Brian's Song
Gladwell, Malcolm
' " i i L i i -- ~ : ~ . . . . . -1 ! . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . " - ii i i J iii it i t ., _, 9 ~ - ., .. . , . . , _ . , . , , John Train STAR WARS UP CLOSE AND PERSONAL Perspectives on...
...In military lingo such a surprise attack is called the Bolt Out of the Blue scenario, or BOOB...
...The remote objective is to create an adequate general defense for our population...
...The Soviets are spending over $3 billion a year on laser and beam weapons, we less than $1 billion...
...That's the system the Soviets have set up to defend Moscow...
...These two objectives involve different priorities...
...I 9 - 1 1 1 ~ | i i U i l...
...but there are counters to these counters...
...The same information is fed to a similar command post at SAC headquarters in Omaha, to the Pentagon, other U.S...
...Grin and bear it...
...Furthermore, even if the Soviets could indeed score a hit or two it would mean national hara-kiri, since all around Russia's periphery lay American bases, from which our bombers, with fighter escorts, could smash most of the targets in the Soviet Union...
...Their interceptors number 1,200, ours 350...
...Top Hungarian political and military leaders were separately invited to the Soviet Embassy for a friendly talk about a new relationship, with safe conduct home guaranteed...
...No, what the President's doing, as distinct from saying, is right: Push the research as fast as we can, so that if ever a deployment decision needs to be made we'll have a sound basis for it...
...James Fletcher, former head of NASA, spent 100,000 man-hours examining the prospects for strategic defense...
...But the apparently unprovoked attack, the Borgia dinner when in the middle of the fish course the host's armed retainers rush in and murder all the guests, that's un-American: We don't think in those terms...
...They were seized...
...Then, some critics say the space stations themselves will be vulnerable...
...Perhaps: But that means less accurate and lighter missiles...
...in fact, it now looks more as though we would only need increase our stations by half if they doubled up...
...In some areas they are way ahead of us in "strategic defense," although General Abrahamson has said we have the technological lead...
...we have not...
...Not necessarily...
...All that, we can understand...
...Then, when the groundwork was prepared, the tanks rolled back in again...
...When I worked in the Pentagon thirty years ago, people were worried, perhaps even more than they are today, about the risk of being blown up in an atomic war...
...At the time, though, to our commanders, it would indeed come as a bolt out of the blue...
...In other words, we possessed a highly effective strategic defense...
...All our missile subs would put to sea and our bomber forces go to airborne alert...
...To do so they would have had to operate beyond their bombers' extreme range, meaning aerial refueling, which they weren't good at...
...i i L i i -- ~ : ~ . . . . . -1 ! . . . . . . . . . _ . . . . " - ii i i J iii it i t ., _, 9 ~ - ., .. . , . . , _ . , . , , John Train STAR WARS UP CLOSE AND PERSONAL Perspectives on strategic defense...
...The crew in the mountain talk to the ground sensor station to make sure it really is convinced...
...Now that the whole project's been baptized and given a separate budget, with General Abrahamson in charge of it, there's a target for budget cuts and propaganda exercises...
...Indeed, the leadership of the Soviet Union, the Nomenklatura, is ultimately a growth-oriented business, like IBM or the Moonies...
...But that was long ago...
...9 1985 Richard Brookhiser...
...For obvious reasons it's much easier was impractical...
...On the wild side, Louis Farrakhan, head of the Nation of Islam, and prote'g~ of Jesse Jackson, enlivened things with a radio broadcast in which he called Judaism a "dirty religion...
...The other is remote, perhaps not even attainable...
...Most war scenarios assume an escalating confrontation along the lines of the Cuban missile crisis: a Soviet move in the Middle East that we contested, for instance...
...Sadat had in fact decided long before that war had to come...
...Within the atmosphere the air molecules weaken the force of the particle beam...
...These would be comfortable tidings indeed for the citizens of Grand Rapids--and elsewhere...
...Here are some of the main tactics within the missile defense strategy: 9 Star Wars literally: satellites attacking other satellites in space (Buck Rogers vs...
...This was not to keep our overwhelming superiority secret from the Russians, who knew it better than anybody...
...The anti-SDI faction argues that attacking the bus just as it leaves the atmosphere won't work, because the Soviets will speed up the burn to let the bus release its cargo earlier within the atmosphere...
...The UCS has privately admitted many of its defects, but does not, of course, abandon its conclusions, since the conclusions are what they begin from...
...It would only occur, one is assured, during a period of tension...
...Once, a test program was mistakenly displayed on the main screen, just as in WarGames, and relayed to SAC and Washington...
...Near the top of the screen sits a display with three illuminated indicators: NO, MED, HI...
...One hears furious arguments over the SDI between people who, because they are talking at cross purposes, in fact agree with each other...
...If the CINC believes it's serious, he can plug in the Pentagon and the President...
...Probably the defensive missile would prevent the attacking warhead's nuclear charge from exploding...
...Jackson himself was a minister...
...Then, in six months or a year, Bang...
...Now, all this takes time If there's the least delay, there may only be a few minutes to respond before it all becomes academic...
...and Canadian command centers, and the White House...
...no one came...
...Just for the sake of argument, let's suppose they would go to war to prevent the two Germanys' being reunified under a new Hitler...
...That's essentially what they did in the intermediaterange nuclear force talks in Europe: As we talked and talked, they installed the hundreds of SS-20s we were arguing about their not installing...
...We have 120 radars, most of them used by the FAA for non-military purposes...
...some of it, amusingly quaint: American clergymen, he noted, do not hold public office--'unless this term is applied to the functions which many of them fill in the schools...
...Their opposition to strategic defense is for export only...
...So the defense needn't be perfect, any more than any other weapon, to serve its deterrent purpose...
...As to defending specific points, such as our retaliatory missile fields in North Dakota, yes: it's possible in the near term, and it's cost-efficient...
...After being checked out by armed security men, my escort and I entered NORAD's nerve center inside Cheyenne Mountain...
...The moment ofmaximum danger may be well after the official crisis...
...If we both succeed, fine, since right now they're better defended than we are...
...They explode in the path of the incoming warhead, which because of the combined velocities would be shredded upon impact...
...Other than that little problem, the NORAD center inside Cheyenne Mountain is an impressive piece of work...
...But surprise, surprise: Utterances of this sort have to be cleared by Defense, and the censor was immovable...
...But more normal religions pervaded the political discussion of the mainstream...
...All the Democratic candidates used religious figures of speech and justifications 18 THE AMERICAN SPECTATOR AUGUST 1985...
...Now for the $64 billion question...
...Sadat apparently decided to cool it, and sent away most of his Soviet advisers...
...space shuttle is going to pass within twenty kilometers or so of some object, NORAD, like an airport tower, tells NASA, and the shuttle can be rerouted...
...Both we and the Soviets might well agree on the merits of this arrangement...
...Ronald Reagan's leads in the polls were brushing thirty percentage points...
...That means a very fast-rising defensive missile...
...Now comes an equally big challenge---space defense-that they're not so well fitted for...
...At first the Israelis went on the alert each time...
...Maybe in time they'll agree to wind down this competition...
...The main radar station was a huge monument...
...All this is quite fine, except that if there were a war the Cheyenne MounTHE AMERICAN SPECTATOR AUGUST 1985 15 tain installation would only last about half an hour, the time for an incoming missile to reach Colorado...
...T. 16 THE AMERICAN SPECTATOR AUGUST 1985 mosphere, before it has MIRVed and the warheads have put out their decoys...
...So what should we do...
...Not a word could we say about our confidence in America's defenses against air attack...
...George McGovern was both...
...The NATO and Warsaw Pact armies would be mobilized...
...Like a growthoriented business, they push forward year after year...
...And there's some chance that the anti-ICBM defense can be conducted from the ground: That's part of what research will reveal...
...He marched in a Labor Day parade in New York City...
...Alas, at present there is essentially not much we can do...
...9 A "hardsite" defense of certain ICBM fields, as contemplated in the ABM treaty, in order to preserve a relatively invulnerable deterrent...
...Indeed, their diplomacy, propaganda, and immensely effective disinformation campaigns perforce try to deter us from doing whatever they are in fact doing successfully...
...And suppose that there was indeed a successful revolt in East Germany, followed by a new Anschluss under an implacably anti-Soviet West German chancellor, who began maneuvering to detach the satellites from the Soviet orbit...
...A "light" anti-missile defense could provide a solution...
...The Soviets won't attack us at all unless the attack would be extremely effective...
...Today, while the Soviets have 10,000 antiaircraft missiles, we have none...
...Religion had permeated the Democratic primary campaign...
...Another point to remember is that in the SDI study game we have intrinsic advantages over the Soviets...
...Different speakers mean at least six different things by the expression, and any discussion is meaningless unless one specifies which is being talked about...
...Both DEW and KEW approaches seem promising for terminal defense...
...Now, however, using mobile and/or concealed, hardened, and proliferated defenses we could well defend our missiles against even massive attack...
...With some overlapping and omissions, to be sure, but still moving right along...
...In due course they will use any advantage they gain for blackmail, such as pinning down NATO in the face of local aggression...
...It's been calculated that for us to match their civil defense achievement would cost very roughly $40 billion...
...they've spent as much on defensive missiles in recent years as they have on offensive missiles, multiples more than us, and praise strategic defense in their military writings...
...Then they call the NORAD Commander in Chief (CINC)--or the Deputy CINC, if the boss is away--at his office down in Colorado Springs, who evaluates the report based on intelligence data and his judgment of the state of the world...
...They pressed the limits, sometimes bent them, and in the process, dabbled in political and moral science...
...The Soviets may well want to mount a light defense against the Chinese, and we should have it to cope with what the generals in Cheyenne Mountain call the "Mad Captain" scenario...
...One does not know what the Soviets consider an adequate casus belli, but they must believe there are a few or they wouldn't have built such an enormous offensive capability...
...And is it costefficient...
...A huge tunnel goes through the mountain...
...everyone booed...
...Dense swarms of interceptors would tear at the thinning ranks of the survivors as they approached their targets...
...I suggest that if the Soviets ever do decide that war is inevitable they will back down from that particular crisis, wait for things to cool off, and only then, after we've stacked arms, attack...
...i| ~i$~ -~-- 1 IIq f .~w e.f J iO~'m ,,w ,t~ ,it, after a few interesting twists in October...
...If a U.S...
...One way is by low-yield, high-altitude nuclear air bursts, which have very tittle fallout, since most fallout comes from debris thrown up in a ground burst...
...territory, so our defenses might consist primarily of enormous numbers of very small, cheap, highly intelligent non-nuclear missiles, also called kinetic energy weapons (KEW...
...They can dodge around, put out decoys, and, unlike ICBMs, be armored and shoot back at their attackers...
...For the second objective, defending specific installations in order to preserve our retaliatory capability, you wait until the warhead is committed to a particular target, and its decoys have been stripped away by the atmosphere...
...But that's only the beginning of the Soviet effort...
...Sets of immense steel blastproof doors lead off the tunnel to the working areas on the side...
...t ,'~_lqI II . . . - ====================================== - ' - . - 9 o . ~ l . o m . , o...
...There is, incidentally, an intermediate phase between a "heavy" As to a reasonably leak-proof "population" defense, who knows...
...the Soviets have 7,000...
...Much of what he passed on to his French public is still pertinent...
...There are about 600 reportable events a year, and so far, once the people running the sensors have been queried, there has never been a MED or HI...
...If they concluded, like the Japanese before Pearl Harbor, that war was inevitable, their best bet might be to switch to a soft-line Soviet premier, accept the new German government, call for new Helsinki talks, and initiate a new era of detente in which they made grudging concessions...
...by overwhelming that easy target first, the Soviets could neutralize the rest of the defense...
...Soviet military doctrine gives the utmost emphasis to strategic deception, and calls for initiating a conflict with a surprise blow of crushing force...
...They consulted hundreds Of experts...
...This is not the place to dissect that piece of work, the job having been THE AMERICAN SPECTATOR AUGUST 1985 17 done by Professor Jastrow...
...So go to it, SDI, on the research front, and when and if a later President ever wants to deploy let's consider that question at that time...
...Inside, banks of computer and John Train's most recent book is Famous Financial Fiascos (Clarkson N. Potter/crown...
...Well, not so fast...
...Mondale was a minister's son, and Gary Hart a former divinity student...
...The immediate, urgent need is to preserve a credible retaliatory capability by protecting enough of our silos...
...The Soviets, on the contrary, have concealed and invulnerable command centers...
...The handful that made it close to our cities would encounter our Nike and Bomarc batteries, deadly against bombers...
...Obviously, it's more productive to destroy the missiles before one target has become a host...
...This arrangement is to permit the blast of an explosion at one mouth of the tunnel to pass through it and out the other side...
...The Ambassador was none other than our late friend Andropov...
...The Homing Overlay Experiment weapon unfolded a 15-foot steel umbrella and without exploding simply collided with an incoming ICBM over the Pacific, wrecking it...
...He then began to hold a series of army exercises in the desert...
...It consists of a series of large buildings within hollowed-out rock caverns...
...Five Presidents and their advisers have sweated blood over this issue, and so far nothing that worked and was politically acceptable has been found better than straight retaliation...
...The beginning of last fall was such a lull...
...Once Jackson was out of the picture, Farrakhan was dismissed as a lunatic aberration (though he would exert an indirect influence later on...
...9 A "light" defense, which would, for instance, shield the Soviet Union from an attack by China, or the United States from the "Mad Captain" scenario, described below...
...Nothing stays in orbit forever...
...There's also an argument that the bus could be given a shiny finish, or rotated, or provided with a skirt, or surrounded with smoke released from the nose, or whatever, all to forestall DEW attack to some extent...
...Right here is where the debate over the Strategic Defense Initiative, alias "Star Wars," becomes terribly confused...
...Computers compare its data to profiles of known missiles, in a few seconds a report is displayed in the command post, which consists of two three-story computer screens observed from balconies on various levels by the officers and officials in charge...
...Not likely...
...hence the name of the SPRINT missile that was part of the discontinued "Safeguard" system...
...display screens tell you what's going on out in space...
...Why do they bother with this unending push for military advantage when war is so dangerous...
...When NORAD's CINC picked up the phone to Washington there might be no answer...
...Well...
...As I was having lunch with acting CINC General Rosenberg, I reflected that his hand-held radio--called "the brick," because that's about how big it is--had briefly become a curiously important part of our defensive system...
...Then, as their bombers lumbered unescorted across Alaska and Canada, they would be hit repeatedly by waves of our interceptors...
...That's what Hitler did to them, and what they'd do to us...
...if there were a dead end inside the mountain, a bomb at the mouth would shatter everything within, like popping an eardrum...
...That's a lot for us but excruciating for them...
...If the Soviet Union, or whoever, sends up a satellite or fires a missile, it is spotted by our satellites, which relay the information to some dozens of ground sensor stations...
...The Soviets have taken advantage of this provision...
...Reubin Askew was an elder of the Presbyterian Church...
...To talk about a population defense at all implies a commitment to deploy it, giving rise to a vast brouhaha from the anti-defense left, when all the President needed to say was that it will continue to be given high-priority study...
...It may be that they can sit quite deep in space, able to attack ICBMs but hard to attack themselves...
...The Prague Spring was dealt with in much the same way...
...For political reasons they can put more soldiers in the field than we can, but they don't have anything like our depth in computer technology and vast national familiarity with computers...
...It's like the problems created for doctors by the Reader's Digest's decades of articles on imminent cures for cancer...
...You may have seen one like it in the movie WarGames...
...But what about actually defending ourselves...
...For a more up-to-date look, one could do no better than examine the discussion of church and state which dominated the 1984 presidential campaign, during the month of September...
...When there is a lull or (at the other extreme) the irresistible pressure of some great event, politicians may speak out on matters of constitutional or philosophic importance...
...So I asked the Chief of Staff's office for some background material...
...And of course the Soviets themselves believe in it or they wouldn't be pushing ahead themselves--while objecting to our efforts...
...This can be with space-based weapons, or perhaps with ground lasers directed by mirrors in space...
...So in reality an attack was inconceivable...
...There are also other KEW configurations: The Homing Overlay Experiment weapon unfolded a 15-foot steel umbrellaand without exploding simply collided with an incoming I CBM over the Pacific, wrecking it...
...For thirty years the Soviets have steadily pushed a program of passive defense, starting with 1,500 virtually impregnable underground bunkers with communications facilities for the key 175,000 civilian and military leaders...
...We started to defend the Grand Fork, North Dakota missile fields, but concluded it ABM treaty if they feel they can move to a commanding lead...
...How does one begin an investigation of the relations of religion and politicsmspecifically, of religion in America to American politics...
...It's premature to say that we should deploy, which means precipitating heaven knows what Soviet countermeasures...
...With malice toward all, I would also like to deprecate a worthy group in Washington called High Frontier (another term for the SDI...
...Or Tripoli...
...It contains some remarkably sloppy analysis, including calculations off by a thousand times or more and seriously flawed or baseless assumptions, which vitiate the study...
...Indeed, anti-missile lasers are said to be going into Soviet warships...
...These tactics fall into two different categories of objective...
...What does the President do if a dozen missiles come in from an unidentified sub offshore...
...I was delighted to learn that in the best opinion of the service chiefs, the Russians would probably not be able to get even one bomber through our defenses over a major target (this was in the preICBM era...
...the one under the Kremlin is a mile underground compared to thirty feet down--almost the same as being on the surface--for the SAC command center outside Omaha...
...Because they are chess players, and in chess the threat is more powerful than the execution...
...better, then, to strike first and strike hard...
...Almost all education is entrusted to the clergy...
...Then, we have more money...
...It was built to withstand a lower level of attack, and has not been upgraded...
...Its publications argue for a hell-for-leather abrogation of the ABM treaty and immediate deployment...
...Flash Gordon), and a variation, ground-based attacks on satellites...
...Then they got tired of it...
...How good were our defenses...
...Well, I'm not sure...
...That's NORAD's judgment as to the likelihood that an attack is actually under way...
...Another example is the last Egypt-Israel war...
...And it would require that the Soviets replace their whole existing ICBM inventory...
...Where was the ACLU...
...They concluded that SDI would work, thanks to the emergence of "powerful new technologies...
...The contest seemed headed for a rout (ultimately, it got there, though only , ~ w ~' ' ~ -- - ~ '~ "~ i , , . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . :: . . . . . . . . . . . 7 IIIlI~ql ~mlI 11 ll~III4I'41+IIII" i...
...For general population defense, the best moment to attack a missile is with directed energy weapons (DEW)--laser or particle beamw shortly after launch, as it leaves the atTHE BOOB In all formal briefings I've had, whether under Army, Navy, or Air Force auspices, I've been assured that it's exceedingly unlikely that the Soviets would strike the United States without our having a good idea that it might happen...
...In short, we have abandoned our ability to defend against bomber attack, while the Soviets have built very impressive defenses: a complete turnaround from when I was in the Pentagon...
...There are lots of checks in the system: what is called "the man in the loop...
...IS] Richard Brookhiser THEOCRACY IN AMERICA: CAMPAIGN '84 REVISITED Who did He vote for...
...Years ago in the pre-satellite era our radars up on the Distant Early Warning line sometimes picked up migrating birds and the like, which caused moments of excitement, but since the present set-up has been in operation there has been only one flurry of that sort...
...Richard Brookhiser is senior editor at National Review...
...Any President is likely to be blackmailed by the Soviets unless they know that we have an effective defense of our own retaliatory forces...
...Of course, today's technology should permit simultaneous blasts at both ends of the tunnel, which would wreck everything within...
...9 The dream of a protective antimissile umbrella over part or all of the United States, to defend most of the population...
...You can figure ten warheads per SS-18 "bus" and perhaps 100 decoys--essentially, metal balloonsper warhead...
...And incidentally, a Soviet attack on, for instance, our strategic forces might well in practice open with a "precursor" attack against the Pentagon and the White House by missiles launched from submarines a few hundred miles offshore...
...How successful would a Soviet attack probably be...
...So the least one can say is that research and planning for point defense should stay in high gear...
...The decision on our retaliatory response would have to come from a lower level...
...Attack Moscow...
...Of course, attacking our space stations would preclude the advantage of surprise...
...Indeed, that contest may come to resemble the evolution of World War l's defenseless and vulnerable observation plane into today's formidable fighter...
...In this calm, the candidates, and other prominent Americans, engaged as if by prior agreement in a cluster of inter-connected debates concerning religion and politics...
...Simultaneously, however, the word was passed that it was only a test display...
...But you don't need anything like a perfect defense...
...rather, from the American public, for fear of complacency--and budget cuts...
...Would the Soviets launch an artillery barrage and send their tanks rolling west through the Fulda Gap, right into the counter-punch we've been preparing for forty years...
...In any event, you then get a few shots with DEW defenses at the nowMIRVed targets during the half-hour they're in stratospheric flight...
...Everything Walter Mondale touched, meanwhile, turned to lead...
...They are also carrying out extensive work on at least three types of laser defense, with deployment possible in this decade...
...Certainly, we should keep up our research program, since the Soviets are known to be far advanced in space defense for most of our popula- this field, and will "break out" of the President ever said a word about the Strategic Defense Initiative, since before he spoke the research was in fact going forward anyway, carried on by the different services within their respective budgets...
...These will swarm up and engage an incoming warhead at (in missile terms) pointblank range...
...Once I was asked to prepare a speech on the air defense of the United States for my boss, Assistant Secretary of the Army Roderick, to deliver in Grand Rapids, his home town...
...Nor do the Soviets slacken their efforts when we do...
...It has been reported that this equipment is in fact obsolete, and I understand it's being upgraded...
...Much too risky...
...One is immediate...
...And here, as I said earlier, the argument goes off the rails by not discriminating between the types of defense one is talking about...
...When I recently visited the North American Aerospace Defense command, in Colorado Springs, I got a very different message from that of thirty years back...
...to defend a specific point from the ground at close range than to erect a leak-proof space umbrella...
...Congress, however, refuses to use nuclear air bursts to defend U.S...
...This essay is adapted from his new book on the 1984 elections, The Outside Story, to be published later this year by Doubleday...
...You can now attack an incoming warhead more cheaply than the Soviets can get it there...
...9 A "terminal" or "point" defense of a country's capital city (as permitted by the ABM treaty) or a number of cities...
...indeed, even one multimegaton nuclear missile blast near the entrance would in all likelihood put the mountain out of action...
...In other words, the missile threat is degraded as it copes with our ability to attack it...
...There have been 15,000 manmade objects hurled into space, including debris, of which all but 5,500 or so have decayed or returned to earth...
...Finally, when they stopped bothering, the Egyptians at last struck, achieving complete surprise--a perfect strategic deception...
...For instance, in the second Hungarian uprising the Soviet tanks withdrew from Budapest...
...That not so scientific anti-defense organization, the Union of Concerned Scientists, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, was thus given an excuse to enter tion and a point defense for strategic missiles, namely a "light" space-based defense that would work against an attack by a second-rate power or an accidental limited launch by a major power...
...There is always Tocqueville, that standing rebuke to journalists everywhere (who will be reading our reports 150 years from now...
...in case it didn't, the KEW engagement should be at a high enough altitude so that the burst wouldn't have much effect at ground level...
...Will the SDI work...
...They stand clear of the rock walls and are mounted on enormous springs, so that a bombing attack that rocked the mountain would not necessarily shatter the buildings...
...So I got to work on the speech with enthusiasm...
...You then attack it from the ground with DEWs and short-range missiles...
...9 A research and development program, to determine what the possibilities are, without any deployment...
...Out there in Cheyenne Mountain, NORAD evaluates a reported attack in the light of the overall situation as revealed by the reports they have been getting...
...By common consent we needn't worry about the Soviets trying such a thing...
...He was endorsed by John Anderson...
...The Soviets spent about $500 billion to counter our B-52 bombers--successfully, until the cruise missile came along...
...The ABM treaty permits research and development as well as deployment of defenses of one missile field or the capital city...
...On the other side, in 1983 the Defensive Technologies Study Team under Dr...
...It's something of a pity that the the fray with a booklet on why strategic defense was impossible...
...It couldn't happen for decades anyway...
...He addressed a crowd of students at USC...
...Much of this "point" defense technology is almost ready, and it's much cheaper than space defense...
...Presidential elections are the season in which politicians speak their minds...
...It looked as though things had stabilized...
...Suppose we really are attacked, what then...
...Particularly, however, it's urgent...
...It's also unfortunate that the President gave the impression that his dream of a general population defense--as distinct from a point defense--was around the corner, or known to be possible, neither of which is true...
...They huff, we puff, they huff louder, we puff louder, and finally someone throws a punch, like two cowboys in a barroom brawl...
...First, you have to be sure...
...A similar canard was advanced by the Office of Technology Assessment, which declared that if the Soviets doubled their missile force we would have to double our battle stations in space to counter it...
...Naturally I assumed that the citizens of Grand Rapids would want to know first what danger they were in...
Vol. 18 • July 1985 • No. 7
