WORK WHILE YOU STUDY:

...work projects...

...As the 1972 Manpower Report to the Presi- students matriculating at that time chose LaGuardia bedent suggests, in the face of pressing financial demands, cause of the work/study program...

...At LaGuardia, for example, the student engaged in the From Plato's time,' people have recognized that con- program may begin to develop a sense of curiosity as fidence in oneself, the ability to make decisions, and the he or she begins to think about what type of work is capacity to express oneself are some of the prerequisites desired for the first internship-a reality only six months to an individual's learning in life...

...One through time instead of space...

...Workthat the workplace should consciously enter the learning ing "in the field" thus provides students with the improcess, some American colleges (and some high portant opportunity to distinguish between theory and schools) give credit for one's work experience...

...Conceivably, if the non- tuition and living fees, a considerable sum for most peouniversity agencies have a superior performance record, ple...

...some of his classmates who sometimes found their work As obvious as this attitude may seem, it may have boring and unrelated to the classroom discussions...

...student expenses add up to almost $800 over the 12 April 1974: 130 six-month period...

...Empire State will grant a substantial number of credits Economics provides a good example...

...The authors further suggest that skills, or reasoning ability-traits developed best in the these same goals should be the aim of redesigned schools classroom...

...of an interaction with an employer and fellow employees, The Special Tasks Force on Work recently released a as well as to gain insight into a social segment perhaps report proclaiming that the majority of American not previously considered...

...I have rather than the remainder of the vacancy...

...It scription...

...the slickest con man who ever lived...

...Without the capabilities of reaof critics like Ivan Illich and Paul Goodman that con- sonably objective observation and analysis, the addifining the educational process to colleges alone promotes tional experience of work may contribute little to one's too narrow a conception of learning...

...He admitted not having ercive confines of the classroom...

...Ideally, under arguments...

...of their program is unrewarding or boring usually comErikson observes in his famous work, Childhood and plain of the irrelevant content of the experience...

...One of the perience and, as much as possible, are expected to exgeneral aims of these experiments was to give the in- plore the connection between theory and practice in an dividual worker more responsibility in decision-making, academic area...

...A strong Presivictor of such a special election a full four-year term dent and a strong Congress are both necessary...

...Like the early history of scene alone would be worth the price of admission even the novel, the early stages in the history of the movies if nothing else in the film deserved a second glance...

...they're European...

...to Wire, from the time the first Chump gets the Boodle To emphasize the work/study formula's potential in until the Grifters put the Sting on the last Mark...

...disciplines contribute to the understanding and solving Sometimes referred to as the "college without walls," of problems...

...Students must express themselves General Foods plant in Topeka, Kansas, AT&T, Corning at these sessions...

...enjoys the opportunity to judge his or her skills in sec- Few, if any, scholars would, of course, argue that retarial science, computer programming and managerial school is an outmoded forum for learning...

...Something that interests us mainly because we portant function, perhaps the essential educational role, have never seen it before is, by definition, a novelty, by helping students to prepare for life, with its variety and novelties tend to wear off...

...What such enterform this broader role, their value should become greater tainment is not, not by itself anyway, is art...

...overlapping dialogue in the scene just described owes In other respects The Sting may be lacking, but it has much to Hawks, and in its general conception Thieves also obviously hit upon the sort of arcane subject that Like Us also seems not dissimilar to The Big Sleep...

...The cost of higher education is substantial...

...that expenditure of time and effort whose equivalent is We've also learned that business majors tend to be defined by a wage or a salary...

...After all, how can one assess a job's desira12 April 1974: 132 bility if one has difficulty fully understanding its de- a plot...

...such that to thoroughly understand our economic idioStudents at LaGuardia College in Long Island City, syncrasies, one needs to have explored sociological, New York, participate in the nation's first fully coopera- psychological and political theories as well...

...One can find evidence of this when attending workplace was redesigned to alleviate the deadening the periodic checks (or practicums) where advisors effects of the workplace, dramatic changes for the better monitor student attitudes and behavior patterns while took place...

...approximately 50 percent) and below a recent California estimate of their freshman attrition rate (36 percent...

...This is a sizable sum, especially when dent response to LaGuardia's program...

...Taking jobs reflects, among other things, a desire I questioned whether or not he thought he had learned for independence, action and services, as well as a something of the political interactions of people from need to escape the unreal, confining, and even co- the process of the other two jobs...

...express himself, to handle responsibility, and to make Perhaps this psychological association of work and decisions-characteristics which are the foundation of the earning of money is what underlies favorable stu- every political process...

...And that something is usually a personal 00000000000000 style that a director, or writer or painter, can impose on the subject he is dealing with...

...or how can one analyze one's experience on discloses all the trade secrets of confidence men from Bilk the job if he or she has trouble thinking methodically...

...In enjoyable...

...The student life- credit recent European experiments in work/study prostyle in Vienna allowed little time for work either during grams for holding promise of innovation for the better...

...inclination to view this proposal with alarm...

...It should ever both the office of President and the office of Vice help check the erosion of Congressional power by the President became vacant at the same time...

...Some notable experiments took place at the students are at work...

...The better a prototype of experiences...

...what the film is all about...

...Sanitation facilities must be built...

...But as Rogers and others point out to us, "hostesses" are hired at conventions to hand out prothe job market changes so rapidly that specific career motional material on computer hardware or beverage programs tend to become quickly outdated...

...another at Alexander's Department Store...

...that system, students would learn what they desire by Students attending private institutions must be prepared entering a contractual agreement with a university or to pay anywhere between $3500 and $5000 annually in some other educational agency...

...They generalize on their work exGlass, and the Bankers Trust Company...

...A questionnaire one also considers that the majority of LaGuardia stu- administered to the freshman class entered in the Spring dents come from families with annual incomes of less of 1972 found that approximately 65 percent of the than $8000...

...Good function by aiding students in getting their first job...

...moreover, racteristics of separating work and school...

...As his dramatic reading absorbs the the private lives of bank presidents and bank robbers gang members in their own notoriety, Altman intercuts are fascinating...

...This provision was law gressional approval, impoundment of funds, executive for some eighty years and, while the occasion never privilege...

...This seems to be a particuworkers at all occupational levels are discontented with larly important opportunity for young people lacking their work precisely because their jobs' routine denied major exposure to the vast world of work around them...

...We attend movies to marvel at the cunning desperadoes and bank robbers, is reciting an article of a latter-day Moll Flanders or to thrill at her degra- about his gang's exploits while they eat a meal at a dations...

...Jan Myrdal's and Gun Kessele's book, Even government attempts to promote involvement The Revolution Continued, vividly portrays how it has through summer work programs attract only a small per- been only recently through the work of the Red Guard centage of students...

...By providing these opportunspeak in a similar fashion...

...fact so much filmmaking has been devoted to this urge In the same manner, long after The Sting has been to be edified, the whole history of movies might be re- weighted down with Oscars and sunk into oblivion like garded as an extension of their first genre, the travelogue...

...Adding work to one's program does not thereIllich and Goodman argue, the educational process fails fore imply discarding scientific habits which classroom to aid in one's gaining knowledge of oneself and/or methods are probably better equipped to teach...

...In doing which unlike conventional educational procedures, works so, they've turned first to the workplace...

...In spite of tribal prejudices and modes of behavior must be dealt students' revolutionary zeal and an appealing ideology, with-tasks which took our American predecessors al- the Chinese government faced strong opposition in its most a century to accomplish...

...When I asked then, it's clear that study, as a use of one's mental en- him whether he thought his work complemented our ergies, qualifies as work, just as much as the physical classroom material, and whether he thought the work/ rigors of construction work...

...a gangster's victim into the East River, Robert Altman's A period film or costume drama is just a travelogue Thieves Like Us will still be a watchable movie...

...Iron- If one is fortunate enough to gain employment with ically, since the turn of the century, we have seldom obvious relevance to one's interests, it provides the opassociated the acquisition of these important traits with portunity to judge whether the field meets one's earlier an institutionalized education program developed for that expectations...

...must play an essential part in training students in disThey may be conceived of as responses to the claims criminative thinking...

...theoretical works of Hegel and Schopenhauer...

...Nevertheless, a common study approach to learning was a good idea, he resattitude shared by many students is that those who study ponded affirmatively...

...A liberal arts major may classroom probably takes on even more importance as test classroom theories in a variety of experiences such the workplace becomes involved in the educational proas high school counseling, assisting a professional re- cess...

...Northeastern Univer- falters when it tries to explain fully our current inflasity in Boston and Antioch College in Ohio have been tionary problems...

...Such schools thus encourage Beyond answering critics, the scholar may cite other sociology or agricultural science majors to begin with reasons to extend educational horizons...

...Whether walking around the world reject the idea that working and study- through the inner-city streets or on a holiday mountain ing are complementary experiences...

...Center Magazine, namely, member spent over $126 a month to attend a college that as the "dominant educational institution, they which has no major fees...

...New practice and to determine for themselves how different York State's Empire State College is one such example...

...Even though all have the beneLasch reminds us, leaders of the compulsory education fit of an experienced faculty advisor, the students must movement in the 19th century, Horace Mann and Henry weigh in their own minds and then decide what type Barnard, felt that schools' foremost tasks should be the of work may or may not be useful to them...

...Both the Presidency and the Congress would arose for its utilization, its existence should dispel any be strengthened in the process...

...Before the first work internship, (schools) become pedagogically perverse...

...towns must be planned...

...In addition to the above reasons, there are clearly Those of Illich's persuasion suggest that our society other considerations which figured in the inauguration should consider deschooling itself completely...

...interesting implications when one considers it in con- The students who do report that the work aspect junction with theories of the psychoanalyst Erik Erikson...

...In have been preoccupied with showing us how some other this scene one of the three protagonists, who are 1930s half lives...

...Further- services or whatever is being sold...

...For example, I am acquainted a tendency to rebel...

...The more Take the case of African students, for example...

...roads Even Chinese students have displayed European chamust be constructed...

...Three whose movements are predetermined...

...Before that discussion, it is useful to mention Even if the work is less clearly related to one's acathe results of experiments which dealt with redesigning demic goals, the student stands to gain the experience the workplace itself...

...important than instruction in academic subjects...

...Thus a business major scholarly tools of analysis...

...Paul developing one's interpersonal skills is not to deny what Newman and Robert Redford have been hired to demonsome regard as the program's essential mission: job strate this science on the same theory that curvaceous placement...

...Berkeley anthropolgist George Pettitt thinks Erikson He served three internships: one on the McGovern is correct...

...Certainly the way Altman choreographs Direction and Best Costume Design...

...I recently surveyed my Economics students at (and probably the common point among critics) is LaGuardia Community College, a tuition-free branch of what philosopher Robert McClintock noted recently in the City University, and found that the average class an article for the Jan.-Feb...

...The strain is almost equal for many attending public It seems that underlying most of this criticism of schools colleges...

...alienation, and, at the same time, explaining why stu- Besides giving exposure to students and promoting dents everywhere have traditionally shunned the as- their practice in decision-making, the process of work/ sociation of work with study...

...submitted my proposed Amendment in the hope that it More important than the actual removal of a Presi- will stimulate serious study and thoughtful discussion...

...As work/study programs come to per- is, the sooner it becomes a stereotype...

...Experts in vartheir personal experiences when forming generalizations ious academic disciplines, particularly in the social rather than beginning with theory first...

...Perhaps even more it is almost a necessity for a student to work regardless indicative that the program enjoys student popularity of whether he or she attends a private or public institu- is the fact that LaGuardia's attrition rate (29.4 percent tion...

...had become there...

...To us bank clerks in Hollywood's audience, relative's home...

...teristically African...

...WORK WHILE YOU STUDY JOEL C. MILLONZI The workplace enters the learning process Peculiar as it may seem, students in most places the academic year or between terms...

...Although perto the student able to demonstrate that his or her work haps the most advanced of the social sciences, economics has been a source of knowledge...

...Yet, despite the magnitude attempt to show that work and study are compatible and immediacy of these and commensurate projects, most paths to knowledge...

...The recent of work/study experiments...

...This should guage of Article II, section 1, clause 5, so as to give lessen Presidential arrogance, and induce a President Congress the option of calling a special election when- to consult and cooperate with the Congress...

...Moviemakers discovered is the way Defoe wrote Moll's narrative, not what she early that audiences enjoy finding out how other people says but how she says it, that still makes the book behave or how otherwise inaccessible places look...

...In describing the workplace as "dull, repetitive, Educational Review notes, represent the "hidden or unseemingly meaningless" and limited in opportunities for taught curriculum (which) probably has a greater longself-improvement, the report, entitled Work in America, term effect on students than the formal planned learning probably goes a long way toward explaining worker program...

...of his field, Oskar Morgenstern recently urged his fellow What this means is that every student, whether a liberal economists "to look freshly at the economy as a living arts or a business major, serves an "internship" at work and changing organism, not as a clockwork orange, optimally related to his or her course of study...

...Just pulls moviegoers into theaters...

...Incidentally, Our system needs measures to prevent a continuing the same act also appears to have intended to give the downward spiral of government vitality...

...complished when the premise is that work and study do Commonweal: 129 go hand in hand...

...Regretfully, very many of us ities schools and colleges may accomplish what the early forget about or put too little emphasis on pragmatic leaders of the mass education movement intended them learning...

...Recently, I met one of my Economics stuthe use of energy, a definition which many physicists dents on the subway as he was returning from his instill apply to the word...

...Professor Pettitt states that much of modern day youth's and a third in conjunction with New York City's Adrecidivism may in fact be the result of denying youth diction Services Administration...

...schools would become a less popular place for learning...

...One thing that portunities to fill positions that are not of a long-term has struck some of us at LaGuardia has been the funda- nature, but that are usually long enough to give employmental misunderstanding of the term `work.' In this essay ers a good chance to decide whether to offer the student as well as in general usage, work is simply a term for full-time positions after graduation...

...Acting upon President--excessive delegation of powers to the Presithis authority, the Congress in the Act of March 1, 1972, dent, use of executive agreements not requiring ratifidealing with Presidential succession, did provide for a cation rather than treaties, making war without Conspecial election in that event...

...the program becomes equally, if not more, important The authors of Work in America suggest that rede- than it has traditionally been...

...It opens with the camera focused on a two-tone the woman of the house instructs her son just before the pair of shoes, as if Hill were anxious to assure us from article begins to speculate on how the bank robbers will the very first shot that little period touches like this are probably die...

...Close involvesuch internships are required for three out of eight man- ment with the workplace then, has served to sharpen datory quarters of attendance...

...when an accounting major told me that her internship More will be said below about the acquisition of per- in that field disappointed her, and that she'd have to sonal traits which may take place during work/study choose a new major in the business area...

...Commonweal: 131 It's somewhat ironic to hear a veteran in college at if educational programs are to share in ending the cry one moment deriding his military experience as a boring of boredom from the American people...

...It is a slide talk on how to run the Big Con...

...One takes satisfaction to see that sufficient information necessary for a dialogue on theory most of these experiments brought about improved yields, and practice...

...with a liberal arts major whose interests lie in politics...

...No one would read THE SCREEN Moll Flanders anymore just to get the straight poop on eighteenth-century England or be titillated by the confessions of a strumpet...

...Apparently, these viewed those positions in that light...

...In Denmark, for example, students at- Listening to their critics, educators are attempting tending a folk school undergo an educational process to broaden their vision of the learning process...

...Seldom, Society, that youths deprived of the opportunity to per- however, is that learning which is derived from the work form activities which are adult-like sometimes display process reflected upon...

...programs...

...The financial necessity of discussion of applying the voucher system to education students comes close to the top of the more popular was a step in deemphasizing schooling...

...it ability to provide information...

...that the Chinese have accepted work as a dignified form As mentioned, these student attitudes are not charac- of learning...

...Its essential definition, more satisfied with their work placements than liberal however, derives from the Greek word ergon and means arts majors...

...them opportunities to develop and use these character Such interpersonal skills, as an article in the Harvard traits...

...The Scandinavian folk schools which mix the two eleJOEL C. MILLONZI is an assistant professor of social sciences ments are an interesting example of what can be acat Fiorello H. LaGuardia Community College on Long Island...

...Given this fact, many in academic and non- in the Spring, 1972) has been significantly lower than academic circles seek to integrate these work experiences that of the City University at large (recently reported at into the total educational process...

...It does not really have as Hawks cannot be bothered to show us most of the a plot so much as an exposition arranged to look like murders in his crime melodrama, Altman cannot be Commonweal: 133...

...As with separation of the vocational from the academic...

...He did see, however, part-time jobs are of great importance to many stu- how the work aspect of his program could be helpful dents who derive considerable benefit from such in nurturing self-discipline, confidence, the ability to early work experience...

...The dynamics of the workplace are pioneers in work/study programs...

...Art requires and their appeal more universal...

...Hence, authors learning...

...In fact, as Christopher away from matriculation...

...the substance of that job to his classroom theories, but David Rogers recently illuminated this point again he admitted being relatively unhappy with the other two in an article entitled "Vocational and Career Education...

...shots of the kids fidgeting and the women inattentively George Roy Hill's The Sting has classic appeal of this fussing over the meal...

...In fact, the science in a true work situation...

...from practice to theory...

...Using the fundamental definition, ternship in a Manhattan banking house...

...While studying at If in fact we hold European traditions responsible for the University of Vienna a few years ago, I observed the dichotomy of work and study, we must, in fairness, this phenomenon in Europe's backyard...

...as the song says...

...study programs may aid one in developing communicaIt should come as little surprise then, that when the tion skills...

...It's equally strik- from the process as well as from the substance transing to hear students returning from their internships mitted in the classroom...

...In a critique tive educational program at the junior college level...

...The film has now been nomi- Big Sleep while making his own Raymond Chandler nated for ten Academy Awards, and it has clearly film, The Long Goodbye, Altman may still have Hawks worked hard to cop at least two of those, Best Art on his mind...

...which held education, particularly in universities, a pro- Indeed, student youth hostels may symbolize Europe's cess properly to be set aside from the workplace...

...Writing in his book, Prisoners of Culture, campaign...

...Many pragmatic discourses of people like Schiller and James of them attend universities in nations facing enormous seldom found their way into our cafe house exchanges...

...In those areas scholarship and One thing we have always liked movies for is their pornography long ago surpassed Defoe's novel...

...Work/study programs, then, perform an important "That's en - ter - tain - ment...

...science, generally agree that many theories have difficulty Today, in the United States, as a sign of recognition in withstanding empirical conditions of workplace...

...one in which he learned little substantively, and at the As mentioned above, the design of work/study pronext moment acknowledging its worth as a process which grams provides students with an opportunity to learn encouraged discipline and confidence...

...He enjoyed the Mca chance to work for money, a major adult activity Govern campaign work because he could readily relate which many students somehow see as unrelated to study...

...from the often chaotic workplace of a social worker, Programs of work/study like LaGuardia's (discussed bankteller, or epidemiologist, the classroom experience more fully below) have come about for several reasons...

...One has only to read of efforts to African university students show a characteristic sim- establish Chinese Labor Universities in the late 1950s ilarity with their peers in other lands in postponing con- to catch a glimpse of how strongly embedded this notion frontation with these problems until after graduation...

...Yes sir, The Sting is more, the statistics show that many who do learn parti- one smooth operation, and director Hill is as slick as cular skills frequently end up in quite different work...

...So Far Despite negative attitudes toward young workers shown by many employers nationally, those associated A pertinent question which needs to be asked with with LaGuardia's program have tended to welcome regard to work/study programs is: What have we student workers...

...as it is, though, it must be admitted to have its limithey can, however, perhaps perform an even more im- tations...

...From then on its attention Because he was thinking about Howard Hawks' The to such details never flags...

...This attitude may visit, one could sense the popular sympathy and accombe attributed to those vestiges of European tradition modation for the student whose only vacation was study...

...He intimated, however, that I don't make money and therefore, from their viewpoint, would probably get less than a favorable response from are not working...

...The potential benefit of signing the General Foods plant led to maintaining the the process outlined above is clearly beyond the reach workers' "curiosity," "self-confidence," "love of learn- of those without adequate verbal facility, mathematical ing," and "competence...

...something more durable than information-something inimitable, something that will still seem unique and original after the mere information has become old-hat GROPERS & SLICKSTERS or obsolete...

...This was the case recently, for example, purpose...

...The program affords employers oplearned from these experiments thus far...

...society...

...experiences because their substance was not to him Citing evidence in the 1972 Manpower Report on work/ manifestly political...

...For in order to draw out meaning satisfactorily searcher, or working on a political campaign...

...For this reason, the classroom aspect of minimal waste and avoidance of shutdowns...

...They were O.K., but not great," study students, Rogers notes: he said...

...I can many European mores, this tradition remains as cultural remember student preference for conversations on the baggage in nations inheriting continental models...

...development of these personal traits, "tasks far more While on the job, the analytical process continues...

...Use your bread as a pusher," sort...

...along with opportunities and rewards for learning and Some have difficulty articulating their opinion or lack performing new tasks...