The Shrinking of America
Kramer, Rita & Yale
Yale and Rita Kramer THE SHRINKING OF AMERICA Dr. Lifton and his colleagues would like to correct your political thoughts. We were, of course, upset when we received the announcement. The very...
...To be sure, the "scientific discussions" presented by the Concerned Analysts that Sunday afternoon used pseudo-psychiatric "diagnoses" openly in the service of moral and political rhetoric...
...Solitary soul-searching...
...Like Caesar, he disavowed his leadership, but proceeded anyway to rouse us with the declaration that he was an anti-nuclear warrior...
...One cannot be a normal parent without it...
...But no matter, the aimlessly through freezing city winters, shouting at the inner voices and visions that plague them...
...To make matters more complex, this noTheir view of the world situation is unequivocal...
...The very name-Union of Concerned Psychoanalysts and Psychotherapists- generated tiny waves of reproach...
...This, however, scarcely deserves such a grandiloquent title, for it is not all-comprehensive, it is too incomplete and makes no claim to being self-contained and to the construction of systems...
...our moral backsliding, we paid up and slunk into the auditorium...
...Even in the training of young psychiatrists the wave of social orientation was felt...
...Whatever the Concerned Analysts' qualifications as psychologists, it is clear that they did not major in history...
...It followed, of course, that the only thing to do was to disarm completely...
...In the end, the only relevant question is whether the majority of the electorate believe that something they possess is worth fighting for...
...The fact is that poverty doesn't cause crime...
...In all this, what did psychoanalysis have to offer to unhappy over-privileged youth...
...And what Concerned Psychotherapists must do is make the masses aware of the propaganda and outright lies of their leaders, "get behind the scenes psychologically on what is happening behind the closed doors of the political decision-makers...
...It is useful only in the context of personal emotional life and misery...
...Shatan also believes the "defense" (in the psychological sense) of avoidance keeps people from facing the unpalatable realities that deterrence is a myth, that our government lies, and that all attempts at defense measures (in the military sense) are futile...
...Poverty was to blame...
...In the old days the best and the brightest of the young psychiatrists sought analytic training, and the best training programs were, for the most part, psychoanalytically oriented...
...Indeed, most wars and scourges over the last two thousand years have been conducted in the name of God in his/her various forms...
...Angel went on, are clear-sighted enough to perceive "an invisible mushroom cloud between them and all of their future...
...It is one in which ambitious scientists sell their diabolical ideas for new weapons systems to a gullible President, and in which the threat of war comes not from outside our own country but from our paranoid attempts to defend ourselves against an imagined threat and the Where the analyst looks inward to the source of human misery, the Marxist and the social psychiatrist look outward...
...But social psychiatrists exploit them and want to blur the distinction that psychoanalysis insists on-that the discontents of civilized man (and woman) are not completely but to a significant degree intra-psychic, internal, and not all out there in the real rotten world...
...In other forms, of course, this idea has had a long history in Western culture...
...Hey, wait," one of us wanted to call out...
...The real enemy is the U.S...
...How did they know whether you had the right stuff or not...
...He went on, equating the two superpowers, "two giants interlocked in a struggle in which they have lost all sense of priorities, making a mutual contribution to evil, equally at fault in distrusting each other," and then ticked off nonchalantly some really deep dynamics like "cosmic fatalism" and "the wish for merger with super macho power" in the populace, and suggested that President Reagan was the victim of a childlike belief that the good would be spared in the event of nuclear disaster...
...How, how...
...The point of analysis is not to inculcate values but to free an individual's normal functions from misery and inhibition, whether that individual is a poet or a four-star general...
...And in a pluralistic democracy it is the political process and not the testimony of experts or the morally superior that decides...
...Now one can see the chronically ill exercising their civil right to shuffle Freud himself knew that psychoanalysis could not and should not be made into a moral or political program, and resisted attempts to misuse its discoveries for such purposes...
...Always on the attack, always vocal, media oriented, their rhetoric ringing with high moral tones, they proclaimed that society was to blame-for mental illness, for drug addiction, for the crime in our cities...
...We puzzled for a moment about the full meaning of Dr...
...What history teaches Dr...
...Applications to psychoanalytic institutes fell off, the country was divided into catchments like one colossal sewage map, and storefront psychiatric clinics were opened in every low-income community...
...But, he reassured us, with proper treatment there may be hope...
...Shatan's colleague, Dr...
...A big confident man with a genial smile, he was jacketless and wore a plaid shirt with a western kerchief around his neck, Teddy Roosevelt style...
...Does poverty cause mental illness as the social psychiatrists claim...
...The real threat comes from our own weapons technologists...
...Most poor people would never allow themselves to commit a crime and some rich people commit them all the time-drug dealers, for example...
...With a straight face Dr...
...The Bolsheviks were right to give Freud a bad review, but they did it for the wrong reasons...
...Angel's prognosis left us with little to hope for, Dr...
...To an analyst alienation also has to do with ambivalence, paranoia, and guilt...
...When Freud made his famous remark that the aim of psychoanalysis was merely to transform neurotic misery into everyday unhappiness, he asserted a powerful conceptual distinction, a profound truth which transcends class and country...
...Applause...
...With the seventies-the golden age of social psychiatry-this changed...
...If the poor won't come to the clinics, bring the clinics to the poor...
...No one wants to own up to the authorship of his misery...
...The same man who consults a social psychiatrist will be asked if he has applied for his unemployment insurance, reassured that it is nothing to be ashamed of, and asked if he has written his congressman to protest the intolerable conditions of job insecurity in his profession...
...That's slogan thinking...
...And if there was any doubt or uncertainty left we turned to hardhitting Ted Koppel on "Nightline...
...we wondered, but Dr...
...They work best in clinical situations in which the practitioner is well trained and highly experienced, and in which an individual patient is highly motivated toward introspection and self-revelation, and in which both can agree that the patient has some significant degree of psychological abnormality...
...It sounds like a routine political matter, which in a way it is, but that's the hell of it psychologically speaking...
...These individuals often talk as though a "really successfully" analyzed patient would become morally and socially transformed, shedding his three-piece suit like a caterpillar and becoming a yogurt-making vegetarian and registered Democrat...
...Thus we presented ourselves at the entrance to the Ethical Culture Society auditorium one Sunday afternoon in March and were told that to learn about Nuclear Numbness we would have to pay fifteen dollars apiece...
...Chaim Shatan, a clinical professor at NYU, really shook us up...
...the military myth...
...Normally we all struggle with these emotions as best we can, helped immeasurably by the institutions of our respective cultures- "the sense of the community," religion, consensual ethical principles...
...Most of us are professionals in psychological areas...
...Zvi Lothane, then expressed his Concern and added to ours...
...Nonetheless, ideals do serve a useful social purpose and help inspire men (persons) to restrain self-interest and behave better than they naturally would...
...They are numbed, and that is why they do not react more strongly to the prospect of "man-made universal holocaust" hanging over them...
...Shatan was there to tell us the worst...
...There were others-analysts-more concerned, more responsible than we, who had found each other and formed a union and hadn't even thought of us...
...We nodded approvingly at the thin worried man across the aisle already taking notes even though the program hadn't started...
...Finally a last thought about this...
...A man complaining to his analyst that he has lost his job for the third time will be told as tactfully as possible that he has some unwitting need to engage in self-defeating behavior and that he must understand how and why he does this to himself...
...But I didn't realize it would be this deep...
...Over- and under-privileged youth looked to social protest or drugs as solutions to the ubiquitous existential evils they saw-war, prejudice, injustice, poverty...
...We all want to curse our fate...
...I told you this would be deep stuff," one of us said...
...That stood to reason, we told each other- drabness was a way of expressing concern...
...Rita Kramer's most recent book is In Defense of the Family (Basic Books...
...The two psychological notions which dominate the social, political, and, no doubt, the clinical perspective of this cadre of Concerned mental health workers are, however, not only not derived from Freud's theories Great Silliness was upon the land in those exciting days...
...He should have known better, the other chided...
...I think it is in our purview and task as psychological professionals to demonstrate this in a variety of ways...
...What society calls crime is an act committed by an individual with an individual mind in an individual brain and body generating individual motivations...
...Now for the psychology...
...Lifton was apparently our model...
...One has only to study closely the behavior of chronically ill mental patients for a short time to know why mental illness causes poverty...
...1 his began with the president of the UCPP, a lay psychoanalyst, Dr...
...Psychoanalysis was not part of the solution, so it became part of the problem...
...Like the doctor called in to give the family the bad news, Dr...
...But this was a little different...
...And as though he hadn't quite heard himself he picked up his coat, walked up the aisle, and disappeared...
...To extend the definition of pathology much beyond this is to enter the sphere of Soviet Psychiatry...
...I'm miserable because I'm poor-or black or Jewish or female or short or ugly-and society despises me for It's human nature and these are mental mechanisms everyone uses...
...Thus they can only perform the simplest tasks or more complex ones in sheltered workplaces such as eleemosynary institutions, where realistic demands for productivity are tailored to their needs...
...Freud himself knew that psychoanalysis could not and should not be made into a moral or political program, and resisted attempts to misuse its discoveries for such purposes...
...Of course, it's a given now that we have the obligation now to address these issues with whatever knowledge we have from our traditions, from our professions...
...It is at the heart of zest and vitality in civilized life...
...By then Freud's work had given rise to the understanding, now beyond doubt, that developmental vicissitudes in the life of a child-rich or poor, capitalist or worker-have powerful effects in distributing the goods and ills of mankind...
...At least we know for sure now...
...Alas, some misguided individuals-naive or poorly trained analysts included-have the notion that psychoanalysis can (and therefore should) affect these ubiquitous evils, not so much directly, but through some process of thought-correction (brainwashing...
...It has as yet little or no explanatory or therapeutic power with respect to existential sources of human unhappiness-traffic jams, air pollution, poverty, war, famine...
...Unemployment was to blame...
...Still, apparently we had fallen short, failed some unspoken moral test...
...Aggression is an acknowledged fact of psychological life...
...But it is folly of the worst sort to deny the universality of these impulses in ourselves and our enemies...
...Lothane suggested that women might follow the example of Lysistrata and go on strike, as he put it, in order to influence arms policy...
...The assumption that psychoanalysts, psychotherapists- Concerned or Unconcerned-or for that matter any other members of the so-called behavioral sciences could provide any understanding or knowledge that would be relevant to the issues of Realpolitik or modern warfare is derivative psychotherapies-are severely limited in their application...
...It was difficult to believe that these men, all old enough to remember the years between the two world wars, were not aware that the second of them was the consequence not of a policy of deterrence or a tough stance in the face of threats but of backing down-of pacifism and disarmament and a tragic misjudgment of the lengths to which the unchecked leaders of totalitarian powers would finally go...
...Lifton's insight, but were swept along by his personal magnetism...
...Here, we thought, was an opportunity to repair our social dereliction, perhaps even be accepted into the ranks of the UCPP...
...That they don't know anything that anyone else doesn't know...
...Of course we would go, and in the bargain learn a thing or two about the dynamics of Nuclear Numbness, which, we acknowledged, we probably had a bad case of...
...Ah, yes, but which lessons of history...
...Or, if the group is political, the name is punchy and right up front- Plumbers for Mondale...
...Over and over again they referred to Santayana's historical dictum...
...Like the pro-freeze physicists who have had so much recent media exposure, self-styled mental-health professionals have begun to enter the nuclear-policy debate, degrading the valid use of psychological terms and concepts and cheapening the efforts of those professionals who use them in legitimate ways...
...No stuffy consulting rooms, no soul-searching leading to self-doubt and political inaction, no hospitalization because it discriminated against the mentally ill, and deprived them of their civil rights...
...The other shrugged...
...The auditorium was filling up and we noticed, looking down on us all, a huge bas-relief wood carving depicting a depressed-looking man being helped by a bearded fellow in a cloak and sandals and holding a staff...
...The Short Philosophic Dictionary, the authoritative statement of the Party line in Russia, states that Freudism (sic) is "a reactionary idealistic trend widespread in bourgeois psychological science . . . now in the service of imperialism which utilizes these 'teachings' for the purpose of justifying and developing the basest and most repellent instinctual tendencies...
...As the tiniest amount of thought will suggest, it makes no more sense to say poverty causes crime than it does to say that wealth causes crime when one tries to explain the criminal activities of businessmen or senators...
...We had been wrong about the Concerned Analysts' official dress...
...One of us made a mental note...
...At first we thought he would leave the petty stuff-the psychological dynamics-to the less Concerned panelists and give us political direction and thrust, anti-nuclear warrior that he was...
...In 1932 he answered the question definitively: "Psychoanalysis, in my opinion, is incapable of creating a Weltanschauung of its own...
...Ernest Angel...
...Rhetoric aside, there runs through discussions of nuclear disarmament and pacifism increasingly since the seventies the implicit notion that all forms of aggression are not only "bad" but pathological, that those who suffer from it are "sick" or "infantile" or "immature," and that only those who are free of aggression (except when it comes to nuclear disarmament) and whose actions are informed by love are "normal," "mature...
...But, realizing what a small price it was to pay for Yale Kramer, M.D...
...Some men will gratify their aggressive needs by hunting, some by playing football, some by staging righteously indignant protests at nuclear disarmament rallies...
...As anyone who has tried to work with recidivist criminals can tell you, they don't want jobs, and undermine all attempts to provide them with work...
...There is no place in psychoanalysis (or its derived psychotherapies) for politics...
...Oh yeah, what...
...Not to see this is tantamount to denial, not in the rational but in the pathological sense...
...it is part of science and can adhere to the scientific Weltanschauung...
...However one wishes to characterize the large group of arts and disciplines derived from the biological, psychological, and social sciences (more generally the behavioral sciences...
...Was it worth it...
...What about mental illness...
...There are too many of the great problems which it has not yet been able to solve...
...At was still quite light when we stepped out onto Central Park West, and the stinging March wind seemed to rouse us as we stepped northward through the park at a brisk pace...
...Even those that are the most practically oriented-psychoanalysis and its "It's interesting that one hears, now that the idea of being a supporter of SDI is equated with loyalty to the Administration...
...Instantly we felt less numb...
...Unfortunately, during the silliness of the seventies those in the mental health field whose Weltanschauung was consonant with Marxism concerning the sources of human misery-social causes, social cures-sold the rest of us, the public and policy-makers alike, a bill of goods...
...Lifton was clearly a born leader and politician because his words were full of conviction and import...
...Waiting for the program to begin we watched the panelists assembling onstage, shaking hands with solemn nods, and wondered about the name the group had chosen...
...If Dr...
...Strangelove...
...I look forward," Dr...
...Robert Jay Lifton...
...Mental health, it appears, consists in sharing their political beliefs-pacifist, pro-unilateral disarmament, and anti-Reagan...
...It is an ideal that dominates the Judeo-Christian religions and the philosophies that derive from them, and as such it seems perfectly harmless, since no Judeo-Christian community has ever taken it seriously as a guide for conduct where its own interests were at stake...
...It wasn't Freud's unsavory sexual theories, as the quotation above suggests, that were inimical to Marxist theory, but the importance of individual psychology in the affairs of men, and further, that this had its roots in the biology and early development of the individual-that is, it was pre-political, pre-economic...
...Only the young, Dr...
...And we bought this prescription of word magic and snake oil at a cost of countless millions of dollars and man hours of paper-shuffling and administrative musical chairs...
...Of late, however, this idea has been dressed up in a white coat, a beard, and specs and peddled as scientific...
...The sickness is in us...
...Where the analyst looks inward to the source of human misery, the Marxist and the social psychiatrist look outward...
...As we looked timidly about, we wondered whether we could tell the more Concerned from the less Concerned Analysts...
...He went on, "It's interesting that one hears now that the idea of being a supporter of SDI is equated with loyalty to the Administration...
...The aggressive drive and its components in human beings-ambition, self-interest, greed, envy, jealousy, acquisitiveness-are ubiquitous from infancy to old age...
...Ordinary loyalties are in no way altered in structure by a particular project that could eliminate everything...
...The announcement generously invited even those who had not yet reached the minimal standard of Concern to "explore with 'Nuclear Insiders' and Psychological Analysts the Dynamics of Nuclear Numbness...
...Because of the tendency in human nature to blur this distinction, and because of an active and highly vocal army of snake oil salespersons who have a vested ideological interest in denying this distinction, unsophisticated policy-makers and congressmen are often inveigled into investing in large-scale programs that can yield only disappointment, waste, and more bureaucracy...
...but if anything anti-analytic...
...No contest...
...Ourselves...
...We wondered whether this was the prescribed garb of the Concerned Analyst, and realized how far one of us had fallen...
...The profit motive may indeed be one important factor among the many causes of crime, but it is certainly a naive notion that like Jean Valjean the poor commit crimes for sustenance and survival...
...During the rise of the New Left in the late sixties and seventies psychoanalysis was at its lowest point in the ebb and flow of cultural fashion...
...Despite the modesty of their experience and training many of them are outspoken advocates of this or that social or political issue, and since the press is usually un-discriminating about what it swallows and regurgitates to the public, the views of this group tend to get rather wide dissemination...
...Only one of us was a psychoanalyst, but neither of us had ever missed an opportunity to vote...
...The criteria for membership are more or less clear-if you're a plumber and for Mondale, you're in...
...The chairs on the stage were all occupied now and only the obligatory fussing with the microphones was left...
...Coming on a bed of crocuses suddenly, one of us mumbled, "Spring- it's the silly season again...
...Such patients are largely unable to meet the complex demands of the marketplace without breaking down...
...Psychoanalysis is the art-science of unconscious intra-psychic conflict-not inter-personal conflict...
...In retrospect it is easy to see that many of these young people got their personal misery mixed up with social misery and tried to find solutions for one in the pursuit of the other...
...The net result was the re-invention of old-fashioned social work (now called "community psychiatry"), except that now it was done by the doctors because the social workers had all gone into the private practice of psychotherapy...
...It was inspiring to hear him as he chopped away at the air in front of him...
...Leaders and followers are both in the grip of wishful thinking at best and, at worst, manipulative mischief on the part of sophisticated people who should and probably do know better...
...one cannot have a normal sex life without it...
...Every morning we clucked and nodded to each other over the op-ed page, spent many of our evening hours with the current New York Review, the TLS, the New Republic, and then the Macneil/Lehrer report...
...one cannot pursue happiness without it, or enjoy humor or appreciate art, or engage in commerce...
...It is a truth which goes against the grain of human nature...
...A buck and a half, maybe...
...In fact they are contemptuous of all those who do work...
...Young doctors took off their ties and white coats, put on sandals, and proclaimed, "We are all equals-doctors, nurses, aides, patients," confusing already confused patients even more...
...The somber wood-paneled hall was half filled with people-hushed, as before a religious ceremony, and all wearing heavy drab clothing...
...He too believed that not thinking about nuclear Armageddon every moment is "apathy" and a sign of mental illness...
...The Bolsheviks in turn were equally intolerant of Freud...
...dreary, endless entrapment...
...As the juvenile delinquent puts it in West Side Story: "Dear kindly social worker/They say go earn some dough/Like be a soda jerker/Which means like be a schmo/It's not I'm anti-social/I'm only anti-work/Glorioski, that's why I'm a jerk...
...defense industry...
...Concerned Analysts, social psychiatrists, behavioral scientists-whatever they wish to call themselves-have no special knowledge that can have a bearing on the great issues of war and peace in the modern world, because the decision to have war or peace has to do with values and not facts or theories of how the world works-even the world of the mind...
...Of course, psychoanalysis doesn't work that way at all...
...Freud himself had always been skeptical of Marxist assumptions about human nature and deeply scornful of Bolshevik methods...
...As the first panelist pulled the microphone toward himself, we rubbed our hands together...
...It sounds like a routine political matter, which in a way it is, but that's the hell of it psychologically speaking...
...You were looking forward to the discussion...
...Angel or Shatan or Lif-ton to assert or imply that it is possible to understand or know the motivations of anyone who is not their acknowledged patient, suggests a degree of ignorance or deception that is incompatible with standards of professional ethics and competence...
...And although in various degrees of excess they may be considered, by some, evil or vicious, their presence in individuals is not pathological unless they give rise to significant amounts of emotional discomfort, psychological impairment, or self-destructive behavior...
...Freud has never been popular with the left despite the fact that many who claim to be analysts, and especially Concerned Analysts, share a Weltanschauung that looks left rather than right...
...If anything, the reverse is true...
...What this therapy will do is reveal the lies of government and the silence of the masses, "unmask the true forms behind the pseudo-reality...
...Concerned Analysts take note...
...This group purveys a hodgepodge of theory (if one can call it theoryperhaps opinion would describe it more accurately) and practice which is only very loosely connected with Freud's ideas...
...A grim-faced jogger huffed past...
...One of us touched the luxurious cashmere of his turtleneck sweater uncomfortably...
...Closely connected with the Weltanschauung that asserts that mankind's miseries are socially induced and that therefore they can be cured socially is another false god worshipped by the salvation psychiatrists, Concerned Analysts, and their followers-the notion that all aggression is pathological, and thus war and those who contemplate it or participate in any activity which is connected with it are "crazy," "mad," "psychotic," "paranoid...
...Thus, despite the limitations in the quality of their thought, in the public mind they come to speak for the mental health establishment as a whole...
...Most groups identify themselves geographically- the New York Medical Society-or by interest-the Modern Language Association-or by profession-the Society of Gastrointestinal Assistants...
...Now for Drs...
...The first is that aggression and all its derivatives are pathological, and the second is that the primary causes of serious mental illness are social...
...Lifton didn't want to blunt the depth of his analysis with trivial details...
...He too exhorted us to learn the lessons of history...
...Powerfully amplified throat-clearing heralded the beginning of the program, and we were told that we were particularly fortunate that afternoon in having with us the Honorary President of the UCPP, Dr...
...The net worth of many drug dealers and Mafiosi is greater than that of most CEOs...
...Over and over again they suggested that the electorate is sick because it voted for Reagan and his Star Wars program, and that the scientists who work on nuclear weapons are functioning according to some pathological dynamic...
...It is expressed consciously and unconsciously in thousands of ways, some more subtle than others and for the most part socially acceptable...
...It does not need one...
...It can only be, he concluded, a psychological defense, a symptom known as denial...
...We have to show and articulate exactly how this particular program [Star Wars/SDI] commits us to an unending arms race...
...possibility that we will, like careless children, drop one of those superfluous megaton weapons on the rest of an innocent humanity...
...That's not worth thirty dollars...
...To put it in a nutshell, maternal depression is probably more important in shaping a child's later life than economic depression...
...To a Marxist or social psychiatrist alienation is connected with working conditions and who owns the means of production...
...We [the Concerned Psychoanalysts and Psychotherapists] know how to uncover the hidden reality...
...But it was heady stuff then- exciting, highly pleasurable springtime communions with promise of magical cures for all...
...Unrelenting, he went on...
...Lifton is one of the honorary leaders of a vast army of so-called "mental health professionals" with extremely varied backgrounds (nurses, teachers, counselors, therapists, psychologists, psychiatrists, analysts, and probably professionals we haven't heard of yet), and the quality of whose training is also extremely varied (mostly poor, since there are many trainees and in mental health, as in other fields of education, there are very few first-rate training institutions...
...and the main beneficiary of this re-orientation in psychiatry was the vast bureaucracy of so-called mental health professionals with a written and unwritten agenda of social policies, most of them unexamined and possibly as wasteful and misguided as those tried in the past...
...tion has coalesced and commingled with ideas like "macho" and "jock" and "sexist"-masculine caricatures- to give rise finally to stereotypical madmen and rednecks like those so brilliantly realized in the film Dr...
...We're not defending ourselves against any outside threat...
...more narrowly-those with a clinical or therapeutic orientation-the mental health professions), none of them individually or collectively has reached a level of sophistication that would merit its application to the affairs of mankind as a whole...
...And surely he'd be right, we told each other with a guilty shrug...
...You're not the only Concerned Union around, you know...
...Thirty bucks," one of us grumbled...
...They suggested over and over again that they had special knowledge and understanding of "the masses," of nuclear scientists, of the President and his advisers, in short, of people they don't know, and have never known...
...Angel was sure that if people were not somehow blinded by denial, numbed by habit, "there would have been an election landslide in the reverse direction...
...Angel asked himself why people don't take to the streets in protest-only a push button away from the total annihilation of humanity...
...Lothane is that the United States today is like Hitler's Germany...
...But the hostility between psychoanalysis and the left goes back further than the last decade, although few analysts remember or acknowledge this...
...We sat forward in our seats...
...is a psychoanalyst and Clinical Associate Professor of Psychiatry at Rutgers Medical School...
...It is a normal and necessary part of development and its derivatives play an important part in all aspects of normal life...
...First of all, he identified himself as one of a group of American scientists fighting "the whole madness" of the arms race who believe that nothing is proof against nuclear attack...
...Lifton concluded with a broad smile, "to hearing the discussion today...
...But he probably would have answered, "Listen, I've got other groups whose discussions I look forward to...
...This phenomenon reflects a mischievous tendency to use unexamined assumptions from psychological and psychiatric contexts for political purposes...
Vol. 18 • June 1985 • No. 6
