People's Republic of China would not compromise its adamant anti-church and anti-religious policies "even for propaganda purposes...

...For instance: 1) Chinese resistance increased against attempted Soviet domination of the world Communist movement and particularly of the 25 tune 1977:396 Chinese...

...Vatican Radio at the time commented that the action of Pope Pius XI in 1926 had "opened a new era in the history of Catholic missionary work in general . . . definitively orienting missionary efforts toward the creation of indigenous churches" in mission lands...

...The Vatican yearbook lists him as "imprisoned for the faith...

...reciprocally releases frozen Chinese assets in the U.S...

...The theoretical analysis of this deviation from Lenin identifies the primacy of a new ruling class in the Soviet Union, namely, the bureaucracy...

...Its foreign policy implications, on the other hand, need no revision to serve the national imperatives...

...Listed in the Vatican yearbook as "imprisoned for the faith," he is the last bishop known to be named for the China mainland...

...4) Clashes erupted along the extensive undelineated border...

...The priest, identified as Father Fu Tin-shan, is one of about ten clergy who serve the lone Peking Catholic church and he exhibits a strange amalgam of Catholic background and Communist orientation...

...At home, these arms transfers look like Pentagon intrusion into foreign policy and fat subsidies for military contractors...

...The clause continues to reaffirm America's "interest in a peaceful settlement of the Taiwan question by the Chinese themselves" and it "affirms the ultimate objective of the withdrawal of all U.S...

...The USSR is consequently more likely to kindle war, in the Chinese view, than the U.S...

...news service correspondent that he loves the late Mao Tse-tung more than God because Mao "stopped our suffering" and changed the whole of China...

...The last "official" communication to Rome from a Catholic ecclesiastic in China was a letter from Father Dominic Chen, O.F.M., Apostolic Administrator of Suihsien, Hupeh province...

...They see the U.S...

...This elevated appointment seems to underpin the pragmatists who now control the People's Republic of China...

...Father Raymond de Jaegher, a former missionary in China now working in New York, explained that the Peking church is really the old Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, maintained by the government for the convenience of diplomats and foreign visitors...

...Prior to and during the Council in the early 1960's there were rumors of "schismatic" bishops being ordained in mainland China...

...It is a mere technicality that separates control from ownership...

...Commonweal: 397...

...All Masses are old-style because no Chinese bishops attended Vatican II or were allowed to adopt its reforms...

...The Chinese have a long way to go to catch up with Western technology and achieve Chou En-lai's goal of transition by the year 2000...

...He was sent as China's chief negotiator at the peace talks at Panmunjom in 1953, moving to Geneva the next year, where the terms coneluding the Korean War were signed...

...The color blindness provides an excellent opportunity for the U.S...

...The Chinese are striving mightily to break out of their diplomatic isolation...

...Other developments followed to round out the ideology...

...For all their efforts, the Chinese appear as if in a chess game on a vast board of world powers, with only pawns in hand for their moves...

...I~tente between the superpowers is illusory and functions merely as a smokescreen for an accelerated arms race...

...He said "forged documents" were involved and the so-called "schismatics:' may never know they are not true bishops of the Roman Catholic Church...

...2) The Chinese should settle outstanding claims of Americans over property seized there following the revolution, as the U.S...

...Finally, the Chinese say, the bureaucracy is a self-perpetuating class...

...Mao assigned paramountcy to agriculture...

...The two Soviet-designed bridges spanning the Yangtse at Nanking and Wuhan are double deckered to accommodate both vehicular and rail traffic...

...Eight hundred million people had to be fed...

...A Chinese Jesuit living in exile received a letter from his family saying that his brother, also a Jesuit, who had been sentenced to 20 years at hard labor, was granted a twoweek leave from prison to visit his family...

...Chinese-Soviet antipathy surfaced during the famine in mid-August 1960, when the Soviet experts withdrew overnight without warning, carrying with them blueprints for buildings, bridges and machines...

...I concluded that large industry was impossible of development on a grand scale, because the ponderous raw materials could not be carried to a central spot, nor could the finished products be distributed widely if they were bulky...

...They were consecrated personally by Pope Pius XI in St...

...4) Washington should stop rearming Taiwan with sophisticated weapons as begun in 1974 at the rate of some $200 million annually...

...does not challenge that position...

...He was also accused of having "excommunicated" Catholics who joined the association...

...2) The Chinese were irked at Soviet refusal to alleviate the famine by sharing their food supply, however limited...

...The second of these that I visited at Wuhan is situated at the junction of the Yangtse and Han rivers...

...The Pope did not expect or receive a reply...

...Hostility to the Soviet Union is the central feature...

...Last June, Pope Paul sent a letter to Bishop Peter Joseph Fan of Paoting, Chin-Yuan, offering congratulations on the 25th anniversary of his elevation to the episcopacy...

...Huang's credentials for heading the Foreign Ministry are manifest...

...promised t h a t " i t will progressively reduce its forces and military installations as the tensions in that area diminish...

...tion with blank spaces where the names of bishops should be and more blank spaces where the statistics of the diocese belong...

...and the USSR as primordial, making a third World War inevitable within the next quarter century, and likely within the decade...

...When they signed the accord on Feb...

...This domination would have dictated a Soviet technological course...

...imperialist thrust as blunted due to widespread domestic disillusionment over Vietnam...

...The problems of defense in the Far East are admittedly complicated and require diplomatic balance...

...Snow told me that Mao submitted to it at the start of the Cultural Revolution only in order to entice the masses to the new line over the heads of the rest of the Central Committee...

...They stress economic The Belgian priest, now attached technically to the Taipeh archdiocese in Taiwan, said the Communists reopened the cathedral in 1972 after the so-called "cultural revolution" (1966-70) and continue to maintain it...

...Light industry was developed as handmaiden, heavy industry relegated to a back burner...

...An editorial in the People's Daily of Sept...

...00000000000000 RICHARD E. MCMULLEN TBREE LEAVES Those three brown leaves scratching on their fragile tips inside the door where a breeze hurried them pause like children who've entered a desolate hou~--if I spoke now they would run...

...Actually, he leans toward the pragmatists, as did Chou En-lai, whose widow, Teng Ying-Chao, has gained simultaneous appointment as deputy chairperson of the Standing Committee of China's National People's Congross...

...The Chinese seem resolutely determined to redress remnants of 19th century imperialism, especially residual aspects of foreign domination such as borders drawn or provinces separated in that epoch...

...This rationale helps explain China's trade and credits to the military junta in Chile and her alliance with the CIA-backed forces in Angola and other African trouble spots...

...7 inveighs against the formation of rival groups and emphasizes "the need to increase production 25 times" in both agriculture and industry, whereas in the past, agriculture took precedence, relying on the abundant manual labor of the masses...

...A quick perusal of the yearbook's listing of residential Sees in China (over 125) results largely in a confrontaROBERT L. JOHNSTON is a member o] the staff o] Religous News Service...

...On the personal Ievel, his confidential relationship with both Mao and Chou, on a par also with THE CHURCH IN CHINA ROBERT L. JOHNSTON Vatican Radio recently announced that beginning Jan...

...He added that all legitimate bishops in China are either "underground," in prison, or working quietly among the people...

...5) Lastly, perhaps chiefly, the USSR, subscribing to non-proliferation well before agreements were signed with the U.S., refused point blank to share the nuclear bomb with the Chinese...

...I saw evidence of a dire shortage of transport wherever I went, despite the emphasis in Shanghai and elsewhere on truck manufacture...

...He said the church is administered by lay persons, all of whom are Communists and who control the clergy...

...The Chinese, however, now ignore class identification for imperialism, and substitute the new term "hegemonism," by which they mean what Webster's dictionary defines for hegemony, to wit, "preponderant influence or authority especially of a government or state...

...He directed his country's Foreign Ministry Departments for Western Europe and Africa for several years before going abroad again in 1960 as Ambassador to Ghana...

...But, Vatican Radio added, "these hopes were abruptly dashed by the tempest of religious persecutions systematically carried out by the Communist regime that came to power shortly after the end of World War II...

...This powerful group controls the means of production through its tight direction of the national plan...

...For three years beginning in 1950, Huang headed foreign affairs in Shanghai...

...28, 1972, Nixon and Kissinger opened the door to revived relations through which we are diplomatically bound to walk...

...He felt the survival of the revolution was at stake...

...Reportedly sentenced to 15 years in prison in 1960, the bishop was charged with refusing to attend a conference of the Communist-sponsored Patriotic Association of Chinese Catholics...

...If, however, they .should be employed as a last resort, the Chinese respond that "half of the human race will survive," meaning their half...

...Moreover, economic development can be speeded by investment of foreign capital...

...From this vantage point, he also performed liaison services for Americans desiring visas to visit China...

...For example, the chief point in foreign policy is denunciation of the Soviet Union as a "social imperialist superpower," a variant of the capitahst sort...

...Looking out of train and bus windows during my tour there, wherever we went I saw dilapidated carts overburdened with goods pulled by men or by puny horses or donkeys...

...China's foreign policy is intensely nationalistic...

...In one case, the carts were loaded with freshly quarried building stones and hauled 3 kilometers to a town where new housing was replacing squalid huts...

...I interviewed several qualified people during my week in Peking in search of elucidation...

...Japan and the U.S...

...that ownership is not sanctioned legally...

...The U.S...

...That was in 1958 and it came following the election of Pope John XXIII to the papacy...

...He had entered diplomatic work directly after the Communist accession to power...

...He made valuable contacts throughout West Africa, established embassies in Tanzania, Zambia, and elsewhere, and culminated his African career as Ambassador to Cairo...

...Typical of the Catholic Church's situation in China today is a recent report by the Society of Jesus which growth as against the disruptive political campaigns of the Cultural Revolution...

...The Standing Committee functions as a sort of executive body that formulates legislation and decrees, and makes major state appointments in the long intervals between the infrequent congressional sessions...

...Several are known to be in prison and several others have "retired...

...For our part, the U.S...

...He returned home after a decade's absence to find the Cultural Revolution in full sway, and devoted a year's time orienting himself to it before embarking on his next stint abroad, which brought him to the American continent...

...All other religious activity from that nation's rather miniscule Catholic population (some sources estimate it between 1 and 2 million) are non-existent or underground...