George Orwell as a Traditionalist

...Not having power, the intellectual came to worship it...

...In a sense, this is Orwell's last muted hurrah for the working class...

...At one point, speaking about disproportions between supply and demand in wartime, he said: "In a Socialist economy these problems do not exist...

...He weakened their [the Left's] belief in their own ideology, made them ashamed of their cliches, left them intellectually more scrupulous and more defenseless...

...In "A Nation of Shopkeepers" British socialism is described thus: "It will not be doctrinaire...

...in moments of supreme crisis the whole nation can suddenly draw together and act upon a species of instinct, really a code of conduct which is understood by almost everyone, though never formulated...

...Orwell agreed with his contemporaries' judgment of decadence, yet he added to it his singular brand of pessimism, a dark mood which could surface even in an essay on "The Common Toad" (1944), in which he wrote that "every winter since 1940" had given the appearance, soon or late, of appearing permanent...

...He views the nation as an almost mystical network of spiritual membranes binding each to each...

...In "England Your England" Orwell says: "And above all it is your civilization, it is you...

...The demurrals by the publisher have now a mainly comic interest...

...The typical British intellectual, he suggests at another point, would feel less embarrassed at being caught filching a few pence from a poor box than at being apprehended standing during "God Save the King...

...Pritchett (of all people...

...Power corrupts, certainly, but so does powerlessness—and in more pernicious ways...

...The "dirty little secret of Socialism" has always been, notwithstanding its condemnation of the bourgeoisie, to make everyone middleclass—preferably "lower-upper-middleclass...

...It is a civilization in which children grow up with an intimate knowledge of magnetoes and in complete ignorance of the Bible...

...What saves Orwell from falling into the Fabianism of Sidney and Beatrice Webb is, on the one hand, his tough-minded rejection of the abstractions, jargon, and cant that generally accompany socialist thought and, on the other, his respect for what John Crowe Ransom called "the world's body": things as they are...

...In his autobiographical work "Such, Such Were the Joys...

...In the mechanized future, people will have more leisure, but for what purpose...

...Unlike the Gollanczes and Stracheys, Orwell respected the poor enough to find human values...

...The obverse of Orwell's Anglophilia was his bitterness toward the expatriate writers and other British intellectuals who scorned their homeland...

...Like Weaver, Orwell is a prickly-pear, in that any political movement which reaches for him is likely to end up with a barb or two in its hand...

...Shortly before his death in 1950 Orwell was worrying that "Republican papers" in America would be making propaganda use of 1984...

...At another point Gollancz takes umbrage at one of Orwell's finest—and aptest—lines: "he even commits the curious indiscretion of referring to Russian commissars as 'half-gramophones, half-gangsters.' " In The Road to Wigan Pier Orwell asks the ultimate question about the mechanized, industrialized, planned society of the future...

...Orwell seems to suggest that almost every SoFor socialists "the future is envisaged as an ever more rapid march of mechanical progress...

...the world was driven by nationalism, by blood lusts, and by racial myths to a much greater extent than the Wellsite could ever believe...

...to take up goat-farming...

...In "Hitler, Wells, and the World State" Orwell showed that the rationalist dreams of H.G...

...it is almost impossible to get anyone to print anything in contradiction...

...At bottom it is the same quality in the English character that repels the tourist and keeps out the invader...

...Science" will lengthen their lives, but will they lose a sense of meaning in existence...

...Some of his statements about Britain recall the "sceptered isle" lyricism of Shakespeare...

...Orwell's Anglophilia proceeds in part from the aforementioned respect for (or at least, understanding of) the world's body...

...As a socialist, he had become the equivalent of the young policeman in Burma who had to shoot the elephant, lest he lose face with the natives...

...George W. Shea, Dean of the Liberal Arts College at Fordham, has recently described the "ideal" citizenry for a modern leviathan state...

...His Anglophilia even extended to an admiration for Kipling, whom every "enlightened" person had been taught to "despise," to the older English detective stories ("Raffles and Miss Blandish"), and—the ultimate test—to cricket...

...Production is only limited by the amount of labor and raw materials...

...Gollancz later refused to publish Animal Farm because he feared it would offend the Soviets...

...There is also an emotional overlay of "my country, rude or gracious" in his paeans to England...

...The new "culture" is "a rather restless, cultureless life, centering round tinned food, Picture Post, the radio and the internal combustion engine...

...Without any governmental or colonial patrimony, the highbrow expended his energy on left-wing causes (the Tories wouldn't have him) or penned precious articles for leftish reviews...

...Probably the only important writer who ever wrote in defense of English cookery, Orwell anathematized the intellectuals thus: "...the English intelligentsia are Europeanized...

...Orwell, again like Weaver, attacked the "god terms" of the age, concepts such as "science" and, especially, "progress," those all-pervasive ideas that, when invoked, usually represent a retreat from argument and a descent into a kind of technologically-inspired mysticism...

...There is an extraordinary passage in which Mr...

...Fyvel, Orwell said "If he [Richard] grew to be a farmer I should be pleased...

...Who can conquer wheels Gigantically rolled with mass of iron Against frail human fingers...

...In "Shooting an Elephant," an early story usually included in anthologies as a powerful anti-colonial work, which it is in part, he criticizes the British Raj only to remark that it was a good deal better than the newer empires which are succeeding it...

...Isaac Deutscher accused Orwell of propounding a "mysticism of cruelty...

...And in his review of Eugene Lyons' Assignment in Utopia, an early exposure of the Moscow purge trials, Orwell summarized the madhouse nature of modern totalitarian politics when he spoke of "some monstrous state trial at which people who have been in prison for months or years are suddenly dragged forth to make incredible confessions, while their children publish articles in the newspaper saying 'I repudiate my father as a Trotskyite serpent.' " Or-well's characteristic image of the thoroughly modernized political man is the zombie-like S.S...

...His work represents an increasing dissatisfaction with the increasingly mechanical nature of modern life and politics...

...In a letter to Geoffrey Gorer he says, "The reason why so few people grasp what has happened in Spain is because of the Communist command of the press...

...Yet history has borne out Orwell's fear that the modern autocracies, such as the Russian form, are more efficient and enduring than their totalitarian predecessors...

...in effect, they would be some of the same people who printed the Stalinist lies in the New Statesman and the News Chronicle, the people who had refused to print Orwell's articles on the Barcelona purges, and who had rejected his books...

...The shape of the future might well be a totalitarian one that would extirpate the "liberty and justice" that justified the present British system...

...Proclaiming his socialism until the end, his good prose ("like a windowpane") nevertheless cut through the cant and the cliches of the time...

...They take their cookery from Paris and their ideas from Moscow...

...The negativism of the Left is really only the growling and squealing of the powerless...

...A New Statesman reader worships Stalin," said Orwell...

...We are not interested in the good of others...

...In his later years Orwell, who had earlier been somewhat ashamed of his Scottish heritage (his dropping the name Eric Blair had something to do with this) often returned to the Hebrides...

...He had an almost mystical faith in the British people, especially in their capacity to pull together in time of war...

...machines to save work, machines to save thought, machines to save pain...

...After all, such critics argue, do not "all things pass away...

...In the essay "Writers and Leviathan" Orwell bid farewell to political orthodoxy, saying that "the acceptance of any political orthodoxy seems to be incompatible with literary integrity...

...Originally an idealistic young leftist, Orwell was horrified by the Stalinists' brutal liquidation of the Trotskyite forces in the Spanish Civil War, a massacre he chronicled in Homage to Catalonia...

...Some of Orwell's early critics, such as Isaac Deutscher and Irving Howe, criticize him for portraying the authoritarian Party in 1984 as permanent...

...The state simply [!] calculates what goods will be needed and does its best to produce them...

...For a time Orwell would invoke the socialist credo whenever he despaired of political trends...

...During World War II he pronounced the English upper class to "be morally fairly sound" because of their willingness to fight and die for their country...

...It will leave anachronisms and loose ends everywhere, the judge in ridiculous horse-hair wig, and the lion and the unicorn on the soldier's cap-button...

...In all of Orwell's condemnations of the intelligentsia (often portrayed as "squealing" or "shrieking," like the pigs in Animal Farm) and his Blimp-baiting, there is a strong tint of admiration in Orwell's writing for the Britain of the Empire...

...anthropes and Men" to these pages...

...Walt Whitman's "democratic vistas," he said at another point, "have ended in barbed wire...

...One of Orwell's versions of England under a state-planned economy ends up sounding like the gospel of socialism according to P.G...

...Instability and amorality came to mark the Left...

...Power corrupts, certainly, but so does powerlessness —and in much more pernicious ways...

...had to close up shop...

...Do we discover in such admissions an incipient capitalist budding up through the seemingly impenetrable compost heap of socialist rhetoric...

...it needs a population that "believes that happiness is easily achieved...

...modern societies require, Shea sadly observes, "a predictable populace, firmly wedded to the notion of the normal type, easily analyzed statistically...

...Will not the antidote—socialism—designed to cure the illness—poverty and inequality—end up by killing the patient's spirit...

...but it is also not without a striking, many-authored critique of the machine age...

...The object of power is power...

...the American writer he most reminds one of is Richard Weaver, disciple of the Nashville Agrarians, critic and admirer of the Southern American tradition, and rhetorician extraordinaire...

...He did...

...There is a suggestion, but only a dim one, that revolution in 1984, if it comes, will come from the Proles...

...Who can quench The white-hot fury of the tameless atoms Bursting the secret jungle of their cells...

...22 The Alternative: An American Spectator August/ September 1976 cialist is a crank...

...These would be the new managers of the nation...

...Writing about his adopted son, Richard, Orwell envisioned a future for him neither as an intellectual nor as a technocrat of the new political orders...

...This "fugitive from the camp of victory," as Rees called him, finally challenges all our orthodoxies...

...In 1984 O'Brien tells Winston Smith that the "Party" rules for the sake of Power itself...

...Orwell's pictures in 1984 of "doublethink" reflect not only his observation of the fate of history in Germany and the Soviet Union but also his own experience at the hands of British left-wing publishers...

...representative with "two blank discs instead of eyes," who carries a rubber truncheon in one hand, a bottle of castor oil in the other...

...Wells and other progressivist thinkers had become the statist nightmares of Hitler and Stalin...

...Donald Davidson, "Fire On Belmont Street" As the critics debate the purity of George Orwell's allegiance to "socialism," one remembers Will Rogers' comment when asked about his party preference: "I'm not a member of any organized political party...

...the paradise of little fat men...

...Much of Orwell's celebrated pessimism stems from his implicit assumption that, with the aristocracy disappearing and Blimps collapsing, it is the turn of the "stalk-necks" to rule...

...On the other hand, the new system might be one that heightened present tendencies...

...In fact, Hitler's example showed the moral neutrality of Science, for the Germans had mobilized modern techniques in the service of ancient doctrines...

...In other words, Orwell saw the rise of the new masses, unlike the old in that they had a full belly—and an empty head...

...we are interested solely in power...

...The "Blimp," the "half-pay colonel with his bull neck and diminutive brain" assumed a great divorce between political power and intelligence...

...Alex Zwerdling seems partially correct in finding the answer in Orwell's growing pessimism...

...Indeed, he wonders whether we should not "return to a simpler, harder, probably agricultural way of life...

...There is a little Luddite in us all, in everyone who has never loved the computer or who has lost his punch card...

...Critics have puzzled over this...

...Finally, Orwell's choice of England "as is" reflects his view of alternative possibilities as politically and culturally objectionable...

...The book caused a great deal of embarrassment to the editors, Victor Gollancz, Harold Laski, and John Strachey...

...Thus, Orwell's anti-capitalism partakes heavily of the British humanist's abhorrence of people in "trade," of the monied middle class as opposed to the landed aristocracy...

...In his best writing (for example, in "Politics and the English Language" and the "England My England" section of The Lion and the Unicorn) Orwell is a traditionalist...

...The melancholy tone in Orwell's later writings grows not so much out of his sadness that socialism would not be established—in fact, the Attlee government was already proceeding with a dreary "socialization"—but out of a growing recognition that he did not really want to see socialism established...

...Thus Orwell, who was singing the "Internationale" in 1937, ended up sounding much like Donald Davidson, Andrew Lytle, and some of the other "Agrarians...

...Orwell excoriates the proponents of the Age of the Gadget...

...Yet between the Blimp and the highbrow there is a kinship much like that between Julie O'Grady and the Colonel's lady in Kipling' s poem...

...Wigan Pier was issued with a cosmetic "Publisher's Note" by Gollancz, who sought to answer Orwell's hostile back-of-the-book comments about the condition of British socialism...

...For the socialist, "the future is envisaged as an ever more rapid march of mechanical progress...

...At one point in "England Your England" Orwell speaks of the rise of "people of indeterminate social class...

...Good or evil, it is yours, you belong to it, and this side of the grave you will never get away from the marks it has given you...

...Not enough has been said in Orwell studies about his late writings, the jourThe negativism of the Left is really only the growling and squealing of the powerless...

...At one point Orwell, according to Richard Rees, tried to get V.S...

...Like all thinkers with a deep strain of traditionalism in their work, Orwell cannot be easily classified under our skimpy "Left-Right" dichotomy...

...The intellectual, "with his domed forehead and stalk-like neck" was often a younger son in the same family as the Blimp...

...until you land up in the by now familiar Wellsian Utopia, aptly caricatured by Huxley in Brave New World, the paradise of little fat men...

...machines to save work, machines to save thought, machines to save pain, hygiene, efficiency, organization...

...People who seek to enroll Orwell posthumously as a good Labourite, or alternatively, to find his ghost dwelling in a right-wing closet, miss the point...

...Although he never denied his membership in the "lower-upper-middle-class," Orwell identified strongly with the British workingman, whose "half-pint of ale" Orwell considered healthier than the intellectual's "tea and toast...

...Almost the last fragment Orwell composed (just before the famous, "At 50, everyone has the face he deserves...

...Writing three months before his death, Orwell suggested that his friend Julian Symons try to find a place to live in the "very agricultural" Hertfordshire...

...The belief that our civilization is decadent ("an old bitch gone in the teeth," Pound said) is not even a matter of debate for most important writers of this century...

...Many of the finest lines penned by this most quotable writer ("Big Brother Is Watching You") are in this work, commissioned by the Left Book Club...

...he was still, in effect, waving a socialist flag, but it was the size of a postage stamp by then...

...I'm a Democrat...

...And yet, despite his hatred for the Blimps of the Right and despite his meager understanding of capitalism, Orwell was deeply conservative in his desire to preserve the essential texture of English life...

...Wells felt Hitler's armies would collapse because Nazism was "unscientific" and "irrational...

...Orwell condemns "the sheer vulgar fatness of great wealth" possessed by Edwardian millionaires, but The Alternative: An American Spectator August/ September 1976 23 he immediately notes that "aristocratic elegance" can redeem it...

...The intelligentsia, he thought, had accomplished an internal emigration, severing themselves from the "common culture" of their land...

...such as bravery, loyalty, and gratitude, emerging out of their difficult struggle for existence...

...Ever since the Spanish Civil War Orwell had been writing about the increasing tendency of the mass of men to become "passive victims," to become irrelevant...

...However much you hate it or laugh at it, you will never be happy away from it for any length of time...

...Many intellectuals of the Left were flabbily pacifist up to 1935, shrieked for war against Germany in the years 1935-9, and then promptly cooled off when the war started...

...In "Looking Backon the Spanish War" Orwell had commented that "...what is peculiar to our own age is the abandonment of the idea that history could be truthfully written...

...24 The Alternative: An American Spectator August/September 1976 nals and letters published only recently (1968...

...As Conor Cruise O'Brien has pointed out, with a few more friends like Orwell the Left would have Stephen R. Maloney, who teaches English at the University of Georgia, contributed "A Dim View from the Penthouse" and "Of (Ms...

...In 1984 85% of the people are "Proles," working-class types who are neither members of the Outer Party (like Winston Smith, who combines the heroic past and the anonymous future in his name, and Julia, whose name suggests the lovely ladies of seventeenth-century sonnets) or the Inner Party (like O'Brien, the Inquisitor...

...Writing to his friend T.R...

...Orwell, writing in the shadow of the fall of France, knew better...

...The modern state is "frightened by the eccentric and the idiosyncratic...

...Money, for internal purposes, ceases to be a mysterious, all-powerful thing and becomes a sort of coupon or ration-ticket, issued in sufficient quantities to buy up such consumption goods as may be available at the moment...

...Orwell fears that the arrival of the socialist "paradise" will bring about the redistribution of wealth only at the cost of the elimination of the traditional virtues and strengths of society...

...However, the roots of an answer go back at least as far as Wigan Pier with its early criticism of the amoral technocrats who seem destined to inherit the mantle of leadership...

...Yet we also find him saying things like: "Even if we squeeze the rich out of existence, the mass of people must either consume less or produce more...

...Orwell had perhaps the most famous olfactory senses of any writer in the twentieth century, and when he sniffed out what he called "smelly little orthodoxies" he retreated...

...Like most socialists, Orwell envisioned economic planning somewhat in the manner of bank robbers "divvying up" the loot or, more benignly, of three or four small boys who have found a quarter...

...Wodehouse...

...Modern literature is not without what Karl Stern called the "romanticism of the spinning wheel," the idealization of the past...

...Orwell's disaffection with the machine started at least as early as his commitment to "democratic socialism," that is, about 1937, when he wrote The Road to Wigan Pier...

...was this remark: "Greater and ever-increasing softness & luxuriousness of modern life...

...Perhaps one reason for the singularity of Orwell's pessimism was that he was one of the few significant modern authors who dealt directly with the political and economic realities of the century William F. Buckley has called "the most odious on record": with the depressions, the totalitarian states, and the wars...

...There is little doubt that the Orwell who campaigned against the use of abstractions in language had discovered that abstractions in politics were even more dangerous (and that they proceeded, in fact, from the same corrupt use of language...