The True Liberal
Auspitz, Josiah Lee
Though many American exports have fallen on hard times, the United States unquestionably leads the world in purveying the term "liberalism" in an entirely debased and sectarian way that gives...
...THE MAN BEHIND THE WORK Dr...
...Please send to: FREE CONGRESS RESEARCH & EDUCATION FOUNDATION 721 Second Street, N.E...
...In liberal democracy this tradition is not an academic discipline but a constitutional one...
...The peak concentration is on the downwind roadside...
...And when government has projects to manage, it should do so whenever possible without using laws as administrative devices...
...But an effect can THE AMERICAN SPECTATOR DECEMBER 1982 23 become a cause, reenforcing the original cause and producing the same effect in an intensified form, and so on indefinitely...
...He did additional postdoctoral work in the fields of solid-state physics and fluid dynamics...
...Classical satirical novel of the Spanish civil war and intellectual pretentiousness of the 30's...
...He was the real pioneer of the mobile, freely associating, corporate individual under liberal government...
...2. Everyone is entitled to his own opinion...
...The theological roots of such a notion in Catholic natural law doctrine are no single nation's property...
...Effective citizenship has, at a bare minimum, certain prerequisites, which were once legislated as literacy and property qualifications...
...Leaving aside national defense and infrastructure expenditure, government intervention can be defended on liberal grounds only as a means of empowering Americans with the preconditions to become informed, upstanding, selfsupporting citizens...
...In the 1932 election campaign, both Roosevelt and Hoover claimed to be the true representative of the liberal tradition, though o~ae of them, Roosevelt, saw this as more fulfilled in inspiring rhetoric, states' rights, and a balanced budget...
...868-X) $6.95 __ NEW ENGLAND...
...Facaros and Pauls...
...George Orwell, a patron saint of the profession most responsible for the current state of public discourse, put the problem well in his famous essay, "Politics and the English Language": The decline of a language must ultimately have political and economic causes: it is not due simply to the influence of this or that individual writer...
...Here, too, the open-ended and self-critical character of liberal education, its stress on procedures of inquiry rather than on reaching foreordained conclusions, its habit of pursuing truth for its own sake, provides a rough preparation for the balanced and patient political reasoning appropriate within a liberal democracy...
...A successful research biologist carefully evaluates the use of chemicals and documents their failures, (888-4) $6.95 __ THE CRISIS OF AUTHORITY: John Paul U and the American Bishops...
...Self-defined liberals, meanwhile, have busied themselves re-enacting the failures of the conservatives...
...Though the...
...Felix Morley...
...There is no logical necessity about this development...
...As for Burnham, his working definition of liberalism was contained in 39 Articles of Assent...
...They have learned to become more understanding of the peculiar constituency problems that make elected officials ideologically impure...
...To test the model, half-hour measurements of a tracer gas were used to map out experimentally the exhaust dispersion under various meteorological conditions...
...A man may take a drink because he feels himself to be a failure and then fail all the more completely because he drinks...
...For Kendall, a belief in equality was the touchstone of liberalism and Abraham Lincoln was its prime exemplar...
...Chock...
...It harks back not to the feudal manor or monastery but to the scholastic university, chartered as a unified legal person yet comprising a shifting body of itinerant scholars...
...Classic synthesis of the American conservative tradition and its English roots, (670-9) $16.95 __ IN DEFENSE OF DECADENT EUROPE...
...But a liberal education has two aspects that go well beyond granting a credential...
...The appropriate form of political education in such a society would be indoctrination in the infallibility of the temporal sovereign, who might have to be declared during his lifetime either a direct agent of God or a god himself, as in fact occurred in third-century Rome...
...The consequences of either view for law are especially unfortunate...
...They have formed working alliances with people who may not even consider themselves conservative...
...direction, the high shear region occurs in the median of the road...
...4. Political, economic or social discrimination based on religious belief is wrong...
...Jay Robert Nash...
...For if our c u r r e n t political language is encouraging foolish thoughts, it may be because there is something serious we would p r e f e r not to think about...
...David Chock is a Senior Staff Research Scientist in the Environmental Science Department at the General Motors Research Laboratories...
...Vehicles act as an obstacle to the mean wind, causing it to slow and move upward as it approaches the vehicles and downward as it leaves the road...
...856-6) $12.95 ABUSE OF TRUST...
...In designing a curriculum one can emphasize one aspect or the other, but they are always correlative...
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...Very few people would fall in the middle...
...They are organized hierarchies in which reward is properly proportioned to what each participant can demand for his contribution to some articulated purpose...
...It is used to mandate morals, therapies, and comforts which, however desirable, are in no way necessary to the exercise of citizenship...
...P r o f e s s o r Theodore J. Lowi, whose influential book proclaimed TheEnd of Liberalism in 1969 and proposed instead "juridical democr a c y " ( i . e . , liberalism), has more recently had second thoughts: "In its most fundamental meaning the liberal tradition is worth defending," Lowi wrote in 1978...
...By contrast, the implicit doctrine of liberal democracy might be called fallibilism-namely, the belief that every person errs, that every corporate body of persons pursues interests that err, and that the only trustworthy corrective in politics is a sufficient diversity of persons and interests to recognize error and limit its corrupting effects...
...Politics ultimately involves coercion, while liberal education begins only after the coercive part of schooling has been put aside...
...The liberal idea has endured long enough to have acquired a settled conceptual character that can be disentangled from the many other notions with which " l i b e r a l i s m " has been confused (notions such as capitalism, Protestantism, rationalism, individualism, anti-Romanism, optimism, interest-group pluralism, laissez-faire, and the bourgeoisie...
...Raymond Aron...
...9 _9 _9 I should perhaps pause to advise the reader that in abandoning the familiar directional signals of Left and Right our discussion must become less facile...
...The wholesale provision to homesteaders of western lands had this rationale (on a Jeffersonian view of agrarian democracy), as did the public education movement--two g r e a t Republican causes...
...electoral prospects of self-defined conservatives since 1964 does not result from any massive movement of the country in the conservative direction but rather of considerable mOvement by conservatives in the direction of what they earlier (and correctly) defined as the American liberal consensus...
...20 THE AMERICAN SPECTATOR DECEMBER 1982 ___ HOW TO PROSPER IN THE COMING GOOD YEARS, Larry Williams...
...John's College, Maryland, immerses the student in a set curriculum of masterworks...
...This essay is based in part on one such lecture, in part on a contribution to a Princeton conference on' 'the future of liberalism...
...built a political counter-establishment that has required no small change from the squabbling, minoritarian, often paranoiac attitudes of postwar movement politics, and will require still more changesmsuch as a less puerile reaction to the label "liberal"--if it is to take root...
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...Several scholars seem to be rediscovering America's deeper liberalism...
...It becomes ugly and inaccurate because our thoughts are foolish, but the slovenliness of our language makes it easier for us to have foolish thoughts...
...A lovely gift book is once again available with more color illustrations...
...A classic of the Yiddish theatre...
...It is liberalism in its most fundamental sense that is the continuing issue in Poland, where freedom of association and procedural guarantees are still being sought...
...They have, to give them their due, added a touch of class to our native political journalism...
...667-9) $14.95 ORRIN HATCH: Challenging the Washington Establishment...
...Both liberal education and pre-corporate training customarily involve an organized course of study - - a curriculum--and a diploma to certify that this course has been completed...
...Granted, the content of freedom in education and politics can never be identical...
...686-5) $14.95 __ THE DYBBUK...
...6. A popular movement or revolt against a tyranny or dictatorship is right, and deserves approval...
...Its Latin root conjures up the organic metaphor of a living " b o d y , " in which the parts are indissoluble and interdependent, in which instinctive hierarchy and functional subordination are the natural order of things, in which, above all, a unified sense of purpose and place suffuses all members of the social organism...
...Facaros and Pauls...
...Bittersweet flashbacks to a Romanian childhood and encounters with present-day bureaucratic terror...
...The way tomaximize profits through simple application of arithmetical principles...
...in its rudimentary form, is the aim of the human rights movements in Argentina and the Philippines, and indeed the very vocabulary of human rights, wherever it arises, is indelibly and recognizably liberal...
...With laws, the simpler and stabler the better...
...Marlboro the adventurous spirit of free inquiry...
...Under all combinations ot wind speeds and directions, the predictions based on the model compare favorably with the measured tracer concentrationg...
...T h i s liberal standard is very elastic...
...It has legal personality with no set period of expiration...
...These are ageold problems, and none is insuperable when there is clarity about the character of liberal government itself...
...A result-oriented mode of thought that discriminates among individuals by performance is not only inevitable but desirable under the corporate ideal...
...And finally, they have performed a service always valued in a liberal state by adding a degree of vagueness and flexibility to political alignments...
...while, on the other side, in choosing a project of one's own design a discipline becomes not something imposed but freely acknowledged and made one's own...
...These should not be promulgated as evanescent managerial o r d e r s , but as stable conditions within which citizens and corporations may p u r s u e t h e i r self-chosen projects...
...Now it sounds curiously antique...
...A liberal society can remain vigorous and humane only if its citizenry has a developed sense of the proper spheres of law on the one hand and management on the other...
...Black lines indicate the case in which the wind is perpendicular to the road," gray lines, when the wind is nearly parallel to the road and opposing the upwind-lane traffic...
...Their postwar passion for political ideals has given way to a fascination with managerial techniques: The consulting firm and think tank have increasit~gly displaced the pulpit and the seminar as fonts of their inspiration...
...674-1) $9.95 It was not, however, until quite recently that the terms were used as political antinomies...
...Liberalism...
...Ideally, one would like all citizens to have a mature sense of the limits of both the liberal and corporate ideals, of their shifting meanings in different contexts and their own inner logic...
...A ,noted educational theorist provides insight to unique methods through a personal memoir...
...To furtherthe liberal spirit at Marlboro, the Thompson Foundation has endowed a college-wide lecture in which the speaker takes a position contrary to the prevailing opinions of the students...
...They recognized no right of exit and tolerated no competing memberships within their spheres...
...The old Eastern Establishment trick of keeping a foot in both parties has for the moment eluded them...
...The variegated flowering of late medieval thought under the corporate aegis of the university presaged the plural, vital~ and flexible character of the corporation of modern IFocral society...
...To corporate intellectuals, the distinction between liberalism and conservatism (or even between socialism and capitalism) obviously has greater appeal than the more traditional and illuminating one between liberalism and corporatism...
...But call yourself a "liberal" or a "conservative" and your partisan brawlings are instantly transformed into tax-exempt, eleemosynary activity...
...Just as in liberal education freedom entails the recognition and acceptance of conditions of discipline, so in liberal democracy the pursuit of self-chosen projects by citizens entails the reasoned acknowledgement of a tradition of order...
...Yet in tagging themselves liberals or conservatives, even the most muddle-headed political operatives have kept sight of the bottom line: the U.S...
...Ju/iana Geran Pi/on...
...But the minute these become the overriding goal, either for teacher or student, the liberal character of the education vanishes...
...DO not suppose that I intend to conclude with an attack on-bureau26 THE AMERICAN SPECTATOR DECEMBER 1982 Order Form I would like . copy(ies) of Ethnic Voters and National Issues: Coalitions in the 1980's @ $5.95 each...
...Frightening particulars of bureaucratic fraud and federal boondogglery...
...When the wind and traffic are in the same...
...Later, other Americans, inspired perhaps by the set paper on Gladstone and Disraeli administered at Oxford to so many visiting colonials, were transmogrified from Babbitts into squires with the label "conservative," which conjured up stained glass, the family silver, and riding to hounds...
...It was established that the increase in the mean vertical wind component due to the exhaust heat was (B/U)I'-' where U is the crossroad wind component...
...They should not only command obligation but be worthy of it...
...Chock was able to specify Ku and the mean crossroad and vertical wind components, and solve the equation numerically...
...Monsignor Kelly describes current feeling and discusses the remedy...
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...Though many American exports have fallen on hard times, the United States unquestionably leads the world in purveying the term "liberalism" in an entirely debased and sectarian way that gives no clue to its historic meaning...
...Dan Butt...
...629-6) $10.95 __ THE QUIET EYE...
...It evokes, too, a rich and disciplined culture, as in the phrase "liberal education...
...9 _9 _9 A liberal education consists not in any set curriculum nor in the mere avoidance of anything that smacks of vocationalism (for as Robert Pirsig has shown, even motorcycle maintenance can be approached in a liberal way) but in the spirit in which the education is carried out...
...Two small American liberal arts colleges provide examples of the integrity of opposing approaches to the liberal curriculum...
...Only New Yorkers, many of whom live in Connecticut or summer in New England, can make truly refined discriminations about Liberal-Republicans, ConservativeDemocrats, neoconservatives, neoliberals, radical-liberals, libertarian conservatives, and other exotic varieties...
...Chock's model is the first to predict this occurrence...
...As A1 Smith, a great governor of that state, put it, "No matter how thin you slice it, it's still baloney...
...Some of the worst offenders are s e l f - d e s i g n a t e d l i b e r a l s themselves, who have substituted for the liberal idea either a managerial one, in which government is seen as maximizing certain indices of economic success, or worse still, an e s s e n t i a l l y p a t e r n a l i s t i c idea of a professional services state, in which the relationship of state to citizen is replaced by t h a t of bureaucratic professional to clientele group...
...James L. Tyson...
...I would like copy(ies) of A Blueprint for Judicial Reform @ $7.95 each...
...Though the legislative requirements have been abandoned, there are undeniable preconditions to the exercise of effective citizenship, and these remain a proper justification for state action under natural right liberalism...
...In both cases, the success of the experiment de, pends not on the formal structure but on the commitment of teachers and students to use it in a way that calls forth the correlative element of discipline or freedom as the case may be.* A disciplined tradition provides the context in which free inquiry has meaning...
...But if they are viewed as "mediating structures" that substitute for the independent exercise of citizenship by the individuals who work within them, the result is a corporatist and not a liberal state, in which institutional affiliation rather than common humanity determines one's relation to the law...
...Well before the Civil War, Lincoln grasped the far-reaching ramifications of this idea: " A l l honor to J e f f e r s o n , " he wrote to some New England admirers, "to the man who in the concrete pressure of a struggle for national independence by a single people had the coolness, forecast and capacity to introduce into a merely revolutionary document an abstract truth, applicable to all men and all times, and so to embalm it there that today and in all coming days, it shall be a rebuke and a stumbling block to the very harbingers of reappearing tyranny and oppression...
...Charles Caes...
...By contrast, under the liberal ideal there is no overarching collective project to be managed (except in the event of war...
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...848-5) $12.95 __ THE SPANISH ISLANDS...
...diffusion is due mainly to turbulent mixing...
...7. The government has a duty to provide for the ill, aged, unemployed and poor if they cannot take care of themselves...
...If, on the other hand, the state conceives of itself as a corporate conglomerate managing the affairs of society, then law will become confused with managerial policy...
...In promoting a confusion of law with managerial directives, it undermines not only legal stability but also the citizen's inner sense of legal obliga~ tion...
...word conservative had appeared intermittently in American political rhetoric for more than a century, it was not until the midfifties that a small group of intellectuals consciously set about to place "conservatism" at antipodes to liberalism and not until 1966 that the most venturesome among them published the first college reader on L i b e r a l i s m v e r s u s Conservatism...
...Corporations can acquire, in addition to the legal personality granted them by law, certain quasi-human attributes...
...John LeBoutilfier...
...The young Walter Lippmann, for example, was able to transform himself from a Harvard socialist, which was ungentlemanly, to a "liberal," which was high-toned, without any initial wrenching of his views on government...
...in Chemical Physics from the University of Chicago...
...They are two sides of the same coin...
...New York happens to be the only state where peculiarities of the electoral law have permitted the rise of endorsement slates bearing the names Liberal Party and Conservative Party, so that there the terms actually have concrete referents...
...These two aspects--freedom and disciplinewcannot be separated...
...The trick is to combine the two in a way appropriate to the activity at hand...
...In a famous 1928 speech Herbert Hoover declared: "For one hundred and fifty years liberalism has found its true spirit in the American system...
...A provocative and insightful took at the inner workings of political Washington as told through the rise to national prominence of a forceful political leader...
...Just as a debased currency drives real specie out of circulation, debased political rhetoric does the same for clear political thinking...
...There are even countries, not all of them Western, in which political parties are proud to bear the name liberal and to aspire to the ieieals associated with it, as in theruling party of Japan...
...Liberalism means f i r s t and foremost a rule-of-law regime, a regime of civility, as Michael Oakeshott has called it...
...They must be able simultaneously to hold and to distinguish two sensibilities: the procedural sensibility that is at the heart of liberalism and the entrepreneurial or managerial sensibility that justifies corporate organization...
...For a straight roadway, a long averaging time allows one to assume spatial uniformity in the direction parallel to the road, and to ignore the spatial derivatives in that direction...
...Yet if we are to catch and shape the drift of our politics, today's academic distinction will have to become tomorrow's terms of discussion...
...Introduced as a classy leavening of the two-party system, the ideological designations have by now so supplanted the idea of party in the affections of the political community that their overuse is itself evidence of the ascendancy of non-elected cadres in the ramified world of issue-oriented and movement politics...
...One of the country's most successful investors offers his plan for profitable financial management in the 80's...
...THE ITALIAN ISLANDS...
...Comprehensive background on traditions of the area...
...For the United States, which is not merely liberal but also democratic, heterogeneous, and committed to the principle of natural rights, this requires an exceptionally ambitious program of civic education...
...Corporations are chartered to achieve results...
...The experiment, which duplicated a heavily traveled, level roadway, was conducted under meterological conditions minimizing dispersion...
...Rewards are inevitably unequal because contributions differ and because the incentives under which they can be concerted also differ...
...Corporations are themselves chartered by government and therefore easily within its control...
...Thus, while it is essential that all citizens have adequate counsel in criminal cases, it is merely desirable that there be an attractive piece of sculpture outside the courthouse...
...In public debate the word liberal ("this almost indispensable term," Friedrich Hayek called it in an admonition to America's selfdefined conservatives) is the only one available to remind us of the concept of ordered freedom that brings coherence to our several traditions of education, scientific inquiry, law, material progress, and religious toleration...
...All over the world, the United States is looked to as the bearerpar excellence of an ideal that combines three dictionary senses of the word liberah generosity, freedom, toleration...
...They can inspire l o y a l t y - - " I t is a small college, but there are those who love it," Daniel Webster told a tear-stained bench in the Dartmouth College case that established the inviolability of corporate charters in this country...
...Especially after World War II, when the liberal character of our civiliza...
...Well-documented case histories of the infiltration of U.S...
...It can merge, split, sell off, and buy up organizational pieces at will...
...In light of this new model, exhaust dispersion near a roadway can now be predicted with reliability," says Dr...
...It is itself a work of art...
...First, liberal education entails a dedication to " f r e e " inquiry, that is, to a selfchosen course of study and reflection with no preordained conclusions...
...In a world of t r a n s n a t i o n a l institutions, mercantilist rivalries, and great power politics, this simple ideal is so ambitious and precarious as to permit very l i t t l e room for inexact thinking...
...At the very minimum its citizens must be able to see the difference between what is essential to liberal government and what (from one or another point of view) is merely desirable...
...Washington,D.C...
...Will the bishops cooperate in the reemphasis of orthodox belief...
...The word liberal has fallen into such confusion in politics that it is trotted out very gingerly by educators, who must think twice about its Pavlovian effect on ignorant millionaires...
...David Chock was responsible for the design of the experiment and the analysis of the data...
...Code, which attaches a wide range of disabilities-to party labels while encouraging the "nonpartisan" ideological ones...
...Bear in mind the fundamental fact about liberal democracy: It consists of a system of laws...
...Hence liberal education cannot always be distinguished on external grounds from pre-corporate training programs...
...A former supporter shows that Nader is no different than the worst among those he condemns...
...Each of these intellectually courageous men posed the distinction in terms that made the vast majority of their fellow citizens hopelessly and irremediably liberal...
...Roosevelt, meanwhile, was still claiming to have rescued liberalism from the extremes of the "radicals" and the "reactionaries...
...Russell Kirk...
...So much t a l e n t , indeed, is put into diverting us from the liberal-corporate distinction as to make it seem unfamiliar and academic...
...It is a very difficult f e a t just to keep a system of law in good r e p a i r in a period of rapid change...
...Chock invoked a "second-order closure" assumption, which relates eddy diffusivity to Reynolds stresses and the gradients of mean wind velocity and mean temperature...
...George Kelly...
...Like government, it can endure in perpetuity...
...Albert J. Nock...
...The experiment has provided an understanding of the influence of moving vehicles on mechanical turbulence and buoyancy near a roadway...
...They are borrowed from British politics of the Victorian Age...
...The only cube solution book that tells you why you're doing what you're doing...
...It consists of, is defined by, and is changed through laws...
...How $100 billion is spent on programs the country could easily do without...
...Since this equality is defined by and operates through a system of laws, a procedural sensibility is paramount here...
...In addition to the Republicans versus the Democrats we have in each party "liberals" versus o "conservatives," though the liberals among the Republicans and the conservatives among the Democrats call themselves "'moderates," both to disarm fanatics and to appeal to that great bulk of Americans who, with Dwight Eisenhower, can't figure out what the terms mean...
...The managerial view of the s t a t e results in a politics conducted mainly as a s e r i e s of negotiations among heads of large corporate interests, for it is the only blue-chip t i e r of the economy t h a t the s t a t e can even p r e t e n d to manage in any case...
...His thesis concerned the quantum mechanics of molecules and molecular crystals...
...Catharina Day...
...Memoirs of a major figure in American journalism, s~gnificant for his positive influence on many things in the 20's...
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...But the larger point is that there is no area of practical endeavor in which either the managerial or the procedural sensibility suffices...
...David Chaffetz...
...One's membership in them, certainly, was a m a t t e r o f birth r a t h e r than choice...
...3. Everyone has a right to free, public education...
...The case where the wind speed is low and the wind direction is nearly perpendicular to the roadway is represented by.the black lines in Figure 1. Both the model and the experiment show the same dispersion pattern...
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...The point is that the process is reversible...
...second, by the tendency of corporations within the state (whether they are profit or nonprofit corporations makes no difference) to usurp the ground reserved for citizens...
...The difficulty arises when government itself is confused, when law making is taken as a purely administrative activity and the corporation is seen as the model rather than the creature and complement of the liberal state...
...The second political precondition is that corporations not pre-empt the ground of citizenship reserved to individual human beings...
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...I merely wish to point out that in whatever century and for whatever constituency, American liberalism contains a strong presumption against any government activity t h a t fails to advance the rights of citizens as citizens...
...The classic enemy of true liberalism, after all, is not "conservatism"--a word b e t t e r applied to a d i s p o s i t i o n or a temperament than to a political program in any casembut corporatism, And if we have muddied up the idea of liberalism, it may be to avert our eyes from the serious problem posed by modern corporate power...
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...During the 1930s as Roosevelt adopted and greatly extended Hoover's program, without any notable economic success, his detractors accused him of having betrayed liberalism for collectivism...
...How the lessons of history can forge a preparedness plan that will save millions of lives if nuclear war comes...
...A classic by one of the forerunners of the American conservative movement...
...As a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Free University of Brussels, he did research work oh the dynamics of critical phenomena...
...Ramseur and Lindsay...
...It was sealed in blood during the Civil War...
...Still, the disciplined inquiry of higher education and the ordered liberty of politics bear a strong family resemblance that makes clear why both are properly called liberal...
...But then Hughes, a former columnist at Newsweek, had worked in Manhattan, which is one place where people take these labels in dead earnest...
...Richard Vetter/i...
...Citizens need not approve of all the laws all the time, but they do acknowledge not only that the laws are authoritative but also (and this is the magic of the democratic element) that the laws are their own...
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...But there is little question that the American Republic is the pre-eminent liberal system to have put this radical principle at its core...
...To what extent is it endangered by the very s t a t e that modern liberals have produced...
...This is of importance for environmentally sound road planning, and opens the door to the investigation of dispersion on city streets, where the presence of tall structures introduces even further complexity...
...Its f i r s t obligation is to maintain and enforce the laws...
...I ~ modernity has added anything crucial to the concept of the corporation, it is the explicit recognition of the political conditions that must prevail if corporate association is to remain noncoercive...
...In addition, self-defined conservatives have taken a few tactical pointers from their opponents...
...Here are the first seven of Burnham's articles (five or more assents to them makes you a liberal, two or fewer a conservative...
...Chock received his Ph.D...
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...Liberals, he said, would agree most of the time, conservatives would disagree in like proportion...
...But it does raise a problem for public discourse...
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...For a liberal education is nothing more nor less than a carefully designed experiment in ordered freedom, a structured experience to be pursued for its own excellence rather than for any extrinsic reward...
...Moving vehicles affect the mean crossroad and ve§ components in the following ways...
...5. In political or military conflict it is wrong to use methods of torture and physical terror...
...In the late 1930s one of Harvard's prestigious Godkin lecturers devoted his talks to a defense of "the liberal tradition" against the New Deal...
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...Specifically, they have assisted the ethnic thaw in our politics by providing a waystation for the many Catholics, Southerners, and Jews who have trouble calling themselves Republicans...
...Law, ultimately a coercive devicel becomes an instrument of moral uplift and "compassion...
...Henry Regnery...
...I have never found anyone who could convincingly explain his own definition of these political classifications," Ike said from retirement on his Gettysburg farm, doubtless aware that his chief speechwriter, Emmett John Hughes, had devoted a book to exposing the philosophical inadequacies of "liberalism" (by which Hughes meant the individualism and laissez-faire of the "conservative" wing of the GOP...
...Elsewhere, the word still has some intellectual force...
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...The main point of liberal government, however, is not to get things done...
...The very word corporation suggests a contrary history...
...It is ~ather the same thing that is happening to the English language...
...But you would never guess any of this from listening to our contemporary political debates...
...20002 (202) 546-3004 Name " Address cracy in general or to romanticize the small, t i g h t l y knit communities of yesteryear...
...It was not due to a few chance r h e t o r i c a l phrases that J e f f e r s o n i n s e r t e d into the Declaration of Independence...
...the state power that is justified when law is used as a framework to enable people to pursue their self-chosen projects will then become a coercive instrument for directing them to pursue projects not of their choosing...
...It seems fair to conclude that the improvement of the Upwind Downwind z ~ z is 3o so loo Distance from the road (m) Figure L Observed (solid lines) and predicted (dashed lines) tracer concentrations near ground level as a function of distance from the edge of the road...
...681-4) $10,95 __ MY SCHOOL THE CITY...
...By this test Ronald Reagan and Barry Goldwater would today fall on the liberal side, as would any official pledged to uphold the Constitution of the United States...
...When the wind is nearly parallel to the road, the situation is much more complicated...
...The scale and organization of American corporate life is a considerable achievement, to be admired more than deplored...
...A third political pre-c0ndition rests in the minds of the citizens them~elves...
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...And it is even more difficult when, as in the United States, the rule-oflaw regime is not- only liberal and democratic but also grounded in ideas of natural right...
...tion had just been saved, invoking the parallel liberal ideals in higher education and politics was standard rhetoric among politicians and college presidents alike...
...In the past three centuries, a prime achievement of the liberal state has been the r e c o n s t i t u t i o n of the corporation as an explicitly voluntary and artificial entity...
...The scholastic lecturer or student went from one university town to another, contracting for services rendered or delivered...
...Here in the United States, Josiah Lee Auspitz directs the Project in Public Philosophy for the Sabre Foundation...
...Our c u r r e n t way of discussing politics diverts attention from this question...
...But the equation is useful only if we have information about the wind and temperature fields in the atmosphere...
...unlike government it can pick up and move to a more favorable climate...
...Story of the real force behind the country's best-known controversial publisher, (173752-5) $12.95 __ THE COMPLETE CUBE BOOK, Roger Sch/afly...
...When new ideological fashions churn out of Manhattan as quickly as tailfins used to change in Detroit, no one should be surprised if our politics like our transportation is taken over by foreign imports: Come to think of it, in their debased meahings, the terms liberal and conservative are themselves foreign imports...
...T h a t the ideal of freedom in liberal education complements that in liberal democracy used to be a cliche...
...Figure 2 shows that when the wind and traffic flow on the upwind lanes oppose each other, a high shear region occurs immediately upwind of the first traffic lane...
...And the American variant of this liberal idea can be discussed philosophically in terms which show its important place in the civilized heritage of all mankind...
...The American liberal ideal, by c o n t r a s t , s t r e s s e s a politics conducted among citizens who are united by law and equal before it by natural right...
...One can, of course, have a rule-oflaw society that is not liberal and not democratic, in which the laws are imposed by a unitary sovereign, as in the late Roman imperium, and in which politics consists not of citizens participating in the formation of law and the selection of magistrates but only of subjects who pay the taxes imposed by a higher authority...
...Insofar as it prepares a student for anything, it does so obliquely, b3~ forming moral habits appropriate to a life of selfdetermination in a liberal democracy...
...In a college course of three or four years this continuing tension between freedom and discipline may produce as by-products certain marketable skills and credentials...
...How significant are these distinctions...
...That half our political community uses liberalism as a pejorative for all they consider decadent, while the other half defends it as a congeries of government patronage programs, s u g g e s t s t h a t a true and sharply defined liberalism might require seeing face to face what we now p r e f e r to deal with only through a fog of catchwords and cliches...
...The first such condition is a state concerned chiefly to maintain the rule of law and the effective equality before it of all subjects...
...Corporatism as a political ideology has often evinced nostalgia for warmth and security of the imposed association that was allegedly the hallmark of the Middle Ages and that now4s sought in a new utopia: Japan...
...An awareness of the meaning of art in a tradition of moral and religious values...
...The enactment of wage protection and welfare e n t i t l e m e n t s during the New Deal also had a liberal rationale, as did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the provision of legal and safety net services to the poor during the Great Society...
...liberalism is simply the catchword for one of the two teams on which you can place side bets in two-party politics...
...In addition, vehicles release heat, which causes a net upward motion...
...In all its various forms of organization and finance, it is a powerful engine for getting a job done...
...An engaging-series of historical sketches following the rise of pedestrian sports in America...
...In all, they have consciously The buoyancy flux, B, is proportional to the heat emission rate of the vehicles...
...A Report on Ralph Nader's Network...
...John's stresses the traditional, disciplined element in liberal education...
...From that war onward equality, as Harry Jaffa has put it, has been America's conservative princip l e - n o t equality of opportunity, a sometimes useful fiction, nor equality of outcome, a wholly unenforceable fiction, but equality before the law, equality in effective citizenship...
...The corporation can issue managerial orders that are not laws, repudiate them without the consent of the courts, and revise them without a legislative process...
...media by communist propaganda interests...
...For while most of us are accustomed to wolfing down whole columns of print based on liberalconservative antinomies, we must ruminate over the simplest sentence that draws upon the deeper distinction between liberal and corporate ideals...
...Moving vehicles also enhance both turbulence intensity andmixing...
...In part this is because the liberal-corporate distinction, being fundamental, is more difficult to grasp...
...His current research interests include the phenomena of atmospheric transport and reactions, and the statistical study of timeseries data...
...The more seriously one engages in some field of "free" inquiry the more humble one becomes in acknowledging the mastery of it by others, and yet the more dutifully one submits to the rigors of a disciplined tradition, the more one becomes aware of it as an arena for the display of individuality and (should one become creative in it oneself) as a medium in which one's own self-expression is elevated beyond idiosyncrasy...
...Near a road, this condition is met if the averaging time for the concentration and wind velocity is much longer than the time interval of vehicular passage...
...Though it is essential that the government manage its police forces and court system, no similar necessity requires that it manage one-third of the nation's land...
...Laurence Beilenson...
...S. Ansky...
...It was actively discussed in the colleges (the English commencement topic at the College of New Jersey in 1770, the year James Madison graduated, was " A l l men by the law of nature are free...
...Corporations are no threat to a government that knows its business or to a people who know their rights...
...With wit, anecdotes, and respected testimony, Kirk provides an absorbing, meaningful look, (695-4) $15.00 __ HARVARD HATES AMERICA...
...this they usually do indirectly, through republican institutions...
...672-5) $10.95 __ A JOURNEY THROUGH AFGANiSTAN...
...913-9) $5.95 __ NO~'ES FROM THE OTHER SIDE OF NIGHT...
...One can understand the appeal of the corporation to government policymakers...
...Keith C. Barrons...
...B Y USING the conservationof mass equation, one can describe the dispersion of gaseous molecules in the atmosphere...
...third, by the esprit de corps among citizens who in the legitimate exercise of their democratic rights group themselves into bodies inimical to the moderate character of liberal government...
...The gray lines in Figure 1 show a comparison of the model's predictions with the tracer data for the case illustrated by Figure 2. Notice that the peak concentration can actually occur on the upwind roadside, due to the exhaust transport by these large eddies...
...All through the 1920s and 1930s Americanism and liberalism were generally seen as one...
...What makes it democratic is that some of the laws specify ways in which the citizenry as a whole may participate in forming, enforcing, and interpreting the other laws...
...This equation applies when the length scale of mixing is small compared to that of the variation of the mean concentration...
...In the paternalistic view of the s t a t e , the corruption of law takes another form...
...It is not my concern here to argue e i t h e r for a maximal or a minimal interpretation of the liberal rationale or to consider the very i n t e r e s t i n g differences between a liberalism of limited franchise based on propertyholders (sometimes called "classical liberalism") versus one based on the universal franchise of all potential wage-earners...
...He is leader of the GM atmospheric modeling group...
...But it is systematically obfuscated by our current political language...
...They had the strong sense of community t h a t comes when no other options exist...
...A deeply personal encounter lends depth and substance to understanding the-land and people before the Russians came...
...Advection is the transport of air parcels by the mean wind...
...24 THE AMERICAN SPECTATOR DECEMBER 1982 But the corporation as we know it under the liberal state in fact has medieval antecedents of a very different kind...
...687-3) $16,95 MEMOIRS OF A SUPERFLUOUS MAN...
...Dante AlighierL C. H. Sisson's new verse translation is acknowledged as the finest to appear in recent years, (665-2) $16.95 __ TARGET AMERICA: The Influence of Communist Propaganda on the U.S, Media...
...A thoughtful appraisal of campus liberalism a la Buckley...
...And to take the family resemblance one last step further: Just as liberal education can be subverted without any change in its formal routines of degree-granting by the corporate ethos of careerism, so liberal democracy, even within its own procedures, is perennially threatened by other aspects of corporatism--threatened on three levels: first, at the deepest philosophical level, by a view of the state itself as a primarily managerial body...
...To determine how this modifies the eddy diffusivity tensor, Kij, Dr...
...The peculiarly American contribution to liberal practice is the notion that all human beings have natural rights that deserve to be given constitutional form...
...Properly subordinated to the state, they can both moderate and strengthen popular government...
...Lincoln's "abstract" view of equality, though now an American orthodoxy, has always made the rest of the world (excepting perhaps France) uneasy, lr~ application, it has been used to justify more than a purely juridical liberalism...
...904-X) $5.95 __ SURVIVAL AND PEACE IN THE NUCLEAR AGE...
...Reversible but not painless...
...The best off-the-road traveller's guide to the Emerald Isle...
...our Canadian neighbors had a long and agonizing debate before adopting one recently...
...Continuing the in-depth treatment of yet another well-travelled section of the country...
...while the other, Hoover, stressed government regulation and national recovery programs...
...The equation includes terms for advection, diffusion, sources and sinks...
...Donald Lambro...
...All of which, let me repeat, has very little to do with the liberal tradition philosophically understood...
...It is almost as if, instead of a partnership in justice, "liberals" saw the state as a partnership either in prosperity or in therapy...
...It can move quickly and reorganize itself speedily...
...Interviews with 16 of the most influential people of our time...
...Even then, the editors, Willmoore Kendall and George Carey, frankly acknowledged that the scarcity of American conservative writing was such that they had to draw more heavily than they would have liked on two intrepid authors, James Burnham and Kendall himself...
...But as we have seen, an amiable and vocal confusion about the character of liberalism comes naturally to leaders of public opinion...
...The British don't have a bill of rights...
...849-3) $12.95 __ THE DIVINE COMEDY...
...They have developed a network of institutions that cross the two parties...
...The principle of selfevident natural rights was written into many state constitutions...
...But in part it is because the c l e v e r e s t and most ambitious amongst us, who s t a f f t h e large corporate sources of our information and ideas, are wont to evade any line of thought that might subject their own roles to critical scrutiny...
...The oblique but unmistakable connection between liberal education and democratic political institutions is rarely made...
...The Medieval Church and the feudal domain are often cited as corporate bodies in this natural, organic sense...
...Chock joined ihe corporation'in 1972...
...Eddy diffusivity was assumed to be the sum of ambient and traffic contributions...
...It can t r a n s f e r operations between regions and countries...
...Russell Kirk...
...An admirable defense of the success of Western accomplishments against the philosophical and ideological challenges of Marxism...
...no American, according to Burnham, falls in the middle): I. All forms of racial segregation and discrimination are wrong...
...And, as with free inquiry, the ordered liberty of politics is practiced for its own sake, not because it necessarily leads to a greater GNP or to a lower crime rate or to great works of art...
...28 THE AMERICAN SPECTATOR DECEMBER 1982...
...Posession, exorcism, and love in a religious Jewish community...
...The kind of education that traditionally imparts this critical ability is, not coincidentally, still called a liberal education...
...Without worrying over fine points," he asked people to agree or disagree with 39 sentences - - a number taken, somewhat humorously, from Anglican doctrine...
...The input information for Kij and the mean crossroad and vertical wind components near a roadway became available as a result of a la~rge-scale experiment conducted by the General Motors Research Laboratories...
...They can be paternal, enterprising, philanthropic, farsighted, decisive, and wise...
...Sylvia Shaw Judson...
...Marlboro COllege, Vermont, the nation's smallest accredited college, gives students the opportunity to design an individualized Plan of Concentration in a one-to-one tutorial setting over two years...
...What a tribute to the role of the Empire State as the financial and communications capital of the country that these labels, which New Yorkers can use with so much more confidence than the rest of us, have come to dominate our national political debate...
...In these high shear regions, large eddies are generated and turbulent mixing is intense...
...A handbook for the independent traveller who wants more than maps and directions...
...680-6) $12.95 __ MEMOIRS OF A DISSIDENT PUBLISHER...
...The state then rules the corporations, which in turn rule their members...
...Call yourself a Republican or a Democrat and if the tax and conflict-of-interest inspectors don't get you, your opponents will demand equal time...
...second, it demands a devotion to a disciplined tradition of such inquiry, with acknowledged masters and classics...
...And of course in using liberalism as a euphemism for socialism many self-designated liberals have followed Kendall and Burnham in defining themselves right out of the liberal consensus...
...To determine the traffic contribution, the length scale of the trafficinduced turbulence was assumed to be comparable to vehicle height-l.5 m. U SING THE vast data base compiled during the experiment, Dr...
...For him conservatives had to follow Calhoun in rejecting the rhetoric of the Declaration of Independence and seeing the Constitution not as an attempt to carry through on the promise of equal rights of the Declaration but to repudiate it...
...They have begun to honor and support writers and intellectuals...
...Specifically, our ability to predict vehicular exhaust concentrations near a road depends on knowledge of the effects of ~zehicles on these fields...
...The conservation-of-mass equation for the mean concentration of any species, C, is '~ K 8-Y *,z.., 8x, - ,j Local rate Advectlon Diffusion Sources Sinks of change where Ui is the mean wind velocity and Kij is the eddy diffusivity tensor...
...Figure 2: This representation of a roadway viewed from above shows the location of large vortices formed by local wind shear when the wind opposes the upwind-lane traffic...
...Dana Facaros and Michael Pau/s...
...There is little systematic bias with respect to wind direction...
...Instead, there is a special public realm into which th~ state throws its weight to assure full equatity before the law among all its subjects...
...It stands fbr admired practices of civility, constitutional liberty, and representative government, as in the phrase "liberal democracy...
...The plan for zero-cost, better public schools...
...Mortimer Smith...
Vol. 15 • December 1982 • No. 12
