Sense and Nonsense: A Reader's Guide to the KE007 Massacre
Oberg, James E.
BOOK REVIEWS When 269 people die horribly and world tension is noticeably heightened, it is of course prudent to determine how the tragedy occurred and how we can prevent its like from happening...
...In The Last Two Years of Salvador Allende Nathaniel Davis, who was U.S...
...Is it because the critics seek an excuse for a barely disguised neutralism, and the leaders require—or believe they require—at least the pretense of 'moderating' American obtuseness and intransigence as a unifying element in their domestic politics...
...We must also recognize that "as a general principle, arms do not cause political tensions...
...Sakhalin: Sense and Nonsense," by J.E...
...Second, there was nothing in the actual flight path that would reasonably have led any agencies of the U.S...
...His map of the aircraft's route shows a bizarre jog due south over Sakhalin, utterly inconsistent with every other published account...
...certainly to judge by what Ball himself is saying these days, there is plenty of reason to think so...
...For all the press attention given to Ciubb's and Daiiin's bocks, with their Varying degrees of pro-conspiracy sentiment, a reader might conclude that these were the first two books on the subject...
...Kissinger's is an American vision enriched by European experience...
...This attitude was fueled at times by his ill-considered remarks on the American political process...
...As Davis says, Allende "never made it quite clear whether he was on the side of the mobilized workers or of his own authorities...
...all the more reason, therefore, why those who make such choices should understand that Salvador Allende's experiment was doomed by its very nature...
...The elusive prize was not El Dorado's gold, but socialist revolution, to be achieved in a unique and gratifying manner: through democratic process in a free society...
...One such allegation in KAL Flight 007: The Hidden Story is that the crew turned off the airliner's transponder while crossing the Kamchatka Peninsula with the intent of avoiding Soviet interceptors...
...He retired: famous, rich, married to one of the most beautiful women in the world, his terrible pride unchastened...
...Few people are altogether consistent in outlook, and Salvador Allende revealed more contradictions and anomalies than most...
...The Soviets' version of the event had to satisfy "a domestic audience which needed to be impressed with the continued infallibility of the ruling party, the integrity of Soviet borders, the vigilance of its protectors, and the malice of their enemies abroad...
...Other foreign $32...
...Instead, great public attention is paid to theorists such as graduate student David Pearson, whose long, turgid argumentation a year ago in the Nation still echoes and re-echoes through the media...
...The third (and authentic) alternative is that these authorities had no sensors capable of providing such data—the falsely conjured up "radar screens" reference is a trick...
...European fears of the Soviet Union lead to Kissinger's second major theme—the problem of arms control...
...Also, the airline's saving would have reached perhaps a thousand dollars, hardly enough to justify such a risk...
...Now observe the careful metamorphosis of this claim in subsequent pages: "We have already noted that Flight 007 evidently maintained radio silence as it flew across Kamchatka and also had its IFF system turned off...
...His first order of business was the destruction of the private sector, which involved the nationalization of ITT and the copper mines, along with the creation of a retroactive "excess profits" tax that wiped out almost all compensation owed to the U.S.-based mining companies...
...As contributors we have enlisted today's most distinguished thinkers and writers—like Robert Nisbet, Jorge Luis Borges, Fred Chappell...
...His conclusions, published in the New York Review of Books, reflect crisp, analytical treatment of the carefully defined problem and of the factors that he points out...
...He goes to some length in his book to put in a kind word for almost all the main figures in the Chilean drama, especially Allende...
...Kissinger begins by pointing out what surely should be far more obvious than it is—namely, that "mankind cannot unlearn the secret of the atom...
...As it turned out, he was nothing of the sort—although his interests were well served by such confusion and speculation...
...The root of the problem is cultural and historical...
...the Japanese military radar, not being the type found at commercial airports, would never have triggered the airliner's response, while a commercial query would have (and did, in fact) receive a response which only told the observers it was an airliner, any nation's airliner...
...Now observe the careful Chronicles of Culture is a magazine written for people in search of a positive and hopeful vision for American culture...
...He refers to a USAF/FAA agreement to warn off-course outbound airliners, even though that agreement had lapsed a year before the incident...
...Hemingway had that and much else in mind...
...Physical laws, plus practical programming limitations, made this impossible...
...Such venomous words are terrifying evidence that the 269 dead of KE007 will probably not be the last innocents to fall before Soviet weapons...
...As for me...
...Classic fallacies of reasoning abound, including the false dilemma: "Unless we are to assume incompetence, do we not have to assume that the authorities in question [American and Japanese air traffic controllers] had unexplained reasons for not doing anything about the aircraft on their radar screens as it headed undeviatingly on its fatal course toward Russia's Sakhalin Island...
...reconnaissance capabilities been strengthened...
...To prove this, Pearson lets loose an avalanche of technical and military terminology that gives an appearance of true expertise...
...It was Dominguin's high-water mark, as it turned out, because at Malaga he gave his best, he fought maybe better than ever he had fought...
...They predicted that someone would come along one day to inflict vengeance on Dominguin, and they prayed to live to see it...
...ambassador to Chile from October 1971 to November 1973, aims to dispel this notion...
...Only wishful thinking suggested that Allende's venture would succeed...
...American conservatives and liberals would do well, too, to moderate their fire on one of the few serious foreign policy thinkers this country has produced in the last generation...
...The Soviets are clearly ready to shoot down the next lost airliner,, and a zealous band of Westerners has proclaimed its own readiness to come up with excuses...
...Still less can the special strains to which the trans-Atlantic relationship has been subject be eased by urging the United States on one hand to defend the balance of power, "and then give it equal billing as a threat to peace with the Soviet 'hegemonist.' " And he adds tartly, "It is time for our European allies to abandon the charade that their principal foreign policy goal is to moderate an intransigent America—a role more appropriate for neutrals than for allies...
...Mann (pseudonym...
...Actually, they were not: Books by authors Jeffrey St...
...Mann," and the second was by David Pearson, before then an obscure graduate student in sociology at Yale...
...Instead, in a monumental exercise of ethnocentricity, many Americans blamed the usual suspect— the United States...
...the available evidence shows just the opposite...
...That's obviously a quite different assertion from the one Hallinan and Clubb attribute to him...
...Physical laws, plus practical programming limitations, made this impossible...
...Hallinan had never talked to him about the claim...
...His government could not follow the latter way without engaging in economic coercion and, ultimately, political repression...
...He is not blind to the deficiencies of the American foreign policy process—far from it, since he recounts their horrors in luxurious detail—but he does insist that the Europeans cannot seize upon these as an excuse perpetually to postpone important decisions (particularly the enlargement of their conventional deterrent) which the times demand...
...What is perhaps equally interesting Mark Falcoff is resident fellow at the American Enterprise Institute...
...Japan-based Australian author Murray Sayle believes there is, and has spent months investigating the case and attempting to explain what happened...
...Yet Clubb insists: "The assertion that the KAL airliner's deviant flight went undetected for two and a half hours by U.S...
...Hemingway calls it one of the greatest fights ever...
...He had to kill absolutely perfectly...
...Yes, he could...
...This is something against which as a political culture we still rebel, but from which, inevitably, there is no escape...
...But Clubb does not want to bother his readers with inconvenient facts...
...and for all seasons, but particularly since his departure from office, the most persuasive expositor of what used to pass for mainstream American foreign policy...
...His latest book, Pioneering Space, is being issued by McGraw-Hill this November...
...We stand apart from the reigning critical "establishments—their jargon, their squabbles, and their pet causes...
...But when Sayle presented them with the results of his research, the documentary was canceled...
...Regretting that "the analysis requires an almost clinical examination of the deceased president's remains," he then sorts through six well-known versions of Allende's death, including graphic discussions of the president's wounds: For example, could Allende's body have remained in a sitting position after he shot himself in the head with a submachine gun...
...Any reader so informed would quite naturally ask himself if there might not have been any changes in the intervening years...
...Sayle suggests that this single switch throw was not made (he has several plausible explanations why it wasn't), and he provides evidence that it could not have been made...
...impossible...
...Wrote the Economist: "Whoever he is, he appears to have access to high level intelligence data...
...Well, anyone remotely interested in bullfighting and the literary legend that Ernest Hemingway once was should be grateful to Mr...
...Hemingway's fascination with bullfighting is easily explained, creativity being intimately of the stuff of death, sex, and religion...
...he wrote 120,000 words that his friend and memorialist A.E...
...Peace Council (New York), 8 pp...
...For drama, for contrast in styles, for fidelity to the art, and for what Spaniards call pundonor, which goes beyond honor, there may never again be one like it...
...so suavely, so simply, and so smoothly that every pass seemed to be sculptured...
...Nonetheless, it is difficult to imagine any European— certainly not Lord Carrington, certainly not Claude Cheysson—writing a book like this...
...And there is the first problem: The basic assertion is false...
...The Soviet push to convince people of these ridiculous excuses for murder received a double shot of support in mid-1984 with the appearance of two magazine articles, one in London and the other in New York...
...The author criticized air traffic controllers for not warning KE007, and also alleged that the news media had not thoroughly examined such spy scenarios...
...The Soviet pilot's IFF system would have received a response only from another Soviet aircraft...
...Following the shootdown and the deaths of 269 innocent people, Moscow reacted with all its usual veracity and moral integrity...
...This book, as he says, is both monograph and memoir, an attempt to explain what happened in Chile and to vindicate himself...
...The book by a respected Sovietologist, Alexander Dallin, was generally treated kindly, while the shrill conspiracy advocacy of Oliver Clubb was almost universally panned...
...He eagerly reports that a space shuttle dummy payload (carried up to test the spaceship's robot arm) was a "secret dipole antenna...
...517-439-1763, by October 15, 1985...
...Under these circumstances, squalid new provocations can be expected from the American makers of irresponsible and aggressive foreign policy, provocations executed with blessing from [Reagan...
...Among other things, they noted that even if the particular RC-135 in question had returned to its base there would have been another such aircraft off the Kamchatka coast to replace it...
...government to realize a civilian aircraft was off course and potentially in danger...
...First, Dallin plays by the rules and speaks on certain topics (such as international affairs) with an established expertise...
...actions of which he was unaware...
...Finally, the Soviets should have been able to determine that the "target" was a civilian airliner, but apparently didn't, and arguably wouldn't have cared anyway...
...Since Clubb clearly wants to demonstrate the deliberate nature of the airliner's course deviation, he needs to prove that the crew took actions totally inconsistent with an innocent mistake...
...Do it today, and we'll start you with our very next issue...
...administration, following a policy of state terrorism, has not ceased airborne espionage against the Soviet Union," wrote captain Yevgeniy Nikitin...
...Antonio almost made me choke up with the cape," Hemingway writes, accurately describing Ordonez's effect on anyone who saw him in the years when he was still hungry...
...Nevertheless, Black Box is a valuable book, if only for its treatment of political repercussions, and for its comprehensive citations and footnotes...
...I read The Dangerous Summer with a keen and very particular ache in my heart...
...Is there any reasonable way a plane could so grievously lose its way...
...Clubb employs a similar deceptive technique in trying to prove that U.S...
...For twelve triumphal years, however, Dominguin ruled the arenas...
...As the public sector began to swell, the state met its expanding payroll by printing money, and responded to the ensuing inflation with wage, price, and currency controls...
...Consequently, its failure to alert the aircraft was taken as evidence of a pre-arranged plot or, at the very least, of grounds for significant responsibility for the plane's fate...
...He eagerly reports that a space shuttle dummy payload (carried up to test the spaceship's robot arm) was a "secret dipole antenna...
...He is far more concerned with convincing them of one of his key theses: Modern airliners simply cannot go off course accidentally...
...Even the most venturesome of U.S...
...The government's bid to nationalize the trucking business in September 1972 provoked the first of the truckers' strikes that paralyzed the country...
...Tanks patrolled the streets to enforce emergency curfews...
...And hubristic...
...Nixon and Kissinger had a grander name for it, but theirs was a foreign policy of crisis management and damage limitation...
...For the left, there is the evil genius of Richard Nixon's foreign policy (Vietnam, Cambodia, Chile, etc...
...Little if any evidential value can be given to arguments by lay people about a pilot's behavior if they have no experience of what a pilot navigating an aircraft could or could not have seen," Behind all these propaganda conflicts, there remains the actual puzzle of the plane's actions...
...When they reached their intended route they were to have turned a rotary switch one click to put the autopilot onto inertial guidance mode...
...Sayle claims to have found just such a solution, and it is a logical, internally consistent, plausible reconstruction of the event...
...John and Richard Rohmer appeared the year before...
...If Kissinger is back in fashion, it is partly that the stormclouds of Vietnam have cleared, and it is now possible for the first time in many years to approach our foreign policy choices with a measure of objectivity...
...Since Clubb clearly wants to demonstrate the deliberate nature of the airliner's course deviation, he needs to prove that the crew took actions totally inconsistent with an innocent mistake...
...he put them away...
...The book by a respected Sovietologist, Alexander Dallin, was generally treated kindly, while the shrill conspiracy advocacy of Oliver Clubb was almost universally panned...
...as we have seen, with RC-135s patrolling continuously off the Kamchatka coast...
...did supply a little more than $6 million in covert aid to the opposition during Allende's three years in office, much of the money went to support legitimate opposition activities that the government was trying to suppress by unscrupulous means...
...Since about 1960 the Europeans have virtually adopted the traditional American practice of moralistic posturing, deprecating "the importance of power [in favor of an] abstract faith in goodwill...
...He relies on "assertions of the consequent" to establish that the nearby RC-135, a U.S...
...Clubb quotes from the Miami Herald: "The pilot appears to have turned off the signal device that would have identified him as an innocent airliner...
...Elsewhere he adds: "An argument that a thing cannot happen . . . collapses when there is evidence that it has already happened, somewhere else...
...if they do go off course, they do so deliberately...
...It's obvious why Clubb would not want to repeat that testimony...
...Instead, we are proud to uphold the middle-American literary tradition that gave us Mark Twain, T.S...
...Hence the Soviet propaganda response could have been (and was) predicted within hours of the shootdown...
...and a wicked sense of humor very unlike that normally found in either academic life or the government...
...An extensive investigation of the Soviet attack on the Korean Air Lines' chorage-to-Seoul Flight KE007 leads one to some fairly confident conclusions...
...Death therefore rode him like an obsession, and at the end, though he fought and defied Death, which stood for the extinction of his literary powers, it claimed him...
...But then St...
...To prove this, Clubb must first obfuscate the point that there are different models of RC-135s, each with different missions and capabilities—it is always "the" capabilities of "the" RC-135...
...In challenging the common wisdom on Chile, Davis has set himself an uphill task...
...OBSERVATIONS: SELECTED SPEECHES AND ESSAYS, 1982-1984 Henry Kissinger/Little, Brown/$17.95 Mark Falcoff In the nearly twenty years that he has been a major political figure, Henry Kissinger has already appeared in three separate (but chronologically overlapping) incarnations...
...According to Davis, "There were ebbs and flows of planning and activity which followed the successive pulls of national crisis and subsided when the nation's politics moved in quieter ways...
...Here's your invitation to enjoy a year of Chronicles of Culture —for only $12.97...
...The Soviet pilot's IFF system would have received a response only from another Soviet aircraft...
...To mediate the strikes and help maintain his control over an angry and divided citizenry, Allende brought military leaders into his cabinet...
...The first appeared under the pseudonym "P.Q...
...This is not, to be sure, what happened during the decade of detente...
...he third theme naturally follows from this—the need to have a realistic understanding of what kinds of incentives will induce the Soviets to moderate their international conduct...
...These European concerns are, Kissinger concedes, legitimate enough...
...It is troubling to consider how close the question comes to answering itself...
...This includes the spurious "no first use" doctrine launched not long ago by Messrs...
...The reverse is the fact...
...For Kissinger approaches his topics—the Atlantic alliance, East-West relations, arms control, the Third World, and international economic issues—from a decidedly unsentimental and unapologetic perspective...
...But he goes on to reject this diagnosis, "perhaps because I instinctively reject such preordained afflictions and gloomy probabilities...
...Nor is he particularly admiring of Western European governments, including and perhaps especially conservative governments, which attempt to appease the "peace" vote in their countries by waffling on INF negotiations over intermediate range nuclear forces or the acceptance of Pershing missiles, as if in discharging their obligations under treaty they were doing some sort of favor for the United States...
...Having observed him at close range for a brief period in 1983, I can attest that the Kissinger mystique consists in more or less equal parts of an unrivaled work capacity...
...3, May-June 1984...
...Most of his early research was done under contract to a British television station which wanted to do a first anniversary special show...
...So when he furled the muleta and sighted with the sword, he aimed for the very high top of the notch between the shoulder blades and drove in over the horn...
...But in areas foreign to his academic experience, such as aviation, Dallin relies too strongly on pure deduction and heavyweight jargon...
...I coincided at three of the bullfights that Ernest Hemingway so memorably describes in this book...
...He has lost the thread of his own argument when he maintains that "socialism may not be the best or even a good way to order society's affairs, but the ability of free citizens to choose socialism or capitalism is beyond price...
...This includes World Press Review, which reprinted the Devereaux material with much respect and enthusiasm...
...But with his item-by-item examination of charges against the U.S...
...But if so, they have yet to be discovered, even after the Church committee investigations of the mid-1970s and the extensive research of journalists such as Seymour Hersh...
...His latest work shows it: Massacre 747 is written with the touch of a man who knows what he's talking about, or at least knows where to find the right experts to supplement his own knowledge...
...City State Zip i Rates in U.S...
...He made all the classic passes and then seemed to try to refine them and make them purer in line and more dangerous as he purposely shortened his naturales by bringing his elbow in to bring the bull by him closer than it seemed any bull could be passed . . . [wrapping] the bull around him again and again and again...
...Like Clubb, Hallinan uses such counterfeit gems as the "Volkman testimony": "Ernest Volkman, national science editor of Defense Science magazine, told the [Canadian Broadcasting Corporation] that KAL regularly overflies the USSR in order to gather military intelligence...
...Markham, Ontario), $3.95 paper...
...the American Left still dreams of reforming the world through the exercise of goodwill unsullied by power...
...One man's dispassion is, of course, another man's bias, so that much of what appears in Observations will not be to the taste of certain kinds of American liberals, or for that matter, certain kinds of American conservatives...
...In the words of Time science editor Frederic Golden, for example, Pearson relies on "flat earth physics" to "prove" that certain USAF radars (such as Cobra Dane on Shemya in the Aleutians) must have followed the aircraft's entire flight...
...Clubb refuses to grasp another fact: Airliners in mid-flight in the north Pacific are on their GWH, solely responsible for maintaining and reporting their positions...
...Plus an impressive pool of talented young writers...
...The result is a fine portrait of the human side of the tragedy, written by a reliable journalist intimately familiar with his subject...
...This is a deeply controversial point, for it stands as a symbol of the much larger question: Did the Allende government in effect do itself in, or was it the victim of powerful, scheming enemies...
...But Volkman has never held any position with that magazine and is in fact a staffer on Bob Guccione's Penthouse...
...Pseudonyms are often clever tools of deception, and the "P.Q...
...what is rather more interesting is how little its factual material is distinguishable from that of Pearson and Clubb...
...Pilots worldwide...
...And it worked: When Devereaux's identity was exposed, and when Defence Attache had to repudiate his charges and pay a substantial libel settlement to Korean Air Lines, such "news" went nowhere near as far as the original accusations...
...Whether Kissinger himself actually followed his own advice during those years is open to question, but Lberb/Ckssics The Glasgow Edition of Works And Correspondence of Adam Smith Liberty Classics is publishing softcover versions of the edition of Adam Smith's works commissioned by the University of Glasgow to celebrate the bicentenary of The Wealth of Nations and published in hardcover by Oxford University Press...
...On the card with him were Gitanillo de Triana and the young, brash, obnoxious, brilliant Luis Miguel Gonzalez Lucas, "Dominguin," who for several years past had paraded around the bullrings stabbing the skies with the index finger of one hand to assert that he, not the aging and dissolute king, was numero uno...
...The Miami newsman confused a military IFF system—'Identify Friend or Foe'—with the civil aviation transponder system, which responds to queries from commercial airports equipped with secondary surveillance radar...
...they reflect them...
...Readably Fresh and Jargon Free Above all, Chronicles is a tough-minded, clear-thinking, plain-talking magazine...
...One need not accept Dr...
...Nonetheless, he was an extraordinary leader and a profoundly impressive human being...
...1, January-February 1985...
...He makes no factual criticisms of Pearson's piece in the Nation, and even indicates he found it convincing...
...Allende began his revolution on the dubious strength of a 36.3 percent plurality in the 1970 general election...
...And there is the first problem: The basic assertion is false...
...Antonio was using the cape as no one alive had ever used it...
...John proves to be too principled a journalist to make a good propagandist: He also reports the disclosure of subsequent facts and investigations which disprove all of the scenarios...
...In 1970, with the election of Salvador Allende to the presidency, Chile embarked on a twentieth-century version of the same quest...
...The government began to talk of rationing food and starting a socialist indoctrination program in the schools...
...They broke the political deadlock on September 11, 1973, with the coup d'itat in which Allende died and Augusto Pinochet's grim military regime was born...
...In August of 1947, a Manolete past his prime was killed in the provincial Reid Buckley most recently founded the Buckley School of Public Speaking, which organizes seminars for professional executives...
...Later Clubb is able to report, "So, too, have U.S...
...He falls for the RC-135 fallacy and, like Clubb, neglects to inform his readers that the Eskelson material is fifteen years out of date...
...For the far-left ideologist or the Soviet apologist, however, the book provides sufficient incentive for believing in America's guilt, a belief already in place before the need for any facts or logic at all...
...I am happy to have this opportunity to spell out my criticism in detail...
...is the way that two successive administrations which have governed the United States since Kissinger's retirement from the State Department in 1976—both disposed at the outset to cast him in Outer Darkness—have each discovered in turn that they could not quite dispense with his services...
...activities were flyweight endeavors compared to the suicidal force of Allende's own policies...
...Now even the posturing is changing, but both critics at home and allied leaders abroad seem .not to notice...
...It is a very Spanish twist that he who would drive Dominguin back into the lists, who would humiliate him and very nearly satisfy the bloodlust of the idolators of Manolete, was married to the sister of his victim and managed by his victim's two brothers...
...reported the Herald, "civilian and military, American and Soviet alike, use the same IFF system and compatible equipment...
...It is hard, of course, to prove that something did not happen...
...It's called an IFF system...
...Sayle's expository narrative betokens a researcher well familiar with the terms and concepts he deals with, and his conclusion has the ring of truth to it...
...There is no such worldwide compatibility of IFF systems, as any aviation expert could have told the Miami Herald or Clubb...
...What I said," he informed me, "is that such an assertion has been reported...
...reconnaissance plane, was "certain" to detect and identify the airliner, without any list of the RC-135's identification capabilities...
...Such are the hazards of scrapbook scholarship...
...You can even reliably judge this book by its cover: The Novosti edition showed a blacked-out aircraft in a murky sky, but the vehicle's nose, tail, and engine structure identify it unmistakably as an RC-135, not a Boeing 747...
...The titles listed below are presently available from LibertyClassics...
...And when he encounters genuine expertise, he often rejects it...
...and Japanese ground control authorities rests on the idea that the sophisticated ground control system created to monitor flights along this extremely sensitive route was incapable, though it employed the most sophisticated equipment available, of doing what it was designed to do...
...For example, he unfairly characterizes the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) report as "a whitewash" but doesn't mention a single factual error...
...While some disagreements between Washington and its principal allies are, to be sure, inevitable, NATO "cannot be called an alliance," he writes, "if it agrees on no significant issue...
...Late this spring the major media did pay some attention to the release of the two latest books on the shootdown...
...plaza of Linares...
...John, Thomas Nelson Publishers, $11.95...
...The airborne spies' activity is assuming increasingly sophisticated and dangerous forms...
...He wanted to be alone with the bull and then he cited him and when he came in a rush Antonio coupled into him to make the long, slow endless passes that were like some deep music that only he and the bull could hear...
...The newspaper's report concluded: "Almost without exception, American experts consider it illogical to think that the United States would use a commercial airliner on an ultrasensitive spying mission...
...the Japanese military radar, not being the type found at commercial airports, would never have triggered the airliner's response, while a commercial query would have (and did, in fact) receive a response which only told the observers it was an airliner, any nation's airliner...
...Eugene Ionesco, Pani Hollander, Anthony Powell, Richard John Neuhaus, and Allan Carlson...
...Such consistent failures of fact and logic are the reasons expert reviewers have been unconvinced by Clubb's KAL Flight 007: The Hidden Story...
...He argues persuasively that when the aircraft was last seen it was still following heading 246 sometime after it should have turned slightly to the left, and also that when hours later it was at last spotted by Japanese radar (along a track which it could have followed purely by a heading of 246 with reasonable wind variations) it was still heading at 246...
...Clubb writes: "Tom Bernard and T. Edward Eskelson, both former Air Force communications specialists who had flown on RC-135 flights out of Okinawa, provided a detailed description of RC-135 capabilities...
...The book concentrates on the political environment of the event more than on the actual shoot-down, since St...
...One such allegation in KAL Flight 007: The Hidden Story is that the crew turned off the airliner's transponder while crossing the Kamchatka Peninsula with the intent of avoiding Soviet interceptors...
...He and the bull formed one solid mass and when he came out over the horn the bull had the long steel death in him to the hilt...
...The first is the crisis of the Atlantic alliance, a topic to which Kissinger has repeatedly turned when addressing Western European audiences...
...That was at Malaga...
...But the important point is that U.S...
...But the Herald claimed that the IFF was off over Sakhalin, not Kamchatka...
...Actually, one of the ironies of the Reagan Administration that Kissinger cannot forbear from mentioning more than once is the difference between its bark and its bite...
...BOOK REVIEWS When 269 people die horribly and world tension is noticeably heightened, it is of course prudent to determine how the tragedy occurred and how we can prevent its like from happening again...
...In mid-1984 The President's Crime appeared in Japan under the authorship of one "Akio Takahashi," identified as a leading Japanese journalist...
...outrageous, replete with the most elementary technical errors...
...Devereaux, a public relations executive for a London advertising firm...
...He was destined to enjoy peace scarcely two years...
...Although he talked of the "via Chilena" to democratic socialism as if it were a freeway to brotherly love, he was in practice trying to follow two roads...
...Kissinger's own version of events (much less that of his patron Richard Nixon) to appreciate that the years 1969-74 were for American foreign policy the most difficult and disadvantageous in its history...
...More than that, trade with the Soviet Union is often conducted on concessional terms, so that it amounts to a form of appeasement, a subsidy to ward off Soviet bad conduct...
...They suggest that though the U.S...
...The "report" becomes a convenient "fact...
...His account of the way the event fit into the existing Soviet and American world views is excellent...
...His conclusions have frequently been quoted by conspiracy nuts, especially his assertion that KE007's pilots "knew exactly where they were...
...He writes: "Pending undiscovered evidence to the contrary, it would appear that the Junta version is true in its essentials, and the five opposing versions are not...
...HILLSDALE COLLEGE CENTER FOR CONSTRUCTIVE ALTERNATIVES degrees...
...Clubb quotes from the Miami Herald: "The pilot appears to have turned off the signal device that would have identified him as an innocent airliner...
...There is no evidence that the Economist, for example, ever bothered to set the record straight for its readers...
...19422 Please send me Sting, enclosed find check for SI2.00 Name (please print) Address Apt...
...There could, he points out, have been covert U.S...
...Impatient with the pace of official nationalizations, radical left-wing groups began seizing farms and factories and arming the workers...
...Further, some of the alleged spy satellite data presented in the book show Russian fingerprints: The identification codes translate "B" not into "2" (since B is the second letter of our alphabet) but into "3" (since B is the third letter of the Cyrillic alphabet...
...In the book's concluding chapter, he says: "A case can be made that Allende's Chilean experiment could not possibly have succeeded...
...Michener is off-base in his otherwise informative introduction when he castigates Hemingway for exaggerating the superiority of Antonio Ordonez, and he is wildly mistaken when he says of Dominguin that he was "usually the more artistic" of the two...
...Clubb subsequently complained that his reviewers had not been specific enough in their criticism...
...nor did major broadcast news agencies worldwide...
...Richard Rohmer is a retired Canadian major-general and the author of more than a dozen books...
...Finally, the distortion of the original (and inaccurate) Miami Herald claim results in the outrageous passage, "The requirements of an intelligence mission would also explain [the pilot's] 'strange' behavior: . . . the fact that he had manifestly turned off his IFF, by which his aircraft could have been immediately identified when it intruded into Soviet airspace over Kamchatka [sic...
...He had no spaceflight or intelligence operations experience, as a careful reading of his article showed...
...Davis hopes to overwhelm the myths with a truly massive onslaught of facts, so he gives a sometimes maniacally detailed but diplomatic description of events during his stay in Chile, piling up fifty-one pages of footnotes from sources that span the political spectrum...
...Antonio watched him go down in a foot-gripping, staggering, rolling crash and the second mano a mano was over...
...Since it is obvious that Dallin is out of his depth, it should come as no surprise that he is unable to imagine any accidental way the airliner could go off course...
...What is even worse, domestic pressures in both the United States and Western Europe to increase economic relations, or to offer new arms control proposals, often increase after demonstrations of intransigence or lawlessness by the Kremlin...
...This edition consists of six titles in seven volumes...
...Pilots worldwide...
...The romance of Allende and the villainy of the U.S...
...We have to at least put forward the possibility that Reagan and .the CIA were involved, or we don't have a viable program...
...First, the most likely (actually the least unlikely) cause of the aircraft's course deviation was innocent flight crew error, compounded by the crew's insufficient verification efforts—they had chances to discover the flight was off course, but apparently never took advantage of them...
...The Miami newsman confused a military IFF system—'Identify Friend or Foe'—with the civil aviation transponder system, which responds to queries from commercial airports equipped with secondary surveillance radar...
...Allende was reluctant to punish the left, even when punishment was required by law, and he did little to stop these groups...
...Turning sixty at the time, Ernest Hemingway was desperately attempting to recover his youth and failing art...
...The author's sympathies are obvious, since he was McDonald's friend and describes in detail many of their conversations...
...If the spy theorists seem nevertheless to get more attention than they deserve, they are highlighted even more in the Soviet news media...
...played no direct role in the coup...
...the available evidence shows just the opposite...
...With our feet firmly planted in the heartland we focus on all of America...
...The incumbent U.S...
...THE LAST TWO YEARS OF SALVADOR ALLENDE Nathaniel Davis/Cornell University Press/$24.95 Claudia Rosett Send to: STING, 1079 Rt...
...The congress called upon the military to steer the government back to legal behavior, and the armed forces responded, but not as congress had hoped...
...reconnaissance plane, was "certain" to detect and identify the airliner, without any list of the RC-135's identification capabilities...
...The pilots are known to have started out that way...
...But the search for this easy wealth leads to sordid realities...
...Our regional correspondents bring you regular reports on the state of literature and the arts, music, religion, philosophy, education, criticism, and morals and manners—from every part of the country...
...Why is this so...
...Real experts immediately recognized the "Mann" theories as garbage...
...The facts are very much on Davis's side...
...He comments, for instance, that Allende "unfailingly displayed great, generous, and compelling personal attributes...
...After all, it was Reagan, not Carter, who campaigned in 1980 against the grain embargo, and the conduct (as opposed to the posturing) of his administration has been a model of restraint...
...As Clubb elaborates: "There was further evidence that Flight 007's pilot had not simply strayed unwittingly over Kamchatka, but had overflown it intentionally— taking pains to conceal his aircraft's identity...
...For many, especially foreigners who had not suffered the forced march along the via Chilena, it was intolerable to believe that Allende's ruin might have come from his own confused ambitions...
...It may well be that in the hands of different men— say, Hubert Humphrey and George Ball—the outcome would have been twice as dismal...
...No doubt whoever writes that book will have to begin by placing the man in the context of his time, much as Kissinger himself did with Metternich in his Harvard doctoral dissertation, which explored— presciently enough—the politics of conservatism in a revolutionary age...
...He went past reason and seemed to be fighting in a controlled rage...
...John would like to have proved the Soviets guilty of deliberately luring the jet off course in order to assassinate Congressman Larry McDonald, the president of the John Birch Society...
...Three themes in particular occupy the lion's share of Observations...
...As Davis narrates* his tale, he takes pains to show that though the American embassy kept fairly accurate track of the coup plotting, it did not try to influence it one way or the other...
...air traffic control radars were never intended to provide help along these portions of the route...
...The evidence presented for this is that the Soviet pilot over Sakhalin Island reported no response to his IFF query, and that the Japanese military radars on Hokkaido picked up the Soviet signal but no ceded identifying response...
...followed by the counter-accusation: "Why didn't you stop us...
...He could always break my heart with the cape...
...Oddly, nobody in Japan seems ever to have heard of "Takahashi" before, and all checkable elements of his "author's biography" turned out to be false...
...Yet, as we have seen, there had indeed been aspects of Flight 007's behavior which raised troubling questions . . . [including] the fact that its IFF had evidently been turned off...
...The book adhered to the Soviet line, and was reprinted in a Russian edition with uncommon speed...
...reported the Herald, "civilian and military, American and Soviet alike, use the same IFF system and compatible equipment...
...Both rejected the "American conspiracy" theories, and, perhaps for that reason, received no national attention...
...At the kill, he was incomparable: "By the time Antonio's fingers were bloodied the bull was dead but the bull did not know it for a while...
...Late this spring the major media did pay some attention to the release of the two latest books on the shootdown...
...007: What the U.S...
...When his article appeared in London's Defence Attache in mid-1984, the mystery surrounding his identity added spice—and authority—to his "spy flight" charges...
...complicity) grows stronger with the passage of time...
...He, like Manolete (who is savagely criticized by Hemingway for fighting "half-bulls"), possessed the tragic dimension...
...First came the disclaimers: "We didn't do it...
...The secrecy was not to protect himself (he was in no danger of violating any official secrets act) but to conceal his lack of qualifications...
...Knew and When We Knew It," by David Pearson, The Nation, August 18-25, 1984...
...A Spanish and Indian expedition that set out in 1541 to find the land of spices and gold ended with a few hungry survivors butchering their own horses and dogs for food...
...in the pacific efficacy of economic relations," and attempting to escape from "the necessities of defense and security [and] from the sordid details of maintaining the global balance of power...
...In Kissinger's view, increased economic relations with the Soviet Union should follow demonstrations of a more peaceful course...
...In hindsight there should have been additional procedures and equipment capable of such detection, and they are now in operation...
...Too many people in the world share Allende's socialist convictions for democrats to abandon that aspiration to men with guns who preach bloody revolution as the only road to social justice...
...We are doomed to some sort of deterrence, equilibrium, or balance at some level and in some form...
...It's called an IFF system...
...but they cannot be effectively met by evasion, posturing, or wishful thinking...
...Mann" argued that the airliner's flight plan had been coordinated with both an American spy satellite and a space shuttle mission...
...It was he who imbued almost every pass with something that made the heart pound...
...Due to an outage of navigation equipment at Anchorage, KE007 took off south of its intended track and was vectored northward by an order to follow a magnetic heading of 246 Hillsdale College will host two conferences on the Legacy of the New Deal, one in November, 1986 and another in March, 1987...
...Other spyflight buffs whispered that he was a highly placed British intelligence analyst with an excess of scruples...
...I did not see Hemingway's account in Life, however...
...As he pointedly states, "The American Right still yearns for ideological victory without geopolitical effort...
...They were helped to reach this conclusion, of course, by the fact that their subject continued to make himself available, even after a campaign of sustained vilification...
...He refers to a USAF/FAA agreement to warn off-course outbound airliners, even though that agreement had lapsed a year before the incident...
...The President's Crime: The Provocation with the South Korean Airliner Carried Out by Order of Reagan, by "Akio Takahashi," Novosti Publishers (Moscow), 30 kopecks...
...By the time of the coup, more than 500 companies had been taken over, and both foreign and domestic investment had understandably dried up...
...Mann" case is an outstanding example...
...Bun-dy, Kennan, McNamara, and Smith, of which he offers an incisive critique...
...In Day of the Cobra, Washington-based journalist St...
...Apart from the above books and articles, a number of pamphlets on KE007 have appeared around the world...
...His analogous 1964 plane/satellite coordination rested on the identification of a military weather satellite as a ferret satellite, which it wasn't...
...His research on the KE007 atrocity has been conducted privately and reflects nobody's opinions but his own...
...Alexander Dallin's book, Black Box, is somewhat better, but it looks far better than it actually is...
...Conn Hallinan's pamphlet serves as an example of what Moscow would like the West to think, since there is little dispute that its publisher, the so-called "U.S...
...does not invalidate the utility of his observations today...
...I was living in Spain that summer when Ordonez and Dominguin clashed in the arenas...
...Consequently, he admits, seemingly under protest, that the "deliberateness theory" (and the corollary of U.S...
...Their opinions tend to fuel official Soviet xenophobia, which has always proved useful in keeping the population in line...
...He is one of the last true "trans-Atlantic" figures in our political community, and our NATO allies would do well to consider his counsels as those of a true friend—one of the last, in fact, they are likely to have, unless and until his advice is acted upon...
...Simply forward the coupon below with your check...
...The campaign against domestically owned enterprises was also thorough, and did not always use legal channels...
...intelligence community" believe that the U.S...
...But to specialists in radar, aircraft traffic control, and Soviet studies, Pearson's material appears outrageous, replete with the most elementary technical errors...
...A his enthusiasm for detail verges on the surreal when Davis raises the question of whether Allende's death was an assassination or a suicide...
...Davis tries to establish once and for all what happened inside the burning presidential palace on the day of the coup...
...But the statement is out of context, since Rohmer's actual conclusions involve a damning indictment of Soviet brutality as well as a total exoneration of American behavior throughout the episode...
...the other veered off sharply toward a centrally planned economy...
...Peace Council," is a tool of the Communist Party-USA, which never strays from the official Moscow line...
...It rambles off center (usually far to the right) too often to make for smooth reading, but the added material is not mere padding...
...In Canada $15...
...a sense of history and an appreciation for cultural differences...
...When the horns claimed Manolete that afternoon, Dominguin inherited not only the crown but undying hatred...
...Those "slow, straight, beautiful long passes," with the cerise-and-yellow as Ordonez hunched his left shoulder and bent with an erotic kind of joyousness into the bull, stopped time still-, but he was as breathtaking with the red muleta: "He took the bull...
...knew of the plane's deviation...
...Oberg, Defence Attache (London), No...
...In hopes of appearing persuasive, Pearson counts on—and cultivates—the ignorance of his readers...
...All superbly assembled and directed by Thomas Fleming, our new editor...
...I remember hearing that it disappointed...
...Navy secretly recovered the airliner's flight recorders...
...As Clubb elaborates: "There was further evidence that Flight 007's pilot had not simply strayed unwittingly over Kamchatka, but had overflown it intentionally— taking pains to conceal his aircraft's identity...
...In hopes of appearing persuasive, Pearson counts on—and cultivates—the ignorance of his readers...
...Hallinan's pamphlet is not an isolated case of what seems to be Soviet-front groups spreading disinformation...
...About religion he was callow and formally ignorant...
...KE007—A Conspiracy of Circumstance," by Murray Sayle, New York Review of Books, April 25, 1985...
...Nevertheless, Clubb maintains— however falsely—that he has proof that "the airliner's IFF" was off over Sakhalin...
...Though no responsible figure in the media or politics has chosen to exploit Kissinger's foreign origins to criticize his policies (editorial cartoonists naturally excepted), during his term as National Security Adviser, and even more, as Secretary of State, there was a perceptible undercurrent of resentment at the "European" way in which he viewed some foreign policy matters...
...For the U.S., the underlying theme of Observations is the need for it to act its age...
...After thirty pages of such material, Davis concludes that the official verdict of suicide was probably correct...
...There is no such worldwide compatibility of IFF systems, as any aviation expert could have told the Miami Herald or Clubb...
...In its June 30 issue, the official Soviet military newspaper Red Star warned Soviet servicemen to be ready to replay the KE007 tragedy...
...Compromise among the many political factions had become Claudia Rosett is book review editor of the Wall Street Journal...
...In 1958, a young and handsome matador from the chalk-white Andalusian town of Ron-da unfurled one of the most exquisite capes in the history of bullfighting...
...One was the ongoing course of Chilean democracy...
...Not the kind of choking where people sob . . . but the kind where your chest and throat tighten up and your eyes dim seeing something that you thought was dead and done with come to life before you...
...Thus it should come as no surprise that Hallinan's pamphlet is chock-full of misrepresentations and lies...
...Unlike publications of today's dominant cultural elite—which parade their undisguised contempt for traditional American values—we confidently assert the importance of civility, moral decency, and artistic standards in our monthly coverage of American life, politics, and culture...
...tracking systems followed the flight and failed to warn it...
...Clubb subsequently complained that his reviewers had not been specific enough in their criticism...
...He relies on "assertions of the consequent" to establish that the nearby RC-135, a U.S...
...There was only one thing for him left to do...
...I have no independent corroborative evidence that the assertion is true...
...He recounts what the executive producer told him: "Conspiracies are sexy, accidents are not...
...I am happy to have this opportunity to spell out my criticism in detail...
...I showed copies of the pamphlet to these experts...
...With each new crisis, their secret discussions would resume, but the members of the armed forces were professionals, sworn to uphold the constitution, and they were not eager to depose an elected president...
...Third, the Soviet air defense forces attacked the aircraft not when it had failed to respond to contact procedures (which seem to have been executed improperly anyway), but as it neared international airspace and "escape...
...John, unlike Dallin, sticks to the topics he knows well...
...KAL Flight 007: The Hidden Story, by Oliver Clubb, Permanent Press (Sag Harbor, NY), $16.95...
...No one accepted the gift of his enemy's death so profoundly as Ordonez, and in the summer of 1959, no one killed more honorably...
...After all this, however, Davis does not seem to understand the significance of his own story...
...K.A.L...
...Meanwhile, the United States, while forced by circumstances to modify in part its earlier moralism, "has never . . . fully developed a concept of equilibrium...
...Such careful analyses have understandably been ignored by the conspiracy nuts...
...When the full and devastating factual rebuttal of Devereaux's spy crackpottery appeared in the January-February 1985 issue of the same magazine, Defence Attache, not a single major news outlet—even those which had highlighted Devereaux's original nonsensical material—mentioned it, much less reported its findings...
...role in Chile, Davis amasses a credible case that the U.S...
...sheer intellectual brilliance...
...theorists do not conclude that [the airliner] was spying...
...Eliot, Ernest Hemingway, and William Faulkner...
...are simple fables sunk deep in the American psyche...
...See my "Death and Dominguin" in the June 1968 Atlantic...
...Next, he must withhold from his reader the crucial fact that the Bernard and Eskelson testimony dealt with operations fifteen years earlier, supporting B-52 runs to and from Southeast Asia...
...Black Box: KAL 007 and the Superpowers, by Alexander Dallin, University of California Press, $14.95...
...Some future historian will have quite a time explaining which Kissinger is the "real" one—the bugaboo of Jesse Helms, Richard Viguerie, and Lyndon LaRouche...
...or of Anthony Lewis, Seymour Hersh, and William Shawcross...
...THE DANGEROUS SUMMER Ernest Hemingway/Charles Scribner's Sons/$ 17.95 Reid Buckley In the summer of 1959 a doomed Ernest Hemingway came back to the Spain he had celebrated in The Sun Also Rises to cover the deadly rivalry developing between Luis Miguel Dom-inguin and Antonio Ordonez, two of the most sensational matadors in bullfighting annals...
...If Clubb believed the Miami newspaper's claim that the transponder was turned off, then one might expect he would have had to accept other claims made elsewhere in the Herald article, claims not excerpted in his book...
...The Solid Virtues of Middle America Chronicles of Culture is the only national magazine of ideas and issues which is today coming out of the Midwest - and is intending to remain here...
...Apparently, the same talent for polite equivocation that helped Davis as a diplomat hinders him as a historian...
...Life had commissioned a 10,000 word article that the editors hoped would be a reprise of sorts of Death in the Afternoon...
...Unfortunately, in both Europe and the United States arms control has come to be perceived "primarily as an exercise in moral virtue," evading what must be the bottom line: If we wish to reduce nuclear arsenals, we must be prepared to pay the price for a conventional buildup, and we cannot pretend that there is no such price...
...To make such a scenario more believable, he described an analogous coordination twenty years earlier, again between an American "ferret" (electronics eavesdropping) satellite and not one but two border crossings into East Germany by American planes...
...These conferences will examine the intentions behind and the consequences of the New Deal and consider the relevance of the New Deal to the current condition of American institutions arid to contemporary policy debates...
...In the words of Time science editor Frederic Golden, for example, Pearson relies on "flat earth physics" to "prove" that certain USAF radars (such as Cobra Dane on Shemya in the Aleutians) must have followed the aircraft's entire flight...
...The right to democratic choice is indeed invaluable...
...In the case of the "Korean Airliner Massacre" of September 1, 1983, two years of post-mortems have sadly been without productive result: The appropriate parties do not seem to have learned the proper lessons, and the stage remains set for further tragedies...
...To a very large degree this psychological retreat on the part of Western Europeans is based on fear— fear of Soviet rearmament and military superiority, and fear also of a United States which may not turn out to be reliable in' a pinch...
...for the right, the architect of detente (SALT I, the Panama Canal treaties, the vast expansion of commercial credits to the Eastern bloc, the abandonment of Taiwan...
...Antonio watched him with his hand up guiding his death as he had guided [the bull's] one performance in his short life, and suddenly the bull shuddered and crashed over...
...As the ICAO investigation report noted, if such shortcuts over Sakhalin Island were a common practice the Japanese would have noticed them long before—and they didn't...
...Day of the Cobra: The True Story of KAL Flight 007, by Jeffrey St...
...This seems almost inconceivable on the face of it...
...The fans of Manolete said that he had been pushed to his death by the ruthless challenger...
...point to a possible solution...
...What Davis ignores is that in Chile the anomalies and contradictions of socialism rooted in democracy transformed democrats into men with guns, and transformed a democracy into a dictatorship...
...one kindly sent me a copy of a letter protesting what he termed an outrageous falsification of his position...
...And our pages are easy on the eye—richly illustrated with original art of a caliber rarely seen in magazines today...
...And his suggestions that in 1983 the space shuttle was passing close enough to the airliner to direct the operation founder on the simple physical fact that the two vehicles were over the horizon from each other, out of direct line-of-sight radio contact...
...Despite the increasing civil furor, the generals were reluctant to launch a coup...
...Prospective participants should submit a vita and a 500 to 1000-word abstract to Ralph Hancock, Department of History and Political Science, Hillsdale College, Hills-dale, MI 49242...
...He provides several technically accurate scenarios of how it could have been done...
...Brisk in tone, lively in style...
...Note: Order must be paid before the receipt I Oince at least the time of the con-quistadores Latin America has been haunted by the legend of El Dorado— the land of treasure that lies always just beyond the horizon...
...By August 1973, the Chilean congress had passed a resolution accusing the Allende government of assaulting freedom of education and of the press, violating property and trade union rights and the autonomy of universities, and illegally arresting and torturing its opponents...
...For this and for other details, such as that Geraldine Ferraro's long-time family doctor was among the dead, the book is highly recommended...
...further, Volkman denies he said any such thing...
...He cannot acknowledge the basic fact that course deviations, while rare, can and do innocently occur from time to time, and he labors to have his readers share in his confusion...
...In the weeks that followed, the last two arguments were embellished by James E. Oberg is a professional space/light operations engineer with the space shuttle program in Houston, and a leading Western expert on Soviet space technology...
...Nevertheless, Clubb maintains— however falsely—that he has proof that "the airliner's IFF" was off over Sakhalin...
...dollars...
...The evidence presented for this is that the Soviet pilot over Sakhalin Island reported no response to his IFF query, and that the Japanese military radars on Hokkaido picked up the Soviet signal but no ceded identifying response...
...Massacre 747: The Story of Korean Air Lines Flight 007, by Richard Rohmer, Paperbacks Ltd...
...If the behavior of American radar observers and of Soviet air defense forces can be reasonably well reconstructed, what about the original cause, the course deviation...
...The RC-135 is a handy culprit, if it can be shown that the aircraft had such a tracking capability...
...But in their eagerness to find excuses for any Soviet brutality, the spy theorists may go a long way toward encouraging still more actions like the KE007 massacre...
...Defence Attache (London), No...
...Soviet spokesmen who declared it "an established fact" that the aircraft was on a deliberate spy mission and that the Soviet response was not only legal but moral as well—which left full responsibility for the deaths on the alleged instigator: the United States...
...and finally the attempt to transfer blame: "You made us do it...
...The Curious Flight of KAL 007, by Conn Hallinan, U.S...
...Hotchner valiantly wrestled down to 70,000 for serialization in the magazine, and from which James Michener, in a labor of love, has culled the 45,000 words that make up the present book...
...Others will follow over the next two or three years...
...it adds a sensation of horror missing from the icy academic exercises of Dallin or the passionate political polemics of Clubb...
...Challengers came and went...
...In any case, neither of the two reported facts support the allegation that the airliner's transponder was actually turned off...
...For example, Rohmer uses the Soviet air-to-ground transcripts of the final minutes to demonstrate that, despite Soviet claims, the target airliner never made the famous "hump" course deviation, but instead maintained a straight course throughout that phase of the encounter...
...202, Blue Bell, Pa...
...In any case, neither of the two reported facts support the allegation that the airliner's transponder was actually turned off...
...Arms control negotiations over the years seem to have evaded these central truths, and public debate on the issue often touches only indirectly upon the details being negotiated...
...More than a quarter of the aid, for example, went to support the leading opposition newspaper, El Mercurio, which the government was trying to bankrupt by manipulating the advertising policies of nationalized companies...
...Nevertheless, the book is extremely valuable as an analysis of the flight itself...
...What began as an instrument of foreign policy, he writes, took on a life of its own, and today more and more Western governments "act on the premise that the immediate goals in employment outweigh the political risks in strengthening a hostile and aggressive political system...
...Elsewhere, Hallinan asserts that experts "with close contacts in the U.S...
...These in turn led to shortages, which, along with the nationalizations, resulted in protest strikes, riots, and increasing militancy on the right...
...According to London newspapers his true name was Tony The following articles, books, and pamphlets are discussed in this essay: "Reassessing the Sakhalin Incident," by P.Q...
...Dominguin was an incomparable domador (dominator, tamer) of the fighting bull and an exceptional artist in the classical Castilian mode, but it is Ordonez who had passion...
...Pearson conjures up support for the theory that the U.S...
...Michener for having salvaged this material...
...Rohmer's theory that the pilots were taking a fuel-saving shortcut is a reasonable hypothesis, and it is well argued (including some unique insights into Korean Air Lines' finances and post-shootdown shakeups), but other specialists have pointed out fatal flaws which Rohmer has not adequately dealt with...
...Though he's often been accused of venting ill-temper and crude threats on such occasions, the speeches reproduced here show him to be courteous, balanced, and fair...
Vol. 18 • October 1985 • No. 10
