Capitol Ideas: Genes or Chromosomes?
Bethell, Tom
~ AP / T 0 L I D E A by Torn Bethell Genes or Chromosomes? Searching anew for the origins of cancer. p eter Duesberg of U.C. Berkeley has recently pointed out that virtually all solid...
...Aneuploidy was then forgotten, "I think mainly because everybody believed, now that we had genes, all this cytogenetic stuffis old fashioned...
...Function has been demonstrated...
...One problem with the carcinogens-aremutagens theory is that the underlying research, by Bruce Ames of U.C...
...A cell divides, "makes a mistake," and that error is propagated in future divisions...
...If Boveri saw aneuploidy Everyone seems to agree that cancer starts in a single cell...
...One question they have looked at is whether aneuploidy is the cause or consequence of cancer...
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...Bert Vogelstein is a near-legend among cancer researchers...
...Popular conservative authors pictured (left to fight) Alan Keyes, G. Gordon Liddy, Robert Bore Ann Coulter, Robert Novak, Thomas Sowell, William E Buddey, William I. Bennett Let Us Talk of Many Things - From the mind of William E Buckle,/Jr...
...That would be a proof of Peter's hypothesis...
...Nonetheless, he said, "it is entirely conceivable" that an early change "could be a chromosome segregation error, which might then trigger the malignant transformation...
...However, the aneuploidy is not a cause, but an effect, and a late-stage one at that...
...Cells with the wrong number of chromosomes are said to be "aneuploid...
...With our experiments, we found that it is a very early event in tumorigenesis...
...Cancer...
...C/D compared all the new ones to two C/D test winners from the 80"s...
...Since the unbalanced chromosome array is itself unstable, they are likely to go on recombining in abnormal ways as the cells divide...
...Bishop and Harold Varmus won the Nobel Prize for discovering cellular (as opposed to viral) "oncogenes," but their ability to cause cancer is still in doubt...
...Berkeley has recently pointed out that virtually all solid malignant tumors have the wrong number of chromosomes...
...Last summer, Robert A. Weinberg and William Hahn of MIT announced that the mutation of three genes was "sufficient to transform a normal human cell to one capable of producing a tumor...
...But why wouldn't it "diminish" the role of mutated genes, if it could be shown that aneuploidy appears without benefit of (Continued on page 24) The American Spectator _9 JUly~August 2ooo 21 What's On The Minds Of America's Leading Conse atives...
...This is on the NIH "campus" in Bethesda, Maryland...
...He had even presented Duesberg's papers at an NCI "journal club...
...Buckley has painstakingly chosen from his thousands of speeches and now offers you his best commentary spanning over 50 years...
...20090-7196 mutation, and is present in every solid tumor...
...The normally phlegmatic Ruhong Li, who had examined the cell lines in Berkeley, became quite agitated when he heard this contradictory claim...
...Department No...
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...So they couldn't find what they were looking for...
...He has been anointed "hottest scientist" of the year-most cited journal articles and so on...
...This resolves one of the mysteries of cancer research...
...After six months on average, 14 of the 23 animals developed tumors...
...Interest in it is growing rapidly, and the Vogelstein lab has been on the case...
...Michael TOM BETHELL is Tag's Washington correspondent...
...That's what he says," Weinberg replied, "but we analyzed the same ones more carefully, and one of the cell lines we sent him is perfectly diploid...
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...But they couldn't find it...
...T he gene mutation theory still lacks proof...
...Not even the National Library of Medicine, on the NIH campus, has a copy...
...As one might expect, the Vogelstein lab is looking for a gene mutation-one that interferes with cell mitosis...
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...A blessing, maybe...
...What about all those earlier cancer genes...
...www.va l e n t i nel .corn "This is still the best protection money can buy by a long shot," said Car and Driver...
...He marveled that Boveri's "revolutionary thought" was arrived at "without knowing about genes or DNA...
...A perhaps more serious problem with Weinberg's three-gene claim is that one of them was not a human gene at all...
...Item #5240 _9 Retail $24.95 ,.~:_ '1 Creating Equal - Why is lesse lackson afraid of Ward Connerly...
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...He affirmed that the framers intended the Constitution to limit the size and power of the Federal 1 government...
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...Maybe tumors really are all aneuploid...
...Weinberg could have achieved the same result with this single item...
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...Lengauer said that aneuploidy may well be "the feature that is most commonly associated with cancer...
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...hen operated on batteries, one cordless model lost 20 percent of its X- and K-band range--modest to begin with--and was "virtually oblivious" to instant-on Ka...
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...Berkeley, was done on bacteria...
...A Heidelberg man, Ried has been here for six years, and for the last 18 months at NCI...
...They were 7 ~ percent aneuploid...
...SHOP AT HOME CONVENIENCE...
...The fact that they are such a chromosomal mess is a result of final loss of any normal controls over cell growth and division...
...This simian virus injected in vivo, into humans, might cause a small wart that would soon disappear, but it would not cause cancer, because the immune system would quickly wipe it out...
...Diploid cancer cells are what is needed to prove Duesberg wrong...
...Therefore, much depends on which cells are examined...
...the other lost about 30 percent range on all bands...
...Should detectors set off other detectors...
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...Carcinogens upset the spindle, so that daughter cells have either too many or too few chromosomes...
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...This is basically what Duesberg is saying...
...Also induded are a number of alternate selections about politics, religion, history, home schooling, investing and other areas of interest to conservatives...
...Tes it is," he said...
...360 ~ deter isn't the only broken promise...
...Item #5419 _9 Retail $30.00 Reflections on a Ravaged Century - Robert Conquest has spent his life trying to expose the horrors of communism in the world...
...His 6 a.m...
...If you want to receive the Featured Selection, do nothing and it will be sent to you...
...Yet new evidence proves that many of his claims were true...
...Where aneuploidy is recognized at all in cancer, it is usually considered to be an effect, not the precursor...
...usually too many...
...JL~ False alarms from sloppy engineering...
...The cell lines sent to Duesberg's lab were apparently aneuploid, I said...
...No conservative library would be complete without the new edition of this best-selling book that gave voice to the modem gusNil Kirk American conservative movement...
...reply: "We think chromosomal instability (resulting in aneuploidy) is extremely important for tumorigenesis...
...But it was not reassuring to learn, in the commentary in Nature, that the most recent find had come "after more than 15 years of trying...
...He outlines a strategy for victory in Congress and the White House in 2000 and outlines a long-term vision for conservatives...
...Amazingly, the correct number--46 in humans--was not determined until 1956, three years after Watson and Crick had described the much smaller, less visible double helix of DNA...
...He was familiar with the historical background, and had managed to hunt down an old copy of Boveri's book...
...These books are offered at 70-90% discounts...
...Gore has been ,~i involved in illegal behavior and political dirty tricks for most of his life and is far from a passive, benign, and humble politi- k dan...
...All models were tested from behind with a K-band radar signal...
...Cytogenetics refers to the genetics of the whole cell, not just the DNA segments called genes...
...One had 78 chromosomes, another 82-almost double the right nmnber...
...I then need to buy only three additional books at regular dub prices over the next two years...
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...Put it in a diploid cell, "let it express, form a protein, and all of a sudden that cell becomes aneuploid...
...878 pages document countless untold gruesome crimes committed by totalitarian Communist nations around the world...
...An article in Science last year said aneuploidy is "usually viewed as a consequence...
...To pursue the matter further, look up the articles "with both Lengauer and me as co-authors," he advised...
...He has written technical articles about the machinery of cell division, and knew all about Duesberg's cancer work...
...Plus you will always have at least ten days to make your decision to receive the Featured Selection...
...The answer is that later investigators looked for a characteristic chromosomal pattern (comparable to the triple chromosome 21 found in Down's syndrome) as the cellular signature of the disease...
...His books on cancer research have not mentioned aneuploidy...
...Lip to 15 times a year you will receive the Club Bulletin packed with the kind of books you will want to read and own...
...I called the National Cancer Institute press office and relayed a general question to the director, Richard Klausner, about aneuploidy and cancer...
...The new theory was that gent mutations cause cancer...
...For the last 2o years or so the vast bulk of research funds at the disposal of the National Cancer Institute and other agencies has been devoted to the hunt for cancer genes...
...Cell lines are grown in vitro, shipped in a bottle, and can be tricky to analyze, because tumors always contain some normal cells...
...Please write book number here: # I I i i C0782-A-X Name Address City State...
...But there are exceptions, and it is not true that aneuploidy is an inevitable prerequisite for making a tumor, as Duesberg would imply...
...And all the liberal media will tell you Ill is what color shirt he is wearing today...
...But eventually a combination is reached ~hat keeps on going...
...Four of seven models tested are so leaky they caused false alarms in identical models from the same maker...
...I think we could exclude the possibility that it is a consequence," he said...
...Scholar Peter Huber refutes these claims and outlines how conservation and economic expansion can and should enhance each other and how technology helps the environment...
...From Aristotle to ~ Theodore Roosevelt, this anthology brings together the writings of over 250 thinkers and leaders who share their thoughts on responsibility, values, manners, fatherhood, and much more...
...The so-called dvil fights leaders are outraged by, among other things, his reference to Kweisi Mfume and Iesse Jackson as "racial ambulance chasers...
...Now he reflects on the rise and fall of communism in the world and wams that there are sill threats to our liberty and freedom that we must fight in the new century...
...The long latency allows plenty of time to look at the chromosomes...
...Item #5547 _9 Retail $30.00 c ~,,,ca,,ve.~, The Conservative Mind - As George Nash ~:~ -- rbt wrote in The Intercollegiate Review, "...with- ~1~ Ic0NsERv out th,s book the conse tive inteilec ~.IND] tual community, would not exist today...
...0 W_' I t,g.I YES...
...Everyone seems to agree that cancer starts in a single cell...
...Moreover, two weeks before I spoke 2 0 July/Augus t 2 0 o o _9 The American Spectator to Weinberg, the lead author of his Nature paper, William C. Hahn, had given a talk at a meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research in San Francisco...
...Huge new buildings were nearing completion, named after generous donors--Stokes of Ohio and Hatfield of Oregon were just two that I saw...
...Couldn't it be both...
...The functional significance of these abnormalities, however, is not well established in most cases, and, more importantly, any role they play will not diminish the crucial rd es of mutant proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes...
...When Duesberg's lab at Berkeley asked to see the cell lines generated by Weinberg's "three genes," they turned out to be aneuploid...
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...It spawns others like it, and they never seem to stop dividing, eventually forming a tumor...
...24 July/Augus t 2 o o o " The American Spectator I1 Backsliding on X and K bands...
...r d be embarrassed i f Valentine One didn't do everything I say it does...
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...That's how strong the faith in mutation was (still is...
...They have found one, too, but it is present in "just about 5 to lO percent of tumors...
...Germany's NGI-equivalent is at Heidelberg...
...They are convenient- they multiply quickly and show mutations easily...
...minorities they claim to help...
...That's so much higher than the figure for any known cancer gene...
...Martin's Press...
...When researchers such as Theodor Boveri studied cancer cells under the microscope a century ago, the first thing they noticed was the abundance of chromosomes...
...His vision can sodety and doing a gross injustice to the help us combat this downward spiral...
...The proceedings were published in a 56e-page volume, and guess which word isn't in the index...
...The brand that claims "360 ~ Total Perimeter Protection" warned at 80 feet...
...And near-diploid counts as aneuploid, in Duesberg's book...
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...Men and boys have lost that use to be common...
...Noted writer lan Wilson looks objectively at the Bible and discovers that it is historically accurate...
...New detectors shouhl be better than ohl detectors, right...
...Still they lived, admittedly with a higher risk of cancer...
...Many people believed that aneuploidy was a consequence of cancer," Lengauer said...
...Indeed it is likely that the gross chromosomal changes contribute to cancer by altering those genes...
...Aneuploidy was indeed observed months before the tumors appeared, and in all of the tumors...
...A leading cancer textbook, Fundamentals of OncoIogy, refers to the "dilemma" as to whether aneuploidy is "the result or the primary cause of neoplasia...
...But one of the leading cancer-research labs in the country disputes this, as we shall see...
...Weinberg's lab had sent the work out, and a more detailed analysis, "much to our surprise, showed that one of the cell lines was diploid...
...Investigating this while on sabbatical at the University of Heidelberg, Duesberg and assistants induced tumors in hamsters by inoculating them with carcinogens...
...In The Cells of the Body: A History of Somatic Cell Genetics, Henry Harris of Oxford University's school of pathology summarizes experiments back to the 195o's showing that aneuploidy appeared "long before the emergence of tumors...
...Now she exposes Hillary's sordid past and her plans to lead us into a Brave New World of big government spending and taxation, starting with her New York Senate race Item #5451 _9 Retail $27.95 The Quest for Cosmic lusllce - Leading conservative scholar Thomas Sowell demolishes both the practical and moral daims of America's social utopians...
...The obvious place to look for the initiating event is mitosis, as cell division is called...
...His graduate students have been known to take turns trying to reach the lab before his pre-dawn arrival, but according to legend, no one has yet succeeded...
...I want t o take advantage o f t h e New Member Bonus[ Please send me a 4th selection as I've indicated below...
...A few days later the press lady got back to me with word that I should call Christoph Lengauer, an assistant to Bert Vogelstein at the Johns Hopkins Oncology Center in Baltimore...
...Their added output is probably sufficient to override the control mechanisms that ensure the normal cell doesn't take on a life of its own, as cancer cells do...
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...This time there was no answer...
...Beyond that I can't help," she said...
...This massive volume explores the roots of Soviet Russia, the lives that were destroyed searching for Utopia, and the global empire that threatened to triumph over all freedom in the world...
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...Even as he was writing this up and delving into back-issues of journals, Duesberg found ample confirmation in decades-old experiments...
...Duesberg achieved notoriety more than ten years ago for his hypothesis that the human immunodeficiency virus, HIV, does not cause AIDS...
...On X and K bands, the two oldies "trounced" five of the six new detectors: only Valentine One beat the oldies...
...Ried was both encouraging and politic--obviously conscious of the mineEven Duesberg speaks of Vogelstein in tones that verge on the friendly...
...He J lead the fight for proposition 209 in Red Dragon Rising Edward Timperlake and William Tripleu !1, authors of the best-selling book Year of the Rat, break new ground in their second book...
...item #5495 _9 Retail $29.95 The Book of War - lohn Keegan, author [ ~ B of the Pulitzer Prize winning book The First World War examines the evolution of Western warfare, from ancient Greece to the Gulf War...
...Take a fresh look at the hated senator and deride for yourself if he was a patriot or a tyrant...
...Duesberg surmises that Weinberg added the virus out of frustration, because he couldn't get anything else to work...
...A recent article in the Economist about his cancer theories noted: "Dr...
...those with the right number are "diploid...
...Now, NCI researchers are trying to put extra chromosomes into normal cells, to see whether this will lead to transformation...
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...At the end of his remarks, he was asked a single question...
...I Valentine Research, Inc...
...The significance of aneuploidy is that each chromosome carries anything from several hundred to thousands of genes, so that ira cell has two or three, or worse, 30 or 4 ~ extra chromosomes, the nmnber of genes at work in the cell has been greatly increased...
...At least 9 ~ percent...
...Won't have time to talk, but hope the above helps...
...Ruhong had studied 6o, and of these 7 ~ percent were found to be aneuploid...
...Full of supporting ~,/v, photos and maps, this is the book's first printing in the United States...
...Keegan draws from the observations of participants to give you a dramatic look at how wars have been fought and won for centuries...
...In terms of challenging conventional wisdom, that was a hard act to follow...
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...The slow development of a tumor is to be expected with aneuploidy...
...I called, and was told I should e-mail him...
...I asked him, first, if it is true that most solid cancers are aneuploid...
...Painting a marvelous portrait of a president "too confusing" for other biographers, D'Souza finds litde enigma in the man who reinvigorated the nation and changed the world...
...Former Reagan speech writer and political insider Peggy Noonan warns New Yorkers, and all Americans, that Hillary has as many, if not more, political dirty tricks and scandals in her doset as Bill...
...His reply to my question about cancer and aneuploidy came back within four hours: Aneuploidy and other manifestations of chromosomal instability are major manifestations of many cancers and many labs have been working on them-with difficulty, it must be said--for many years...
...Each bulletin will describe a Featured Selection chosen just for our members...
...At least 9o% of human cancers are aneuploid, with the others diploid or neardiploid...
...Guess what...
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...Ifa cell has extra chromosomes, then, and out of its thousands of extra genes a handful are mutated, how can we be sure that it is the few mutations, and not the huge DNA increment, that causes the cancer...
...The aneuploidy hypothesis, however, appears a worthy successor...
...All other braruts lost range on X and K bands in the 90"s when they added superwide Ka...
...O f course, no one else puts his personal reputation behirwl a detector...
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...Any given mutated gene is found in only a small minority of cancers, and when injected into experimental animals, these genes do not cause tumors...
...Then again, Lengauer allowed, aneuploidy could also be caused by "some catastrophic event that happens once in a while in a cell...
...He politely inquired, had I spoken to Vogelstein...
...Nonetheless, "the ubiquity ofaneuploidy in cancers does need explaining...
...Some further accidental change...is apparently required for the development of cancer," according to The Cell, a leading textbook by Bruce Alberts et al...
...But bacteria are singlecelled organisms, they have one chromosome, and they do not get cancer...
...She helped investigate the Travelgate scandal and has seen the corrupt First Couple in action...
...I phoned Weinberg's lab, and he picked up himself--a very confident voice...
...His intellect, mastery of the English language, and unwavering commitment to his ideals show dearly on every page...
...1~'o of the models that claim VG-2 invisibility couhl be found at one-fifth and threequarters miles away, respectively...
...I don't find it entirely helpful to generate such a dichotomy between mutation and aneuploidy," he said...
...In "the euphoria of sequencing the genome," he added, "mutations have gained too much importance...
...We are not talking about leukemia, where diploid cells are common...
...I sent him another e-mail, saying that he seemed to be implying "that the role of mutant oncogenes in causing cancer has been firmly established...
...another that merely claims "360" detection" warned at 30 feet...
...Sometimes they may have several copies of a given chromosome...
...17 Yes...
...They reveal startling new Chinese military achievements in nudear proliferation and space technology...
...I then need to buy only four additional books at regularly discounted dub prices over the next two years...
...He runs what I heard referred to as the "Vogelstein empire...
...What did they find...
...Get the truth about our enemies to the east...
...Obviously, no one else does either...
...right away in the microscope, why was it not taken more seriously...
...When you receive your Bulletin you will have the chance to examine the many books of interest and read reviews for each...
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...In one ingenious and devastating experiment, researchers succeeded in implanting "cancer genes" into the fertilized egg of a mouse, so that the offspring "onco-mice" had these genes in every cell of their bodies...
...His latest book is The Noblest Triumph (St...
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...So there is a "disagreement in fact...
...I sent an e-mail to Harold Varmus, now president of the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center...
...Boveri's discovery was forgotten by the mid-197o's...
...A book from the prestigious Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press has now retrieved some of this history...
...And that was the major mistake the scientific community made...
...If he knew of a case in which mutated genes had transformed ordinary cells into cancer cells, could he "give a reference to the experiment where this was done...
...In the petri dish, of course, there is no immune system...
...Meanwhile, the gene mutation theory began to dominate cancer research...
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...Most of these recombinations will prove fatal to the cell, especially those that lack chromosomes...
...Now two members of that media offer a shockingly objective expose of the investigation and condude that Starr and his team were brave dvil servants doing their jobs in the face of Big Media propaganda and White House lies...
...Carcinogenesis is a multi-step process...
...It was a monkey virus, SV4o , whose ability to "aneuploidize" cells without further assistance has been known for decades...
...If you ever have less than ten days, you simply return the book at Club expense for a full credit...
...Please write book numbers here: #1 ] #[ l #[ 1,0,,,-A-, [ ~ YES...
...Had he looked at the chromosomes...
...Nonetheless, one worker at the National Cancer Institute assured me by e-mail: "No one disagrees with the fact that aneuploidy is evident in lots of solid tumors...
...lfyou are not completdy satisfied with any book, retum it and receive a complete credit...
...Yes, he said...
...I did go and see Thomas Ried, a senior investigator in the Department of Genetics at the NCI...
...Some famous brands have so little filtering they were set off by six of the seven detectors in the test...
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...So, iust maybe, gene mutation isn't needed...
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...Instead they kept finding different chromosome disarrays in different cancers, and instability in a single tumor...
...fields...
...This finding was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (March 28), with sample cells from each (of two) cell lines depicted...
...He sees a "quiet repeal of the American Revolution" that diminishes our liberties 1'~, California and now he dearly oudines I~.~.a~...Sow,- under the guise of "social justice" and ": " how fatal preferences are damaging our __ progressive utopian ideals...
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...IFI "Cordless" kills performance...
...Yet another with "360 degree detection" was "'virtually blind" to lidar from behind...
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...Simple, _9 because Connerly is one of the few black ( opponents of affirmative action...
...Valentine One has a power cord because 1 don ~t know how to p r o t e c t you without one...
...The New York Times duly came through with a page-one article--one of many the newspaper has published in the past 15 years about new cancer genes...
...It all gets lost in the huge literature on cancer," he told me...
...n 1985, the Environmental Protection Agency funded a four-day conference on aneuploidy, driven by concern about "exposure to environmental agents that cause aneuploidy...
...In 1823, John Taylor wrote this book based on notes taken at the Constitutional Convention...
...Lengauer turned out to be another Heidelberg man--he worked in the same lab as Ried for a while...
...And that "would fit into Duesberg's picture, which believes that mutations are irrelevant...
...The small chance of this happening, and the many cell deaths en route, explains the long hiatus between exposure to a carcinogen and the appearance of a tumor...
...Later, Varmus became the director of the National Institutes of Health...
...The chromosomes double up, and then something called the spindle apparatus "segregates" the chromosomes into opposite halves of the cell, which then divides...
...This is not a new discovery...
...After you have paid for your books, your Membership can be ended by you or the Club...
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...But over the last three years there has been a change, and if you were to poll the researchers now, he thought, "almost nobody would doubt any more that aneuploidy is causative...
...Valentine One, in the san~ K-band test, warned at more than 4000 f e e t . E! Bogus advertising claims...
...Even Duesberg, whose comments on fellow scientists have been known to be acerbic, speaks of Vogelstein in tones that verge on the friendly...
...Plus you will also get opportunities to buy from our list of Superbawoain books that the Club regularly offers...
...Boveri predicted in 1914 that aneuploidy would turn out to be the cause of cancer, and today Duesberg believes he was right...
...Every so often, the New York Times will run a front-page story about another cancer gene that his team has isolated...
...Finding just the right combination may take years, or it may never happen...
Vol. 33 • July 2000 • No. 6
