LIBERATING PORTUGUESE AFRICA:
Carney, Joseph P.
LIBERATING PORTUGUESE AFRICA JOSEPH...
...Particularly in Southern Africa verbal denounce- tugal...
...Major objectives to follow the demands that Portugal will now place on of the plan are to accelerate the development of mineral Gulf Oil Company in relation to a 50 percent output resources, primarily with private money, to strengthen of crude oil...
...The press of the United States does tugal reluctantly has had to assign a major role to foreign little to feature the tragedy of Southern Africa...
...investment into the Portuguese economy is estimated at $360 million annually...
...Villot recalled that in July ances, which he regarded as basically subservient to the 1973 Pope Paul VI publicly defended the right of misPortuguese government's policy of suppression in its sionaries to speak out about "crimes against defenseless African colonies...
...VI received in audience Augustino Neto of MPLA, Mar- Father Hastings was called to testify before the United celino dos Santos of FRELIMO and Amilcar Cabral of Nations on July 20, 1973 when he concluded: "The PAIGC, the three leaders of the liberation movements Portuguese Government is not alone in the world and I in Angola, Mozambique and Guinea-Bissau in the sum- appeal to the world, particularly to those countries which mer of 1970...
...foreign policy toward Angola, Mozambique to the European press by Angolan and Mozambican and Guinea-Bissau changed from one of "benign neg- freedom fighters and rural farmers...
...But what seems most important main tax base-its middle-class families...
...Basic reading for any- The conscience of Christians within the United States Commonweal: 81 has little information and leadership on which to form Mozambique on December 16, 1972 (as testified to by a proper judgment...
...On July 10, 1973 Almost four years later the situation in Angola, MoFather Adrian Hastings secured international headlines zambique and Guinea-Bissau has only grown worse...
...several easily identifiable U.S...
...crucial role of private investment assigned to foreign Jennifer Davis has documented some 25 U.S...
...years...
...In Angola 57.3 percent vember 28, 1973 the Arab nations in the Middle East will come from Portuguese investment sources, but only announced an embargo on oil to Portugal, Rhodesia 7.9 percent (about $70 million) from the Portuguese and South Africa...
...This past President of the Pontifical Commission on Justice and summer, Rev...
...American, Roman-on the relation of justice and peace The self-interest of the United States foreign policy to the gospel of Jesus Christ...
...When added to the $436 million promised to Portugal from 1971-73 through the U.S...
...on the contrary, hundreds of new office towers, tinual subway building since World War 11-they went high-rise apartment buildings and government and insti- along with the Boomtown ethos, using the alleged ecotutional structures dramatically changed not only To- nomic benefits as their rationale...
...to use the Azores as a NASA tracking September 24, 1973...
...herbicides to Portugal and South Africa Economic Interests and Decolonization (Office of Public since 1969, and their use to intensify the colonial war- Information, United Nations, New York, 1969...
...foreign policy...
...no development, opponents and growth have not only slowed down, but the kind argued that the real issue was the quality of development of development and growth the city will experience in the that would take place...
...The exsocial justice...
...It is evident also that the trend is towards Portugal's Second 500-year Plan in Africa...
...is gradually becoming has been reduced to that of a junior partner, while the aware and politicized on the question through the leadgiant companies of Western Europe and America might ership of the Black Caucus in Congress...
...Agreement...
...Policy bique, Angola and Guinea-Bissau...
...mentioned in the western presses...
...people...
...der the leadership of their Superior General, Fr...
...Not only was much of the new future may be drastically different from the past...
...Catholics were also ent a number of Spanish and Portuguese missionaries reminded that they have an obligation to exert their have borne witness to the several massacres of Mozam- influence for justice not only in the business field but bican people...
...be called the new senior partner...
...cities, the suburban expansion was not ac- Although Toronto planners were better than their Amercompanied by economic deterioration in the central ican counterparts-there has been, for example, concore...
...is currently spending over $1 million a year on the The pleasant exception is the year of 1962 when Adlai training of Portuguese military personnel...
...Marcelino dos tary training with it, which protect its interests in the Santos is the successor of Eduardo Mondlane who was United Nations, whose commercial companies pour the leader of Mozambique's FRELIMO before he was money into the Cabora Bassa project only a very few assassinated in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania on February miles from Wiriyamu-I appeal to those countries .. . 3, 1969...
...The Mozambique Liberation station and air base...
...When the private investments in Liberation of Angola (MPLA) is active in guerrilla Cabindan oil, Angolan coffee, Mozambican cashew nuts, warfare in 40 percent of that nation...
...The African Commonweal: 79 Party for the independence of Guinea and Cape Verde out Congressional approval, President Nixon granted (PAIGC) now controls three-fifths of the small nation Portugal over $436 million loans through the Exportof Guinea-Bissau (which was proclaimed an independent Import Bank for a two-year renewal of the contract which state from within the country by leaders of PAIGC on allows the U.S...
...Mozam- coffee, sisal and other resources, plus the essential factor bique has an African population of 7,176,000 and of the cheap human labor provide an export-import 150,000 whites...
...racies go...
...And in 1971, what had become known ment buildings are torn down for high-rise, "luxury" as the "citizens' movement" scored a major victory when the Ontario government reversed the municipal decision PETER FREIBERG is a staff writer for the New York Post special- to build another downtown road, the Spadina Expressizing in urban affairs...
...When the in American cities, has been geared not to social needs old City Hall faced demolition, citizen action persuaded but to profits...
...condemnations vs...
...Her own position black community in the U.S...
...When one considers the amount in 1961, the initial year of African rebellions, $288.5 of herbicides exported to Portugal, South Africa, the million in arms and military training...
...Gulf Oil Company must also promise Portugal 50 percent of its total output of crude oil, if Portugal deems it necessary in an emergency...
...The other 42.7 percent ($283 mil- its oil supply from the Arab nations...
...Waterfront construction before the war, a small-townish city of mostly private threatens to block off Lake Ontorio from the city...
...The Plan envisages a total tions presently at work in Angola and Mozambique, describing their basic contractual agreements with the Portuguese government, the largest being Gulf Oil Company which pays an annual royalty payment and tax of $60 million a year to Portugal for its investment in Angola...
...Portugal had received 80 percent of government itself...
...Government and the Export-Import Bank in the Azores Base Agreement, the total financial investment target of $5.85 billion, $4.3 billion in metro- outlay from the United States to Portugal reaches appolitan Portugal and $1.5 billion in the "overseas prov- proximately $500 million annually-some $100 million inces...
...African resistance and has arrived at a focal point of change, wherein there rebellion has become more organized...
...Exxon Oil Company had in 1973 negotithe basic infrastructure and to improve standards in ated with Portugal a royalty to explore for oil off its agriculture and animal husbandry...
...Moderate-rent homes and small apart- the city to save it...
...to realize that by continuing to do this, by closing their Paul VI's reception of the liberation leaders was per- eyes to the genocidal policy of the Portuguese governhaps only a symbolic move, but for an institution which ment . . . they have taken onto their own hands the has close religious and political links with Portugal ac- blood of the women and children of Wiriyamu...
...in the Times of London by releasing his statement about The intensity of the wars of suppression has greatly inthe massacre of 400 people in the village of Wiriyamu, creased...
...Opponents in Toronto is the conviction of many residents that the pointed to studies showing that the cost of providing runaway Boomtown development to which the city has services to highrise projects equaled or surpassed the been subject threatens the stability of its neighborhoods taxes received...
...Paul VI to discuss the Catholic Church's accord with Msgr...
...of national liberation in the three countries...
...He cited the increasing volume of the one interested is the United Nations' booklet on Foreign sale of U.S...
...The World Council of Churches has the two Spanish Borgos Missionaries, Fr...
...totalitarian states in Southern many...
...and therefore is dangerous to the city as a whole...
...The total private U.S...
...To be "assimilated" a person must be 18 The tragic slave system from the 15th century to 1830, years of age, speak fluent Portuguese, have a guaranteed the forced labor system from 1830 to 1960, and the yearly income, submit certificates of birth, residence, contract "volunteer" labor system of present times, all health, education and loyalty to the Portuguese governmake one realize that it was and is the first C of Com- ment, various character witnesses and registration taxes...
...that solidarity that we put an instrument of action at profile in Africa has followed the historical initiative the disposal of our American friends, who are also and leadership of European nations and allies in NATO now allies...
...The ica in exploiting the mineral resources and cheap labor U.S...
...to Portugal will reach close to $500 million ments of private capitalism...
...In 1961 African nationalists began wars Seminary in New York...
...In the United States, the Catholic Church has not been Van Asten, withdrew 39 priests and more than 100 markedly concerned about the cause of social justice in Brothers after 25 years of service in Mozambique in Angola, Mozambique and Guinea-Bissau and the role protest of the Portuguese government's policy and what of U.S...
...While Boomtown advocates presented town thinking is under attack in Toronto...
...against the banning of herbicides as a means of interOne can also document more than just a vacuum of national warfare, the United States and Portugal...
...3.6 percent of the total tional economy...
...By that executively signed agreement with- 8574), to ban exportation of all herbicides to Portugal 29 March 1974: 80 and South Africa...
...annually...
...in Rhodesia, and the labor systems in Portugal training of the army, navy and especially air force perAfrica were followed up with a vacuum of non-action sonnel takes place both in the United States and Gerin U.S...
...That same year, many groups involved in the Commonweal: 83...
...colonial governments and their policies designed to Portugal has recently embarked on its Third Devel- perpetuate the exploitation of the indigenous inopment Plan of 1968-1973, sometimes referred to as habitants...
...U.S...
...merce, which pinpoints Portugal's identity in Africa...
...She becomes all military cooperation with the white minority regimes a counter-witness in a country which openly proclaims in Southern Africa and to exert the strongest possible itself Catholic and protector of the Church but in the influence to effect racial equality in that area...
...Catholic Asten wrote at the time: "A Church of silence, a muz- Conference did issue a statement to combat racial diszled Church can remain a worthwhile sign in a regime crimination...
...Partly, development aesthetically displeasing, they said, but the this is due to the economic downturn in Canada, along social disruption it caused was driving out the city's with the energy crisis...
...Mozambique and Guinea-Bissau...
...and Portugal are mitigating secular world in Africa have been speaking for fifteen against justice for 96 percent of the African population...
...Perfectly sound ofexcept Los Angeles, Toronto was the epitome of the fice buildings are demolished because the land can be Boomtown era of the 1950s and '60s...
...The United States training of Portuguese military ments of the injustice of apartheid in South Africa, personnel has been a constant since 1961...
...government to cut off where the Church is officially persecuted...
...for commercial reasons in past times speak for them- Military suppression is basically effected by Portugal selves, but it is interesting to note that Portugal's per by the maintenance of 150,000 Portuguese troops in these three countries and an annual military expenditure FATHER JOSEPH P. CARNEY, M.M., is a member of the Maryknoll of $400,000,000+, which exceeds 50 percent of its Society's Board of Education and vice-president of Maryknoll annual budget...
...In one This conviction, which led to the election of a neigh- downtown neighborhood, Trefann Court, community borhood-oriented Mayor and City Council in 1972, is pressure brought about the first urban renewal project in based on sound evidence...
...ronto's skyline but its quality of life...
...Such items receive an adequate coverage also among political leaders and government officials, in the press of the developing world, but are scarcely as well as the media and organs of public opinion...
...Cabral was assassinated in Conakry, the regard Portugal as an ally, which share arms and miliRepublic of Guinea on January 20, 1973...
...In the 1960's, the American policy toward Portugal United States foreign policy in Africa has traditionally in Africa was one of hesitation and ambivalence but followed the lead of her European allies in that sphere Prime Minister Marcello Caetano in 1971 described the of influence...
...Theo...
...Assimilation refers Portugal's five-hundred-year history in Africa offers a to that official recognition of a man in the Lusitanian certain perspective to understand the psychological mal- community with the so-called "privileges" of being Poradjustment of the Portuguese national identity to its tuguese citizens, who even though they were born and colonial endeavors in Africa...
...while Guinea-Bissau has an African population which Portugal would not be able to sustain her naof 800,000 and 3,000 whites...
...It did not take long for headway to be made...
...Julio Moure) by timing its release with situation and in August 1970 it gave a grant of $200,000 the visit of Prime Minister Marcellos Caetano to England to the liberation movements in Southern Africa for on the occasion of the 600th anniversary of the alliance medical facilities and educational facilities...
...foreign policy and private settlers from Portugal, while little attention has been financial capital in aiding Portugal to suppress wars of given to the problems of traditional African agriculture...
...Development in Toronto, as which there was significant local participation...
...as they struggled to maintain political and economic Military aid reflecting this alliance of the United stability in former African colonies during the transition States and Portugal is more specific if harder to trace periods of nationalism and independence in the past two and identify through the various aid programs to Pordecades...
...It is an an increasingly close relationship between foreign elaborate development plan to systemize and order eco- economic interests and the Colonial Powers, with nomic development at home in Portugal and in the the former granting loans and financial assistance "overseas provinces...
...companies to be displayed The U.S...
...The barbarism of the Portuguese military has 29 March 1974: 82 become more commonly known...
...What had been, resold for enormous gains...
...Joseph Gremillion of Alexandria, Louisiana, and Portugal in Africa and he also read into the Congres- the secretary of the Pontifical Commission on Justice and sional Record of the United States the Missionary Ac- Peace responded in a letter to the Dutch hierarchy that cord of 1940 and the Missionary Statute of 1941, while Cardinal Jean Villot, the papal secretary of state, had testifying before the House Subcommittee on Africa on told him that the bishops of the Portuguese African July 23, 1973...
...Less than a total of 1 percent of the total African popuThe exploitation of slavery and a forced labor system lation in three countries have been assimilated...
...Angola will receive $863.1 million of this invest- above Portugal's military-security expenditure...
...It fare in Angola and Mozambique...
...foreign policy must be a thorough reappraisal of a policy which will and concrete military aid to Portugal has grown more build peace both in Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bisfavorable...
...Under the guise of exported $57,330 worth of herbicides to Portugal in being a responsible member of NATO and instrumental 1969...
...It was generally agreed that he was referring On May 15, 1971 the White Father Missionaries un- to missionary reports of massacres in Mozambique...
...The dichotomy of the independent African sau, and also within the United States itself, where it is nations and Portugal and her allies has reached a greater becoming more and more apparent that economic and chasm at the United Nations...
...Stevenson was Ambassador at the UN and John F. Ken- At the United Nations in 1971 only two nations voted nedy was the President...
...Unlike ing commercial and industrial growth in the suburbs...
...way...
...The bill is presently documents well the interlocking directories and combines tabled before the Subcommittee on International Trade of industrial corporations of Western Europe and Amerof the House Committee on Banking and Currency...
...To homes was transformed into the dynamic center of an funnel commuters downtown, a network of expressways expanding metropolis that now contains 2.25 million was built, destroying valleys and homes and discouragpeople-more than 10 percent of all Canadians...
...While United States foreign policy toward Portugal in Angola, involved in the Vietnam war itself at the time, the U.S...
...add an additional $300 million dollars maintain its war of suppression against these liberation annual investment in Portuguese Africa, it means that movements without the sympathetic understanding and over a two-year period, the total financial outlay from active aid of its allies in NATO and the economic invest- the U.S...
...For years, this rationale went largely unchallenged...
...liberation in Southern Africa is little known by the In the struggle to maintain her colonial empire, Por- American public...
...It might be best summed up that Washing- Azores Base Agreement in this way: "The Treaty is a ton has followed policies in Africa which pursued a goal political act in which the solidarity of interests between of a minimal amount of trouble purchased with a mini- the two countries is recognized and it is in the name of mum amount of time, money and energy...
...to Portugal for the pur- It is clear that the whole of Southern Africa is chase of a 747 Boeing Jumbo Jet was through the Ex- threatened by an interlinking system of international port-Import Bank for a value of $12.1 million this economic interests which support the minority past summer...
...Angola 5,528,000 Africans and 350,000 relation of raw goods and finished products without whites...
...It urged the U.S...
...cording to the Missionary Accord of 1940 and the Mis- In August, 1973, Cardinal Bernard Alfrink, on behalf sionary Statute of 1941, it was a sudden and bold de- of the Dutch Bishops, wrote to Cardinal Maurice Roy, parture from ordinary diplomatic channels...
...Portugal is now spending roughly $400 million annually for its military-security expenditures in MozamU.S...
...Canon Burgess Carr, General Secretary Peace, to urge the Vatican to support the efforts of of the All Africa Conference of Churches visited Pope missionaries aiding black Africans in Mozambique...
...Vicente Belong been a source of factual information about the renver and Fr...
...Portugal could not tourism, etc...
...The United States has trained over 475 PortuAfrica...
...also in a major change of policy has authorized of the indigenous people for enormous profits for themthe sale of Boeing 707 aircraft to the Portuguese for the selves and the status quo of colonial governments...
...The maintains that: most recent loan from the U.S...
...corporacapital in that investment...
...many U.S...
...By 1970 $343,980 worth of herbicides were exin the defense of Western Europe against "cold war" ported to Portugal with an additional $114,160 in 1971 Communism, Portugal received from the United States and $150,640 in 1972...
...LIBERATING PORTUGUESE AFRICA JOSEPH P. CARNEY A crisis point for U.S...
...The white man's mission- raised in the "overseas" provinces of Mozambique, Anary burden to "Christianize and educate, to nationalize gola and Guinea-Bissau are able to vote in the Lisbon and civilize" was often summed up for Portugal in the elections, a dubious distinction at best as far as democthree C's of Commerce, Civilization and Christianity...
...All Cathlong run uses the Church for aims which have nothing olics responsible for investment funds were asked to use to do with the gospel of Jesus Christ...
...This slacked off Portuguese governments of Angola and Mozambique to $34.7 million dollars in military arms during the years from 1969-72, its total value for those three years is of 1962-1969, but the slack in exporting military equip- $10,905,087...
...populations are Portuguese and less than 1 percent of The basic socio-political structure which enables Porthe populations are assimulados, those Africans who tugal to maintain such economic domination of its colohave been "privileged" to be assimilated into Portuguese nies is one of military suppression, whitewashed with culture and citizenship...
...Development the issue as development vs...
...It was a total equivalent to four Front (FRELIMO) controls two of the northern prov- times all the Export-Import Bank's assistance to Porinces of Mozambique and the Peoples Movement of the tugal since 1946...
...It will be interesting lion) is to come from foreign sources...
...He asked the Congress to act within its territories and the Vatican had repeatedly expressed their power to effect the abolition of such Church-State alli- disapproval of all violence...
...The investors in the future of her colonies...
...Military U.D.I...
...Congressman Charles lect" to that of active interest and full cooperation with Rangle on June 11, 1973 introduced into the House Portugal in 1971 with the signing of the Azores Base The Chemical Warfare Prevention Act of 1973 (H.R...
...Prophetic voices of the political relations of the U.S...
...RETREAT FROM BOOMTOWN PETER FREIBERG The cult of moreness comes under attack in Toronto Perhaps more than any other North American city towers geared to well-to-do singles...
...the International Affairs Committee of the U.S...
...It purpose of transporting troops to and from Africa...
...It is not uncommon for butylester herbiment to Portugal was picked up by West Germany and cide canisters with NATO markings and produced by France...
...However, on March 21, 1971, they regarded as the ambiguity of the Church's position...
...If one has the time, he can catalogue an Ameri- guese officers and men in the United States from 1968can voting record at the United Nations from 1960 to 73, and Congressman Charles C. Diggs, Chairman of the present, which abstains or votes negative on con- the House Subcommittee on Africa, estimates that the demnations of colonial governments in Southern Africa...
...A low U.S...
...their influence to bring about reforms in South Africa, More recently from the summer of 1971 to the pres- Rhodesia and Portuguese Africa...
...policy and Catholic Church teaching on social justice The wars of liberation in the Portuguese colonies of capita income of £ 70-84, which has long been the Mozambique, Angola and Guinea-Bissau in Africa are lowest in Western Europe, can only be maintained with building to a crisis point for both the United States the aid of strict mercantile relationships of the African foreign policy and the Catholic Church's teaching on "overseas provinces" with the mother country...
...It throws an interesting light on to the latter, which in turn provide facilities for Portugal's view of its colonial development and the foreign capital...
...projects involving the recent large immigration of white The role of official U.S...
...On Noment and Mozambique $585.5...
...cellent African natural wealth of rubber, diamonds, oil, The populations of Mozambique, Angola, and Guinea- iron ore, as well as palm oil, peanuts, sugar, cotton, Bissau are more than 96 percent native African...
...Today, a quarter century after the transformation be- But by the mid-1960s, opposition was beginning to surgan, the cult of moreness that is the essence of Boom- face in Toronto...
...Pope Paul between Portugal and England...
...Similar voices within the Catholic Church are just The Catholic Church must speak as one voice-lay beginning to be heard in Angola, Mozambique, Guinea- people, clergy, hierarchy, African, Portuguese, North Bissau, Portugal and the United States...
...a political strategy of assimilation...
...In general, to date, African colonies-New York Times, November 28, fund allocations in this latter area have been given to 1973...
Vol. 100 • March 1974 • No. 4
