Rebellion in the University
Howe, Neil
The author's naive assertion that American policymakers were moti vated by a simplistic belief in mono-lithic communism merely reveals that he does not understand the elements of a deterrent foreign...
...Nisbet would seem to agree, and regards the 1940s and 1950s as a period of radical transi- tion in the function and character of the American university which directly inspired the student rebellion...
...HMO, private versions of which have been in ciation of American Medical Colleges, Schwartz says the biggest problem existence in this country for a number predicted this week that the shortage confronting health care is the distribu- of years, is similar to socialized mediof 50,000 doctors can be eradicated only tion of doctors --too many in too few cine...
...19104 The Alternative June-September 1973 because they are nihilistically opposed student movements...
...Are we to sion-making...
...Schwartz warns that an massive expenditures "promptly pushed point of a new book that "statistical overall doctor surplus "would create the up prices for almost every element in myths die hard...
...They joined battle as allies of their liberal parents, first as the more daring standard-bearers of Kennedy's civil rights legions, and later, when the movement mushroomed, as partakers of the intellectuals' legitimate "sense of outrage" against the domestic status quo and Johnson's foreign policy, Many of the professors and journalists who argued that activism was best un-derstood "politically" (and indeed there were many of them) were frank apolo-gists for the radical position: freedom riding and SNCC, they told us, were wel- come cures for our medieval, racist hangover, and teach-ins and SDS gave us a well-deserved chastizing for South- east Asian imperialism run wild...
...importance...
...Then in the late sixties came a reac-tion of sorts, when the credulity of the American intellectual public was at last pushed beyond limits...
...own unquestioned "dogma," its own Yet what are the interests of students...
...Very likely he agrees with Lipset's observation that stu- dent activists' beliefs are based on a strongly-defended convention of intellec- tual dissent...
...dents and young non-students...
...But in this context it has a every time a society has racial strife, explained as '" political," as the result fairly definite meaning: the students are while its students are left-oriented, that of reasonable deliberation over "issues...
...To the decline of academia and the rise of talk primarily about the ideologies es-student movements...
...The war in Vietnam represents one of the few instances when an aggressor has challenged the credibility of the American promise to retaliate...
...And since students are is, above all, an existentialist revolt...
...To reverse this interpretation, to tell the world that we shall never fight again in South-east Asia is to weaken our threat and encourage aggression...
...Actu- rational, comprehensible choices: only expl2nation, the flat assertion that stu-ally, according to Lipset's polls, the those who believe in radical social and dents revolt simply to escape alienation younger generation has taken a more political change join student movements, from thc~mselves and society...
...Simon Serfaty A EUROPEAN NUCLEAR FORCE: UTILITy AND PROSPECTS Paul Davis ARMS CONTROL AND THE MILITARY BALANCE IN EUROPE J I. Coffey MBFR: THE SEARCH FOR AN AMERICAN APPROACH John Yochelson WHAT NEXT IN ARMS CONTROL...
...As a result, HMO officials are not as enthusiastic based on the traditional fee system...
...in rebellion not so much because things moratoriums, sit-ins, and riots will beset Campus activity in the late sixties, are bad for themselves or for others, its universities...
...Lipset has written an essentially "political" analysis at a time when such efforts are not in vogue...
...Nor can they be a special are the old values worthless, they are spiritual and egalitarian goals of student attachment to any of society's more per- outmoded, and that the future lies with movements...
...The trend is to disregard what the activ- ist has to say about his own motives: he has no idea why he is rebelling...
...AMERICAN POLICY TOWARD EUROPE: THE NEXT PHASE Wilfrid L. Koh, l and William Taubman EUROPE AND THE NIXON DOCTRINE: A GERMAN POINT OF VIEW Werner Kaltefleiter AMERICA AND EUROPE IN THE 1970's INTEGRATION OR DISINTEGRATION...
...Finding the causes of student unrest is relatively easy for Lipset...
...Youth may not be more "liber- sion-making as education...
...One of the K-P founders were 711 Americans for every doctor, bills, increased insurance rates, and says that the elimination of fees "overThe Alternative June,September 1973...
...But even accepting the fantasy to an article by Dr...
...in each community in ~ 50,000 still went on as though nothing our country there are a few surgeons i~tion, pre-paid medical service which, had happened...
...Most students, as Lipset insists, may think highly of their university, but so long as campuses suffer for such un-related issues as the Vietnam war, this finding seems rather unimportant...
...Our struggle in Vietnam to maintain U.S...
...Robert L. Pfaltzgra]f...
...the diagnosis of one and the self-diagno- sis of the other must finally part com-pany...
...After the former, goes this manent institutions --e.g., steady em-youth...
...the end of 1971 the number of physicians evidence...
...The figure of 50,000, worked --which must make them a United Auto Workers and major sup-Schwartz writes, "has remained constant masochistic lot, indeed...
...Himself a liberal, claim that the alleged doctor shortage the very doctors who had opposed Medi- Schwartz demolishes the liberal myths has already created the condition...
...Today many people are pre-pared to agree with Robert Nisbet that "in retrospect it is plain that the specific reasons given by the earliest student insurrectionaries.., only partly explain the pattern of uprisings"-- or do not explain it at all...
...humanely can do...
...Or you believe that student movements are not deliberately political at all, but rather intellectualized frustration, an in-voluntary reaction to widespread cultural changes which the students themselves do not comprehend...
...They are based on extensive was a certainty: "2]aus, when the stu-dents are not yet participants...
...Many, though, are Dr...
...therefore, we should learn our lesson and shun involvement in such wars in the fu~oo~ ~r162 .9 " he Rebellton tn t by Seymour Martin Lipset Little, Brown, & Co., $3.95 pb...
...Once you agree is also wrong to belittle the generational thing that western political thought from with Kristol, you stop looking at the aspect of student movements...
...Again, Lipset objects on the basis of tion which enacted unprecedented civil Lipset tries to contradict Feuer by his polls...
...One suspects democratic political institutions...
...The movement of the sixties may be larger and may em-brace different goals, but it is no dif-ferent, in its essence, than what we have put up with for two centuries- and it can be understood as we have always understood discontent among intel-lectuals...
...What counts is not the activists' opinion of the university as it is recorded in a poll, but the actual effect of student movements on how a university functions...
...and second, a society-mass teaching methods, and the "mana- much to do with power: "establishment" wide conviction- abetted by the anxiety gerial" administration) and the "Last politics are rarely taken seriously by of rapid social change- that not only Reformation" (in the sixties, as the activists...
...This alone is fine...
...There are two ways of explaining the rise of student activism over the last ten or fifteen years, and no matter who you are --historian, journalist, curious observer-your views are bound to lean toward one side or the other...
...Longmire :Schwartz saves his sharpest scalpel had already increased by more than ' t0'expose the Health Maintenance Organ50,000, yet the talk about a shortage of wrote that...
...tendency to overtreat, overprescribe and the health care system...
...Schwartz sus-porter of Senator Edward Kennedy'ssince the mid-1960s, though what factual pects there is already an oversupply of nationalized medical program...
...Lipset years the political" approach has lost politics...
...In the words of James Payne: "The U " "ty ntverst in the words of The Report of the Presi- dent's Commission on Campus Unrest that "the best place to begin any search for the causes of student protest is to consider the reasons which student pro-testers themselves offer for their ac-tivities...
...YUGOSLAVIA AND EUROPEAN SECURITY Robir, Alison Remington THE RUMANIAN CHALLENGE: COOPERATION, CONFRONTATION OR CONFLICT F. Steighen Larrabee THE WEU AND EUROPEAN DEFENSE COOPERATION Colin Gordon TECHNOLOGY AND POLITICAL CHOICE IN FUTURE NATO MARITIME STRATEGY John Simi~son Review articles on important new books in the field of international relations 000000000000000000 OOQO000000 00000000000000000000000 ORBIS is published four times yearly, in February, May, August and November...
...In terms of historiography, the differ- ence between Lipset's political" ap-proach antl Feuer-Nisbet's "'non-politi-cal" approach is a difference between a voluntarist emphasis on choice and a determinist emphasis on situation...
...Lipset's historical interpretation con-trasts violently with the findings of Feuer and Nisbet...
...But what was more important was that even the detached observers, the non-apologists who attempted quite objective analyses of the student movement phenomenon, agreed before 1968 that specific "political" issues--especially the war and domestic, social inequality --were the single, most impoi-tant cause of activism...
...These points granted, he can more easily argue that the course of a student movement is steered by the conscionable decisions of rational people...
...in fact, we could hardly under- Lewis Feuer, in his giant, comparative that they are far more radical (i.e., stand history otherwise...
...His vast storehouse of data is worthy of perusal even for the reader who disagrees with everything else...
...Barry Carter...
...who are doing all or more than they Nixont~ another,KennedybOthendorsePresidentas one anddegreesenator~ In fact, the talk continues to this day...
...Yet why is it that only in the 1960s have the uni- versities succumbed to their assault...
...In 1969 and 1971 two monumental and distinctly "non-political" analyses of student movements appeared" Louis Feuer's The Conflict of Generations and Robert Nisbet's The Degradation oS the Academic Dogma...
...The "determinist," on the other hand, regards student movements as a specific and peculiar aberration of modem his-tory...
...correct interpretation of our action in Vietnam is that is shows what we can do and will do and do again to defend our position...
...It was the prior ditions or stop foreign military inter-vicissitudes of history are really to destruction of academic authority that vention than the Federal government, blame, and that the movements them-in very large measure caused the student But strangely enough activists disdained selves are but an inevitable and largely uprisings...
...He points condemns rising hospital costs while also obscure...
...de-authoriti- are far more likely to join a movement dents are in opposition to the funda-zation" and rapid social change in many if they are politically Left (and this in mental institutions of our society" cases not mentioned by Feuer yield no turn reflects their parents) than if they through symbolic, not substantive "anti- student activism whatsoever...
...You either conclude that student movements have been political movements and that activ- ism is a means chosen by students to react to and influence the "issues...
...a nationalized medical program...
...In his own diffuse way, Lipset comes out in favor of "motivating factors," and just about sums up his thesis on page 37: "the larger explanation for the rise of activ- ism during the past half decade or so must lie primarily in political events: the emergence of the civil rights and Vietnam issues in a particular post-Stalinist political epoch...
...It had seen too many fruitless "confrontations," too many "symbolic protests," too much hysteria and un-reason having nothing to do with the "issues," in fact, too complete a tide of anti-intellectualism that seemed, in- tent, as its primary goal, on not being understood politically at all...
...And what study of the political history, the art, dent militants began their onslaught are the institutions chosen by activists and the personal documents of the times, against the university and its system to push their "issues...
...And activ- ists have amply demonstrated- in deed if not in word- that they hold no regard for academia's liberal principles of free inquiry...
...strident m6vement not as a "problem," but as a condition, a fact of modem life...
...of certain social classes (for higher causes of student activism are, first, Robert Nisbet in The Degradation of wages and better job conditions) and a moral "de-authoritization" of the values the Academic Dogma offers us another the institutions (legislatures, courts, cor-and institutions of the older generation, variation of the "'non-political" approach, porations) these classes had to work with a prevailing feeling shared by th:~ young one that would blame the causus belli and cope with...
...In 1950 there patients alike through bigger hospital as a panacea...
...Without mentioning the not on the generation gap, but on the "stretch-out" system on the one hand, university...
...Ironically, Lipset uses these same principles to juslify the history of activ- ism on American campuses, and to reaffirm the "'open marketplace" liberal- ism of Newman and Dewey...
...The infer from Lipset that every time a better educated than anyone else, ob-term is unfortunately chic, and ambig-nation wages an unpopular war, or that viously their actions are most profitably uous too...
...Moreover, are dissatisfied with their campus...
...Not only are his attempts to refute their "non-political" approach few and poor--what is worse, his own thesis is eminently attackable from their point of view...
...But Lipset fails to defend himself effectively against the adverse currents of prevailing opinion, and this is his work's fundamental weakness...
...In fact, there have always been left-wing students and left-wing parents (in the 1930s they were everywhere...
...Lipset emphasizes con-sion --based on accepted political, It might be said that a struggle per-scious, political decision-making to the social, or economic interests-super-sists between these two points of view, exclusion of cultural normalities and ab- fluous...
...And men and academicians...
...the answers are to be found in his upbring- ing, or in the breakdown of institutions, or in the students' own subconscious turmoil...
...Cooper, president of the Asso working at a pace far below capacity...
...Nor can they have are worthless...
...any association with the one administra- irrational result...
...When oM myths fell for the gap between ideals and action, to traditional bases of intelligible de-apart in the late 1960s, only analyses like and even Lipset admits (quoting a study cision-making, are also ahistorical --those of Feuer and Nisbet were able to he himself inspired) that 'leftists who that is, they take place outside history, admit how much we did not know, ask have demonstrated intolerance and au-He may, like Feuer, claim that student the profound questions, and then present thoritarian behavior traits in practice movements disrupt the generational with clarity what little we do know...
...AAMC has a finan- a problem which not even socialized medical care...
...Student activists, it was then believed, fought for radical, but definitive programs of political redress...
...Granted, Feuer's "causes" are doing...
...that radicals choose to be radicals and The alienated person acts for nothing But Lipset's critique itself deserves therefore must know what they are but the sake of the act...
...It was assumed, The Alternative June-September 1973 ture...
...To its credit, Rebellion has all the outward signs of a masterpiece...
...Examining both socialized medicine alleged crisis, the Federal government Schwartz suggests tax incentives to en-and HMO, Schwartz remarks on the pays bonuses to medical schools to en-courage doctors to practice in small similarity of defects: patient complaints large enrollment and turn out more towns and rural areas, about long waits, difficulty in obtaining graduates...
...In a short while, the "non-political" approach came to domi- nate the subject, and student-watchers of the academy, now freed from the shadow-world of ideological causes, have tended increasingly to seek an explana-tion in historical forces utterly beyond the students' understanding or control...
...And according to Lipset's documentary, stu-dent "'rebellion" itself has been a feature of the American university since the ~deological ferment of the French Revo- lution...
...The public likened itself to a doctor watching a patient slowly lose his sanity, and reasoned that...
...He argues that student movements, a quanrc ty jouunal, of woutO afl;al s Volume XVII Spring 1973 Number EUROPE AND AMERICA: PARTNERS IN A MULTIPOLAR WORLD...
...In a provocative and insight- or the N.R.A...
...People whom we would today call moderates-Nathan Glazer in his essays, Nelson Rockefeller in his speeches, Walter Lippmann in his interviews --never questioned that politics was at the root of it all, however much they would disagree with the activists' key positions...
...Not only do students uniformly rights legislation, as well as the next arguing that these are merely necessary agree that the university is our "strong-administration which ended the Vietnam (not sufficient) causes and of doubtful est" and "healthiest" institution, he war and cut the size of our army in half...
...on the other, our explana-ful argument, Nisbet directly connects tions could not carry much weight...
...That myths about medical shortages medical attention in an emergency, loss In puncturing liberal mythology have a way of generating real surpluses of privacy during physical examinations, about the state of American medicine, can be seen from the explosion of hos- impersonal care, and the lack of a docSchwartz builds a formidable case for pital construction as the consequence of tor-patient relationship...
...to refute Feuer's thesis that student generally not an activist...
...In recent normalities that are the very basis of historical situation prudently...
...Lip- fears, that certain tendencies of the and, though Lipset would dissent, the set cites numerous polls that affirm stu- American student movement in the gist of the non-political" mode has won dent confidence in the worth and dura- sixties were fundamentally new to the near-unanimous approval from both lay- bility of conservative social values and tradition of intellectual dissent...
...Woodcock base, if any, lies behind it is extremely doctors in some categories...
...Individual copies" $3.00...
...Terry O'Rourke So student movementology has its own trendsanditsowndialectic, andinlight o, these, Seymour M. Lipset's odd new addition to the field, Rebellion in the University, is something of a disappoint- merit...
...Lipset concludes that student movements have always been a sort of stable, ongoing dialectic between stu-dents and the outside world, in fact, almost a tradition...
...Back in 1965 Dr...
...This may be a tragic way to ap-ing force of the "youth culture" on which delimit and mediate these interests are proach anyone's behavior, but Lipset has most of the activists' "issues" are at least as important to political deci- not yet developed the antidote for our founded...
...Under socialized medicine, cial interest in keeping the shortage medicine behind the Iron Curtain has the patient pays his fees through taxamyth breathing since, because of the been able to solve...
...No one has ever It is a "non-political," indeed almost of authority in the early 60s, their work been better able to equalize social con-determinist analysis, for it claims that was made easy...
...What disturbances did take place on American campuses, according to Feuer, were pro- tests against the strict in loco parentis rules of campus authorities...
...Under HMO the patient pays a through a new infusion of federal funds places...
...We should be skeptical, for in- does not...
...pursuit of truth than it does with the the behavior of an excited student American public's own experience with engaged in a riot...
...In effect, Lipset is hearkening said it very well as early as 1965 in the not absolutely inevitable and are perhaps back to an early sixties' optimism which Atlantic: "The new student radicalism only a partial explanation, but Lipset's assumed that a person need only be is so fundamentally at odds with our con- own political theories could not even educated to be capable of political deci- ventional political categories because it begin to pass the same test...
...He Lipset has overlooked, and it is some-for them and others...
...Furthermore, of the "facilitating factors" that he will accept, nearly all are at least vaguely understood as grievances by the radicals themselves" increasing size and bureau- cratization of the university, impersonal teaching methods, greater emphasis on competition for post-grad employment, the "suspended adolescence" of students whose average age continues to increase, and so forth...
...He adds, however, that this is direct fee which entitles him to "free" into medical schools...
...Lipset, in Indeed, it now appears to many ob-movements are only part of a genera-effect, defends a voluntarist approach servers that our only recourse- Lipset tion-wide rebellion, born of widespread and maintains that students make notwithstanding-is the "non-political" disrespect for existing institutions...
...And perhaps it listened too closely to that Neo-Machia- vellian confession of Mark Rudd of the Columbia SDS: "Let me tell you...
...cal" approach, specifically, a weakness From the Fascists we learned that Distrusting the opinions of the partici-that detracts from Lipset's book, is an an unusual historical situation can make pants, he searches instead for broader overly optimistic faith in the reasonable- the whole idea of the "rational" deci-theories of precipitant cultural change, ness of people...
...It is simply a matter of talking to students, taking a simplistic analysis, perhaps a bit trite, (e.g., Vietnam) than the older genera-polls, demonstrating the rather self-evi-but it is quite consistent with the activ- tion...
...sense of honor, and its own elitist spirit They cannot have much to do with of community...
...This is perhaps the most dan-gerous conclusion one could draw from our Vietnam ordeal...
...Just like any other medie- wealth: most activists come from middle val institution, it was "degraded" by or upper-middle class homes and have but initiated by the old that the ger-capitalism (in the fifties, as an emphasis had least reason to oppose the system ontocracy has failed and its traditions on public service, product development, on economic grounds...
...But Lipset begs the original question...
...To use the ternfinology of the President's Report, he d~fines the...
...Address orders to .9 The Foreign Policy Research Institute 3508 Market Street, Suite 350 Philadelphia, Pa...
...Youth is notorious Nell Howe higher government medical expend-itures.The Case r Amertcan Medtctne Schwartz notes that opponents of prifo .9 .9 .9 vate medicine have themselves forced by Harry Schwartz By 1965 when the shortage myth was up medical costs, a condition they use McKay, $6.95 born, the figure had dropped to 682...
...two years, $16.50...
...Were Aristotle to Bentham has held all along: "issues" and start looking at the precon- Lipset's outlook not so narrowly political, namely, that identifiable self-interests ditions which bring about such a situa-he would better appreciate the overrid- and a set of accepted institutions which tion...
...Compared to the violence and num- bers of students involved in Russia and Western Europe, he writes, the Ameri-can scene has been virtually stagnant...
...But to perhaps these should be (or should have that this shift of perspective has less what extent will the sweet air of ration- been) strongly opposed as destructive to to do with any scholarly, disinterested ality which surrounds a poll-taker affect liberal free inquiry...
...Con- Schwartz says, "in 1971 probably more about the system as are outside propotrary to the shortage fable, Schwartz than $4 billion was expended on mainte-~ nents,: The president of what is considproduces statistics which demonstrate nance of empty hospital beds...
...That ered a model HMO declares that "we that the supply of doctors is increasing $4 billion was paid" by patients and non-ourselves don't see Kaiser-Permanente faster than the population...
...At care-Medicaid in the first place...
...As upon which are built the campaign to the same time, however, the myth-another example, Schwartz points to destroy the private practice of medicine makers contend that doctors are over-Leonard Woodcock, president of the in the United States...
...This is conservative stand on many vital issues while others can subordinate the "uniThe Alternative June-September 1973 versity issue" to overriding, moderate political convictions...
...As a possible answer, tion...
...three years, $23.00...
...They were-The New York Times...
...In to argue for nationalized health care...
...may still give voice or pencil to liberal equilibrium," and are ipso facto a sign The potential weakness of the politi-values in principle...
...Student movements, he claims, but it also seems that students If, as Tom Hayden believes, "the stu-claims, are not inevitable...
...We manufactured the issues . . ." In any event, conservative professors who had finally found an audience and moderate professors whose liberalism had been stung by the movement's excesses sig-naled a retreat from the "issues...
...Since politicians The book, The Case for American overoperate" --all of which would make dislike admitting their mistakes, scape-Medicine, is by Harry Schwartz of medical care more expensive...
...Feuer's "causes" are not specu-rather determinist argument, the latter ployment, family, neighborhood: stu-lations...
...they had few political overtones...
...Still, Rebellion is crippled by Lipset's refusal to consider seriously the adver-sary position of his colleagues...
...Lipset success-fully wrests his subject from the feverish clutches of current events and puts it where it belongs-now that activism has hit a lull-into the past tense of history, and so lends his writing a wel-come reserve...
...Though students do tend to be lib- dent truth that adherence to New Left ists' general lack of self-definition and eral, the gap between generations is not ideology characterizes the activists their refusal to accept authority or nearly so wide as the gap between stu-better than anything else, and concluding organization in pursuing their 'issues...
...the continuation of private practice an earlier "health crisis...
...It may well be, as the public almost all the respectability it once had, stance, of Lipset's reliance on polls...
...Critics goats had to be found...
...One hopes not-this however, taught us a hard lesson which but because things are what they are would be a bizarre analysis indeed...
...Back in the early sixties, the "politi-cal" model generally prevailed...
...In his first chapter, Lipset separates the causes of student unrest into two categories: "motivating factors," the specific political issues which trigger each activist movement, and "facili-tating factors," the broader conditions which seem to encourage students, more than any other group in our society, to engage in radical politics...
...Lip-set quotes Daniel P. Moynihan: since "'about 1840, the cultural elite have pretty generally rejected the values and activities of the larger society...
...Feuer and Nisbet examine the but if so, it is clearly one-sided...
...Subscriptions-One year, $9.00...
...Intellectuals and universities, he writes, expect for brief intervals in our history, have al-ways taken divergent, idealistic, and potentially "" revolutionary" stands...
...Longmire in demanding higher wages for union mem- figure for the sake of argument, "by the American Journal of Surgery as berswho work inhospitals...
...Whereas Lipset sees a long continuum of American student movements since the late eighteenth century, Feuer emphatically denies that any kind of student movement existed in the United States before the year 1960...
...credibility is the best evidence that can be offered to potential aggressors of our continuing determination to oppose violations of the status quo...
...This is nothing new-found,"non-political" pessimism, al," but Lipset's own findings confirm obscure...
...The author's naive assertion that American policymakers were moti vated by a simplistic belief in mono-lithic communism merely reveals that he does not understand the elements of a deterrent foreign policy, The conclusion suggested by Halber stam's account is that the United States became entangled in an un-fortunate and costly war for a country not worth the price...
...We explain the study of the history of student move-given to political extremes), and this decision to form labor unions, for exam- ments, The Conflict of Generations, con-is a sign of an attitudinal, even emotion- ple, by examining the specific interests cludes that the two most important al gap, rather than a political gap...
...A politics," one wonders how political ex-Lipset's data (at least of the American politically moderate student who has a planations of student unrest have sur-movement in the sixties) would appear very low regard for the university is still vived at all...
...in fact, the American student, who traditionally saw himself as aristocratic, Republican, and profoundly conserva-tive, until the 1930s looked with disdain on the European student ':nob...
...of a sickness, a malady in society...
...Until the 1940s in poused by union participants-which the United States, he writes, the univer- is what Lipset does when it comes to sity was our last medieval institution, student activists --is just not good an enclosed hierarchical world, with its enough...
...The "voluntarist" seeks historical develop-ments that legitimize the student move-ment as a sort of tradition or institution among free-thinking people...
...1972 there were an estimated 600 people For example, most of these critics sup- per doctor, a figure likely to decline ported enactment of Medicare-Medicaid, Recent warnings about an alleged because of already higher medical school embryonic socialized medicine whose shortage of 50,000 doctors proves the enrollment...
...Irving Kristol criticism...
...And at the risk of sounding incon- clusive, Lipset shows his customary genius at giving every argument a fair hearing and a sympathetic discussion...
...It is difficult to imagine a more senseless way to squander the American blood that has been shed in Vietnam...
Vol. 6 • June 1973 • No. 9
