Capitol Ideas: Rethinking Relativity

...But few Einstein books or biographies mention the alternative...

...They have basically blown off Einstein...

...The present article introduces new people and arguments...

...This implies different propagation speeds for light and gravity...

...With regard to special relativity, on the other hand, I would be much more surprised...

...Van Flandern's is mostly accessible to laymen...

...It was called the ether...

...Sea waves require water, sound waves air, so, it was argued, electromagnetic waves must have their own medium to travel in...

...This policy was informally adopted in the wake of the Herbert Dingle controversy...

...Generalrelativity (which deals with gravity, and accelerated motion in general) is not regarded with the same awe...

...The tiny differentials predicted by Einstein are now measurable...

...The experimental foundations do seem to be much more compelling...

...His new book, The Noblest Triumph, was recently published by St...

...Their orbits behave in ways that the Einstein formula did not predict...

...According to the theory, if two observers are equipped with clocks, and one moves in relation to the other, the moving clock runs slower than the non-moving clock...

...They admire complexity, and cling to it...

...Instead, it corresponds to the gravitational field that all celestial bodies carry about with them...

...It's the clocks...

...In his book, Sub22 April r000 • The American Spectator tle Is the Lord, Abraham Pais reports that when Einstein saw that his calculations agreed with Mercury's orbit, "he had the feeling that something actually snapped in him...

...So he wrote another book, Science at the Crossroads (1972), contradicting the first...

...TB The American Spectator • April April 1999 21 Consider Clifford M. Will of Washington University, a leading proponent of relativity today...

...Its light comes to us from one direction, its "pull" from a slightly different direction...

...A professor of science at the University of London, Dingle had written a book popularizing special relativity, but by the 196o's he had become convinced that it couldn't be true...

...They then proceed to tick in orbit at the same rate as ground clocks, and the system "works...

...When they hear that heresy is in the air, some people come to the defense of relativity with this question: "Atom bombs work, don't they...

...Therefore it makes fewer "ticks" in a given time than a stationary clock...

...TOM BETHELL is TAS's Washington correspondent...

...Stanford's Francis Everitt, the director of an experimental test of general relativity due for space-launch next year, has summarized the standing of the two theories in this way: "I would not be at all surprised if Einstein's general theory of relativity were to break down," he wrote...

...Today we have very accurate clocks, accurate to a billionth of a second a day...

...So how did Einstein get the same formula...

...They understand the argument that it must go very fast indeed, but they also have been trained not to let anything exceed Einstein's speed limit...

...Atomic energy, both the explosive and the controlled kind...

...Einstein himself recognized some serious shortcomings in it, and we know on general grounds that it is very difficult to reconcile with other parts of modern physics...

...I wrote about one of these dissidents, Petr Beckmann, over five years ago (TAS, August 1993, and Correspondence, TAS, October 1993...

...Ground observers can indeed pin-point their position to a high degree of precision...

...Can such a theory be said to be scientific...

...This is the consensus view...

...The editors felt that Einstein should have acknowledged Gerber's priority...

...Just think of all the phenomena or features of our world in which special relativity plays a role...

...This would contradict the special theory of relativity of 19o5, which asserts that nothing can go faster than light...

...The stability of planetary orbits tells us that gravity must propagate much faster than light...

...Obviously, this is not happening...

...The problem has not gone away...

...The publication of his article is a breakthrough of sorts...

...So for all practical purposes we can go on thinking in the same old way...

...Since the Earth in its orbital motion must plow through it, an "ether wind" should be detectable, just as a breeze can be felt outside the window of a moving car...

...As you move out into space it becomes more attenuated...

...The dissident physicists I have mentioned disagree about various things, but they are beginning to unite behind this proposition: There really is an ether, in which electromagnetic waves travel, but it is not the all-encompassing, uniform ether proposed by Maxwell...

...By the time the Sun's "pull" reaches us, the Earth will have Does gravity observe Einstein's speed limit...

...Is there a simpler way...

...Note the misleading predicate, "plays a role...

...As the debate raged on, a Canadian physicist wrote to Nature in July 1973: "Maybe the time has come for all of those who want to answer to get together and to come up with one official answer...

...Some may prefer to try to understand all this in terms of the "curvature of space-time," to use the Einstein formulation (unintelligible to laymen, I believe...

...One such was provided by Einstein himself in 1946...

...To accommodate these findings, Einsteinians are proving adept at arguing that if you look at things from a different "reference frame," everything still works out fine...

...There is no need of an ether, he said...

...Michelson found no "ether wind," or fringe shift, because of course the Earth's gravitational field moves forward with the Earth...

...Petr Beckmann's Einstein Plus Two ($40) from Golem Press, P.O...

...A pattern of interference fringes was supposed to shift when Michelson's instrument was rotated...

...When a clock moves through this medium "it takes longer for each electron in the atomic clock to complete its orbit...

...He knows that the stronger claim, "is indispensable," would be pounced on as inaccurate...

...This claim about the special status of the speed of light has become part of the world view of educated laymen in the twentieth century...

...I n The ABC ofRelativity (1925), Bertrand Russell said that just as the Copernican system once seemed impossible and now seems obvious, so, one day, Einstein's relativity theory "will seem easy...

...Once relativists have been thoroughly trained, he says, it's as difficult for them to rethink the subject in classical terms as it is for laymen to grasp time dilation and space contraction...

...As for the bending of starlight near the Sun, the confirmation of general relativity that made Einstein world-famous, it is easily explained given a nonuniform light medium...

...In (Einstein) theory, however, it was expected that because the orbiting clocks all move rapidly and with varying speeds relative to any ground observer (who may be anywhere on the Earth's surface), and since in Einstein's theory the relevant speed is always speed relative to the observer, it was expected that continuously varying relativistic corrections would have to be made to clock rates...

...A simpler theory that accounts for all the facts will sooner or later supplant one that looks increasingly Rube Goldberg-like...

...Dingle's Question was this: Which clock runs slow...

...Today, he thinks that a new interpretation of relativity may be needed...

...It is a well known law of physics that wave fronts do change direction when they enter a denser medium...

...But it is there, and it is growing...

...Martin's Press...

...A criterion of simplicity has frequently been used as a court of appeal in deciding between theories...

...A brief note on Einstein's most famous contribution to physics—the formula that everyone knows...

...But the Sun-centered system is much simpler, and ultimately we prefer it for that reason...

...True...

...Physicists know about it and shrug their shoulders," Van Flandern says...

...N ow we come to some modern experimental findings...

...Now let's turn back to the Global Positioning System...

...So how did they both arrive at the same formula...

...Scientific journals, especially Nature, were bombarded with his (and others') letters...

...It's not time that slows down...

...The latest findings are not in agreement with relativistic expectations...

...Fact: The equation that accounted for Mercury's orbit had been published 17 years earlier, before relativity was invented...

...This man said it was his impression that, "knowing the answer," Einstein had "jiggered the arguments until they came out with the right value...

...Although Einstein said he had been in the dark, it was pointed out that Gerber's formula had been published in Mach's Science of Mechanics, a book that Einstein was known to have studied...

...So the theory is protected from its own internal logic by the impossibility of putting it to a test...

...Both theories, Einsteinian and local field, would yield the same results...

...And there was no fringe shift because the speed of an approaching light wave is unaffected by the observer's motion...

...Einstein explained this result in radical fashion...

...Get used to it...

...Yet "the system manages to work, even though they use no relativistic corrections after launch," Van Flandern said...

...An editor of Physics Letters A promised Van Flandern that reviewers would not be allowed to reject his article simply because it conflicted with received wis4dom...

...I believe that is now beginning to happen...

...If it is made complex enough, the Ptolemaic system can predict planetary positions correctly...

...So he asked a colleague at the University of Maryland, who as a young man had overlapped with Einstein at Princeton's Institute for Advanced Study, how in his opinion Einstein had arrived at the correct multiplier...

...But that in itself should encourage us to wonder how much we really know about the physical world...

...And the interesting thing is this: Experiments have shown that atomic clocks really do slow down when they move, and atomic particles really do live longer...

...But they have to do the equivalent of standing on their heads, and it's not convincing...

...Hayden held colloquia on Beckmann's ideas at several New England universities, but could find no physicist who even tried to put up an argument...

...Moving clocks slow down, in short, because they are "ploughing through this medium and working more slowly...

...It is difficult to imagine life without special relativity," he says in Was Einstein Right...

...He points out that the formula in question is well known in celestial mechanics...

...For that reason, they tick 7,000 nanoseconds a day slower than stationary clocks...

...Van Flandern went through his calculations, and found to his amazement that they had "three separate contributions to the perihelion...

...It is heard less often in the classroom, but only "because many teachers and most textbooks head off the question...

...Van Flandern reports that an intriguing controversy arose before GPS was even launched...

...At the same time, students were also taught that Einstein's special relativity proved that nothing could propagate faster than light in a vacuum...

...Their arguments can be understood by laymen...

...We know, for example, that the Earth accelerates toward a point 2o arc-seconds in front of the visible Sun —that is, toward the true, instantaneous direction of the Sun...

...But that does not follow...

...Consequently, it could be used as a "target" for calculations that were intended to arrive at it...

...The disagreement "sat there like an irritant," Van Flandern told me...

...Nonetheless, special relativity (which deals with motion in a straight line) is thought to be beyond reproach...

...But there was no fringe shift...

...Dingle's Question: University of London Professor Herbert Dingle showed why special relativity will always conflict with logic, no matter when we first learn it...

...Does this mean that time itself slows down...

...S pecial relativity was first proposed as a way of sidestepping the great difficulty that arose in physics as a result of the Michelson-Morley experiment (1887...

...Pokorny later joined the department of physics at Prague's Charles University, and today is retired...

...The tensor calculus and Riemannian geometry of general relativity gives only an approximation...

...The famous equation E=mc2 tells how mass can be converted into extraordinary amounts of energy...

...Easy Einstein" books remain baffling to almost all...

...Special relativity, as opposed to the general theory (1916), is considered by experts to be above criticism, because it has been confirmed "over and over again...

...I believe that all the facts that seem to require special or general relativity can be more simply explained by assuming an ether that corresponds to the local gravitational field...

...See sidebar on opposite page...

...He determined that one day he would find its resolution...

...The skeptical, meanwhile, were placated with this formula: "I know it seems odd that time slows down and space contracts when things move, but don't worry, a measurable effect only occurs at high velocities—much higher than anything we find in everyday life...

...Published in Physics Letters A (December 21, 1998), the article claims that the speed with which the force of gravity propagates must be at least twenty billion times faster than the speed of light...

...This in turn would have introduced an unworkable complexity into the GPS...

...The effect of these misaligned forces "would be to double the Earth's distance from the Sun in 1200 years...

...It follows that if there are two clocks, A and B, and one of them is moved, clock A runs slower than B, and clock B runs slower than A. Which is absurd...

...If its speed limit is that of light, there must be an appreciable delay in its action...

...Otherwise the plain man, when he hears of this matter, may exercise his right to remark that when the experts disagree they cannot all be right, but they can all be wrong...

...But clocks in constant relative motion in a straight line "can be brought together only once, at the moment they pass...

...But several dissident physicists believe that there is a simpler way of looking at the facts, a way that avoids the mind-bending complications of relativity...

...He also publishes Meta Research Bulletin, which supports "promising but unpopular alternative ideas in astronomy...

...In certain Internet discussion groups, "the most frequently asked question and debated topic is 'What is the speed of gravity?'" Van Flandern writes...

...Dissent from special relativity is small and scattered...

...He saw that Gerber's method "made no sense, in terms of the principles of celestial mechanics!' Einstein had also said (in a 1920 newspaper article) that Gerber's derivation was "wrong through and through...

...Relativity, they conclude, is indispensable to our understanding of the way the world works...

...And derived exactly...

...The formula that achieved this result was quite simple, and mathematically everything worked out nicely and agreed with observation...

...N Tom Van Flandern's Meta Research Bulletin ($i5) and his hook, Dark Matter, Missing Planets ($24.50), may be obtained from P.O...

...And it is simpler than the relativistic rigmarole...

...The journal he founded, Galilean Electrodynamics,was taken over by Howard Hayden of the University of Connecticut (Physics), and is now edited by Cynthia Kolb Whitney of the Electro-Optics Technology Center at Tufts...

...Alternative derivations of the famous equation dispense with relativity...

...and you wind up with just the right multiplier...

...A contradiction could arise only if the two clocks could be put back together side by side at two different times...

...Close to the surface (of sun, planet, or star) the field, or ether, is relatively more dense...

...Accepting this reasoning, Isaac Newton assumed that the force of gravity must be instantaneous...

...Van Flandern's article is only the latest manifestation...

...But if the speed of light always remains the same, time itself would have to slow down, and space contract to just the amount needed to ensure that the one divided by the other —space divided by time—always gave the same value: the unvarying speed of light...

...Despite repeated attempts, however, no ethereal breeze could be felt...

...So maybe there is something wrong with special relativity after all...

...The author, Paul Gerber, used the assumption that gravity is not instantaneous, but propagates with the speed of light...

...But more on that later...

...20 April 1999 • The American Spectator "moved on" for another 8.3 minutes (the time of light travel...

...There can be no doubt that the interplanetary and interstellar spaces arenot empty," Maxwell wrote, "but are occupied by a material substance or body, which is certainly the largest, and probably the most uniform body of which we have any knowledge!' As today's dissidents see things, it was Maxwell's assumption of uniformity that was misleading...

...Graduate theses may one day be written about this peculiar episode in the history of science...

...But by then the Sun's pull on the Earth will not be in the same straight line as the Earth's pull on the Sun...

...Likewise the "Shapiro Time-Delay," observed when radar beams pass close to the Sun and bounce back from Mercury...

...Box 15186, Chevy Chase, MD 20825...

...They say there must be "something peculiar about these stars, such as an oblateness, or tidal effects...

...The simplest way to understand all this "without going crazy," Van Flandern says, is to discard Einsteinian relativity and to assume that "there is a light-carrying medium...

...The argument that gravity must travel faster than light goes like this...

...To offset these two effects, the GPS engineers reset the clock rates, slowing them down before launch by 39,000 nanoseconds a day...

...Tom Van Flandern says the problem is that the Einstein experts who have grown accustomed to "Minkowski diagrams and real relativistic thinking" find the alternative of universal time and "Galilean space" actually more puzzling than their own mathematical ingenuities...

...CAPITQIt I A by Tom Bethell Rethinking Relativity N o one has paid attention yet, but a well-respected physics journal just published an article whose conclusion, if generally accepted, will undermine the foundations of modern physics—Einstein's theory of relativity in particular...

...All the experiments that supposedly "confirm" special relativity do so because all have been conducted in laboratories on the Earth's surface, where every single moving particle, or moving atomic clock, is in fact "ploughing through" the Earth's gravitational field, and therefore slowing down...

...The sun-centered solar system, on the other hand, has all along been easy to grasp...

...Astronomical data support this conclusion...

...T] he fact that each observer sees the other clock ticking more slowly than his own clock does not lead to a contradiction...

...At high altitude, where the GPS clocks orbit the Earth, it is known that the clocks run roughly 46,000 nanoseconds (one-billionth of asecond) a day faster than at ground level, because the gravitational field is thinner 20,000 kilometers above the Earth...

...But it remains as "difficult" as ever, not because the math is easy or difficult (special relativity requires only high-school math, general relativity really is difficult), but because elementary logic must be abandoned...

...In fact, it works fine...

...So he studied the question...

...They reason as follows: The equation E = mc2 was discovered as a byproduct of Einstein's (special) theory of relativity...

...The subject is important because if special relativity is supplanted, much of twentieth-century physics, including quantum theory, will have to be reconsidered in that light...

...After Einstein published his general-relativity derivation, arriving at the same equation, Gerber's article was reprinted in Annalen der Physik (the journal that had published Einstein's relativity papers...

...In 1987, Petr Beckmann, who taught at the University of Colorado, published Einstein Plus Two, pointing out that the observations that led to relativity can be more simply reinterpreted in a way that preserves universal time...

...Alan Lightman of MIT offers an unsatisfactory solution in his Great Ideas in Physics (1992...

...Beckmann's book is highly technical...

...The advance of the perihelion of Mercury's orbit, another famous confirmation of general relativity, is worth a closer look...

...In the 199o's, he worked as a special consultant to the Global Positioning System (GPS), a set of satellites whose atomic clocks allow ground observers to determine their position to within about a foot...

...two of which add, and one of which cancels part of the other two...

...Physicists could not agree on an answer...

...But the relativity principle itself {an integral part of the theory) makes the claim that if one thing is moving in a straight line in relation to another, either one is entitled to be regarded as moving...

...It might seem strange that something so fundamental to our understanding of physics can still be a matter of debate...

...Special relativity gave Einsteinians reason to doubt whether it would work at all...

...According to Howard Hayden, refracted starlight can be derived this way "with a few lines of high school algebra...

...But these corrections were not made...

...17 If the general relativity method is correct, it ought to apply everywhere, not just in the solar system...

...Or is there a simpler explanation...

...Nature had spoken to him...

...Clerk Maxwell had shown that light and radio waves share the same electromagnetic spectrum, differing only in wave length...

...So far...

...Beckmann's Einstein Plus Two introduces this hypothesis, I believe for the first time, and he told me it was first suggested to him in the 1950's by one of his graduate students, Jiri Pokorny, at the Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics in Prague...

...But they should know that a far simpler alternative exists...

...For laymen, however, and for those physicists who have not specialized in relativity, which is to say the vast majority of physicists, there's no doubt that the Galilean way is far simpler than the Einsteinian...

...The experiment of Michelson and Morley tried to detect this ether...

...The perihelion is the point in the orbit closest to a sun...

...The American Spectator • April 1999 23...

...The orbiting clocks also pass through that field at a rate of three kilometers per second—their orbital speed...

...Tom Van Flandern was convinced that Gerber's assumption (gravity propagates with the speed of light) was wrong...

...Meanwhile, space and time have been subordinated to velocity...

...The article in Physics Letters A was written by Tom Van Flandern, a research associate in the physics department at the University of Maryland...

...Another possibility is that Einstein saw to it that he got the result needed to "explain" Mercury's orbit, but that it doesn't apply elsewhere...

...44 Experiments have shown that atomic clocks really do slow down when they move...

...This experience was, I believe, by far the strongest emotional experience in Einstein's scientific life, perhaps in all his life...

...Box 1342, Boulder, CO 80306...

...Is there an alternative way of looking at all the facts that supposedly would be orphaned without relativity...

...For years, most editors of mainstream physics journals have automatically rejected articles arguing against special relativity...

...Van Flandern begins 0 with the "most amazing thing" he learned as a graduate student of celestial mechanics at Yale: that all gravitational interactions must be taken as instantaneous...

...But Van Flandern points to a conflict outside it: binary stars with highly unequal masses...