Operation Sunrise: The Secret Surrender
Manor, F.S.
A managing editor I knew used to warn aspiring young reporters to beware of over-verification: It had ruined many a good story. The story seized upon by Bradley Smith and Elena Agarossi in...
...Nonetheless, thanks to Dulles's preliminary contacts, the Italian front was the first to surrender, five days before the general German capitulation...
...Nor did Stalin ask any Allied generals to take part in the Stalingrad negotiations for the surrender of von Paulus's German forces in 1942...
...In fact, the Trieste " i s s u e " had been tackled long before Sunrise began...
...This was the army's task under international law and Alexander's staff showed here a remarkable fi~resight...
...II 160 E. 38th St./Suite 31B II New York, NY 10016 II As THE AMERICAN SPECTATOR AUGUST 1980 35 the war this was what mattered...
...Some nibble...
...The Allies, cowed by the violence of Stalin's and Molotov's language, agreed to break off the talks...
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...Besides, some caution was indeed needed if Alexander was to avoid a sudden switch of alliances and to have to order his troops, fed on propaganda about the great partisan victories, to start shooting at their former Yugoslav allies...
...The Russians were duly advised and invited to send an observer...
...Box 1969 Bloomington, IN 47402 Please send...
...However, Operation Sunrise did win praise from John Kenneth Galbraith, who, deftly turning from economics to contemporary history, devoted half a page in the Manchester Guardian to the book, describing it as " a very competent, very careful and very readable example of the good historical monograph...
...It cannot be otherwise...
...They set out todemonstrate that the Cold War was begun by the CIA before the end of World War II, even though the CIA was at that time still gestating in the womb of its progenitor, the Office of Strategic Services...
...Up to the last moment, the Nazis were executing hostages all over Europe...
...The cartoon showed a disgusted veteran of the North African campaign writing his comment below a g r a f f i t o demanding: "Open the Second Front Now...
...Solzhenitsyn describes their tortuous friendship as the path of two mathematical curves, each illustrating its own equation, touching at certain points, though carried in different directions by their archetypai peculiarity...
...They then go on to argue that the narrowly averted clash between the forces of Tito and the Allied armies in Trieste was the result of the Sunrise negotiations and Dulles's "'bungling...
...Smith dismisses this argument as "ethnocentric...
...A/so--Send me the fogowing I books by Howard S. Kotz: [1THE PAPER ARISTOCRACY...
...Solzhenitsyn would have preferred that the whole of his work had been available to his own countrymen, not only because it spoke to their suffering but also because he had always believed that political and moral change could take place only from w i t h i n - - b y passive r e s i s t a n c e , by refusing to lie...
...A modicum of mysticism will suffice to suggest to even the most skeptical of rationalists that a kind of divine intervention was at work here...
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...He had hoped his books would help to inspire a spiritual renaissance, by exposing the Lie that had made slaves of an e n t i r e people...
...Thirty-five years later it still is not otherwise...
...The story seized upon by Bradley Smith and Elena Agarossi in this book is indeed startling...
...lff, with an offer of surrender...
...When the Western powers went on to negotiate with the Germans in Bern (under most suspicious circumstances), the Russians saw themselves threatened by mortal injury as well as dangerous insult...
...Medium...
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...He has edited financial newsletters and journals,---and authored two previous books, published by Books In Focus: THE PAPER ARISTOCRACY--Explains the cause and cure for inflation, and examines the problems of paper money since its origins in 17th Century England...
...Italy, thereby provoking S t a l i n ' s righteous anger, and turning him away from his benevolent intention to continue his alliance with the Western powers into the post-war period...
...If there were problems over Trieste, they were not due to Alexander's "dodging" or his "muddled" discussions with Tito...
...THE OAK AND THE CALF Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn / Harper & Row / $15.00 Juliana Geran Pilon 6 ~ LlndergroundTT is where you expect to find revolutionaries...
...His memoirs do not figure in the authors' bibliography...
...So begins Solzhenitsyn's astonishing "war-diary," documenting his unlikely battle against the Juliana Geran Pilon is Visiting Scholar and Earhart Fellow at the Hoover Institution...
...This may well be so, but he delivered and during THE PROFITS ABOUT THE AUTHOR: Howard S. Kotz has written extensively on economics and history...
...During the war, Allen Dulles scored some remarkable successes from his OSS office in Bern, especially with regard to tracking the development of the German V-2 rocket...
...Wolff's motives in seeking the armistice are wholly irrelevant...
...They read all the documents released by the CIA and then proceeded to treat an oft-told story of 35 years ago as if they were writing in a musty muniments room about the Hundred Years War...
...Even if the political biases of the book, as pernicious as they are, failed to bother Dr...
...34 THE AMERICAN SPECTATOR AUGUST 1980 According to the authors, while the Russians "battered" the bulk of the German armies, the Allied armies in Italy were themselves "battered...
...But not writers...
...However, they did place a high value on the acquisition of Trieste because their plans for the invasion to Austria were keyed to it as the best port of supply...
...The audience is not for him to gather...
...Indeed, Dull e s ' s book, a p a r t trom being a modestly told story of an outstanding achievement, is well-written...
...Dull | les and the Allied generals who were I in Switzerland negotiating the surI render were engaged in "bungles I and sharp practices...
...At that time the orders from the politicians to the Allied forces were to avoid all provocation of Stalin, whose blue-eyed boy Tito then was...
...Unfortunately, however, the West, "hypnotized as it is from the left," had really not understood...
...Congress that trade was the very thing to reinforce the rights of man in the U.S.S.R...
...Yet Solzhenitsyn's cries of exasperation against Western callousness cannot obscure the book's underlying serenity...
...Nonetheless, when Wolff made his offer, the Allies had not yet reached the Alps and there still was a lot of fighting going on between the Apennines and the Alps...
...Once the Allies erupted from the Liri valley they sped from victory to victory...
...At stake, after all, was the fate of S o l z h e n i t s y n ' s painstakingly created and guarded manuscripts...
...They tried to persuade the U.S...
...These secret negotiations were going on at the very time when Stalin and Molotov offensively demanded that the Bern negotiations be broken off...
...The armies were fighting against a stubborn German rearguard action and American and British soldiers were being killed day and night...
...Stalin was then all set to launch in Germany a client regime similar to the one he had already launched in Austria...
...this was of great importance in the planning of the Allied spring offensive...
...Enclosed is $7 per shirt, three for $18...
...One might expect, therefore, that even Professor Galbraith, who is old enough to have been around in those days, would acknowledge that Dulles was right in seizing the opportunity to negotiate a surrender...
...Indeed, it was Stalin who had ordered Tito to seize Trieste before the Allies could reach the city...
...Yet Solzhenitsyn had little faith in the West...
...And it should be remembered that, late in the negotiations, when the German army generals were reluctant to follow Wolff's lead and order a general cease-fire, Wolff offered to surrender separately all his SS forces as well as airports and other strongholds in Northern Italy...
...Although the book ends with Solzhenitsyn's expulsion to the West, the calf was nevertheless triumphant: By that time Solzhenitsyn had completed his monumental task, the writing and publication of The Gulag Archipelago...
...This the Russians rejected, demanding that three Soviet generals be present at the delicate negotiations...
...He came bearing important gifts, offered without any prior conditions: He ordered the SS troops in Italy to halt action against the partisans...
...Tvardovsky's natural dignity and peasant core endeared him to Solzhenitsyn, but his inconsistencies and alcoholic bouts (symptomatic of agonizing compromise) were exasperating...
...For one thing, exposure made it harder for the KGB to destroy him before he had completed his magnum opus...
...General Eisenhower believed it possible, the British did not...
...Helpless and appalled, he watched as Eastern tyranny found even stauncher supporters in Western businessmen: in other words, the most loyal supporters of the "dictatorship of the proletariat" wcre the capitalists...
...And although the executions of Mussolini and his mistress and of fifteen fascist leaders by a Communist assassination squad were viewed by some as wartime revenge, they were rightly considered brutal by those who wanted to reimpose on Italy the rule of law...
...The argument that Wolff had nothing to offer is not the authors' sole misstatement of fact...
...Moreover, this remarkable feat was accomplished by Allen Dulles himself, the future head of the CIA...
...3 8 THE AMERICAN SPECTATOR AUGUST 1980...
...To get two prominent Italians out of the clutches of the Nazis was a splendid achievement, especially since at that time of daily executions nobody could have said whether the SS would not have followed the orders of their Obergruppenftihrer Ernst Kaltenbrunner and killed all the prominent opponents of Nazism before the final collapse...
...For instance, they distort the late political and military maneuverings in Northern Italy almost beyond recognition by claiming that "[Field Marshal[ Alexander and his aides continued to dodge political issues and hide behind the principle of military necessity...
...Nor did they think it important to subject certain pertinent hurried wartime dispatches to careful analysis, or to refer to other documents and diaries: This, after all, might well have wrecked their entire venture...
...Its author is fully conscious of living by God's grace: After the camps, he had recovered from advanced, untreated cancer...
...Illustrated, very controversial...
...Long a leading critic of Keynesianism, Professor Hutt first attempted to prepare a second edition of his 1963 book, Keym, sianism--Retrospect and Prospect, but ended up with a new book...
...was ready to parley, the lives of a couple of Italian leaders meant nothing to them...
...Name | Address II City State Zip JJ Moil your order to: II BOOKS IN FOCUS...
...Manor served with the British forces in Italy and, after the war, was the Trieste-based correspondent in Northern Italy for The Times of London...
...Britain is "imperialist...
...9 . . when timid, isolated protests are heard, without any faith in their success, and accompanied by the inevitable lip service--"just as, of course, in Greece, Turkey and Spain"--then they evoke only the laughter of the aggressors...
...Hardcover $10.00, Paperback $4.50...
...Those of us who have known the story for a long time from direct personal sources and experiences must, however, beg to differ...
...Moreover, the possibility existed that those in the Free World in a position to affect the behavior of the Soviet leadership might be awakened to the holocaust that was swallowing a culture before their very eyes...
...Moreover, to claim, as the authors do, that no excesses were committed by the partisans at the end of the war is simply wrong...
...How did those sacrifices come about...
...5.00, postpaid...
...The authors take pains to distance themselves from revisionist historians and to qualify their strange statements...
...he released several hundred Italian Jews held in Bolzano in the Tyrol...
...The comment read: "Where was the First Front in 1940...
...More important, he had become known to his own countrymen...
...defenseless civilization ? It is passages such as this that have earned Solzhenitsyn the reputation of being "anti-democratic," "authorit a r i a n , " even " d i c t a t o r i a l . " Although he has repeatedly emphasized his commitment to toleration and free speech, Solzhenitsyn has not endeared himself to the intellectual elite...
...Enclosed is $7 per shirt, three for $18...
...The authors sneer at this, saying that the release was of no importance, "for if the S.S...
...The book's pages are littered with split infinitives...
...But anything could have happened while the war was still on...
...Communists in Northern Italy were hanging girls of 15 and 16 because they had acted as couriers for the fascists...
...Professor Galbraith writes that Wolff already was mentally ill (after the war he was confined in a psychiatric hospital...
...1980 Paperback r=.-,-, m . . . - - , m ......,me ~1~ JJ [JYES...
...The authors, however, are specific about the horrible excesses committed by Yugoslav partisans in Trieste, horrors of which I know at first hand...
...Nuclear Plants Are Built Better Than Jane Fonda Total Enclosed: $ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (Indiana residents please add 4% sales tax) NAME ADDRESS CITY STATE ZIP PLEASE PRINT THE AMERICAN SPECTATOR AUGUST 1980 37 command for insurrection throughout Northern Italy was given on April 25, after the Russian veto and before Field Marshal Alexander succeeded in obtaining the consent of the Combined Chiefs of Staff to proceed with the Sunrise operation...
...The Key!u, sian Episode looks back to tell us why Lord Keynes" economic doctrines had such grcat appeal among academics and politicians --with such disastrous results--and looks ahead to tell us how to re,;tore a sound economy...
...During the war, Dulles ran the OSS office in Bern, Switzerland, and there, Mr...
...1 ! .00, postpaid...
...But then, this is not the first time that his name has been associated with an absurd, h a l f - l i t e r a t e concoction...
...The Oak and the Calf, which shows him single-mindedly, almost cold-bloodedly determined to reveal the horrors he has witnessed, will not help to improve his liberal credentials...
...B i u t there are bigger distortions and inaccuracies at work in Operation Sunrise, distortions and inaccuracies from which, probably, at least some of the others derive...
...First and foremost, he freed the leader of the Italian Resistance and future Italian prime minister, Ferruccio Patti, together with Patti's military advisor, Antonio Usmiani...
...S m i t h ' s bibliography): It has been suggested that the Russian veto had been abruptly imposed since a premature collapse of the German front in Northern Italy before the proclamation of a general rising by the Italian partisans...
...Rather than make a great leap forward," Smith and Agarnssi write of Allied troop movements in the area, "Alexander and [General Mark l Clark took caution as their watchword and moved eastward with all deliberate speed...
...Georges Mandel, the doughty aide of Clemenceau and a member of France's last wartime cabinet, readily comes to mind...
...To that end he had had to become an astute strategist, whose only weapon was his own cunning...
...Moreover, they invariably describe the Western alliance as "capitalist," not demo| cratic...
...At one point Solzhenitsyn rejoiced when it looked like the Jackson-Vanik amendment (which would deny mostfavored-nation status and Western credits to any country that failed to respect human rights) was being broadened to include rights o t h e r than emigration...
...For that matter, Allen Dulles's own book on the event, The Secret Surrender, haughtily dismissed by the authors as an "apologia," is a far better, and more accurate, account than Operation Su,~ise...
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...Nor is it true, as the authors maintain, that the SS general had nothing to offer...
...I remember a Punch cartoon during the great Communistorchestrated agitation in 1943 for the opening of the Second Front in Europe...
...PLEASE PRINT | ADDRESS I CITY I | STATE ZIP | chief of German-occupied Northern Italy, General Karl g6...
...We pay postage, but require prePaYment, on orders from individuals...
...At that time Stalin was the best friend Hitler had, supplying Nazi Germany with important raw materials and even handing over to the Gestapo German Communists who had escaped to the Soviet Union...
...Evidently, almost anything was bett e r than silence...
...In the end, the publication of his works was a mission accomplished with the same cleverness and courage that saw him through the circles of the Gulag...
...Although it was too much to expect that Gulag could be set in Soviet type, both Cancer Ward and The First Circle had been close to publication in Novy Mir (how close, the document illustrates in detail...
...36 THE AMERICAN SPECTATOR AUGUST 1980 Nor do the inaccuracies stop there...
...Towards the end of 1944, in Athens, Alexander and his staff met with senior members of the British Foreign Office and insisted upon a clear and sharp decision on the question of Trieste's future (sure to be disputed by the Yugoslavs...
...Large...
...Everyone imposes his own system as far as his army can reach...
...Have You Slugged Your KId Today...
...Moreover, officers at Alexander's headquarters in Caserta, in Southern Italy, learned from Wolff about the many dissensions within the German command...
...Half a million German and | Italian soldiers were knocked out of I the war in North Africa, not to menI tion millions of tons of German war mat6riel...
...Large...
...It may have also been significant that the general order from the Italian partisan I I j--THE SATURDAY'-3 ! EVENING CLUB'S I ORDER FORM Please send me my very own American Spectator Tee Shirt...
...Moreover, the instrument of surrender (at whose drafting a Russian general was present) served as a prototype for the surrender of all German forces to General Eisenhower...
...After years of studied inconspicuousness, Solzhenitsyn decided in 1961 t o risk sending his manuscript about Ivan Denisovich to Novy Mir, at the time the most liberal Soviet literary journal, ttis subsequent relationship with the journal and with its volatile, unpredictable, but dedicated editor, Aleksandr Tvardovsky, provides the contrapuntal structure for this memoir...
...One train regularly leaving from Bellinzona (near Locarno) was nicknamed the Agents' Special...
...Operation Sunme is not...
...Macmillan had been the resident British minister at Alexander's headquarters...
...All of this could not have been done in a vacuum, or underground...
...The Allies were able to save the treasures immediately after the armistice...
...But whether too much or not, they do go on to say it...
...copies o f " R a d i c a l S h e i k s...
...Although Solzhenitsyn understood Tvardovsky's ambivalent allegiance to the powers that be, he could never forget his own ultimate commitment to the dead, to the millions awaiting requiem...
...Indeed, Dulles's contacts were so wide that the entire North Italian region between Chiasso and Locarno was buzzing with agents, informers, and operatives of every description...
...Please allow four to six weeks for delivery...
...But it was Washington that insisted that no American troops bc used if it came to a clash between Tito and the Allies...
...If I'm not completely satisfied, I may return | them for a prompt and full refund...
...Somehow the war in the I Far East, which Stalin sat out, and | the North African campaign seem to | have escaped Smith's and Agarossi's I I attention...
...Then, come the end of the war, Soviet General Vasilii Chuikov was haggling with Hitler's heir, Admiral Doenitz, about a unilateral German surrender to the Soviets, promising Soviet recognition of the Doenitz Nazi regime and offering to provide transport to assemble the scattered members of the Doenitz cabinet under Soviet auspices...
...But then, in light of his experience, it is hardly surprising that at times Solzhenitsyn seems at odds with Western c u l t u r e , as his account of the Nobel ceremony nicely shows...
...This last, cynical post-hoc judgment is as arrogant in its ignorance (Mussolini was furious when he learned of the release) as it is impertinent in its pretentious hindsight...
...As Stalin told Milovan Djilas in 1945: "This war is not as in the past...
...It is far more likely that Alexander shared the sympathies of the British Foreign Office, from whose documents Sir Llewellyn Woodward quotes in his British Foreign Policy in the Second World War: "We could not support the extreme Yugoslav claims which would deprive Italy of Trieste and the predominantly Italian areas as Gorizia and the mouth of the Isonzo...
...To order this book, or for a copy of our catalog, write: L ibe rtyPress/LibertyC/assics 7440 North Shadeland, Dept...
...Smith argues (in the chapters of the book for which he claims responsibility), Dulles recklessly and foolishly negotiated with the Nazis the surrender of the German forces in F.S...
...Caution: I Speed Up For Small Animals...
...When the Soviet demand was refused, Stalin and his Foreign Minister Molotov became abusive and insisted that the negotiations be broken off...
...In view of the Russians' secretiveness about their own previous contacts with the enemy, this was a preposterous demand but otherwise a clever tactical move," writes Vojtech Masmy in his recent book, Russia's Road to the Cold IVar...
...and he disclosed to Dulles the whereabouts of the priceless treasures from the Uffizzi Galleries in Florence, hidden by the Nazis in Northern Italy...
...The result is a fresh masterpiece of economic history and analysis...
...Nixon's The One--in 1980) Please send me my very owr, American Spectator Turkey Jacket (White on Navy Blue) Enclosed is $12 per jacket, Three jackets for $30...
...The military men pointed out that when The Keynesian Episode By W. H. Hurt An unsparing reassessment of the dominant economic movement of our century...
...Moreover, he organized the Italian partisans (an achievement strangely ignored by Miss Agarossi, who in the chapters of the book for which she is responsible shows herself to be very pro-partisan...
...Stalin wanted honors and glory for the Red Army in order to provide the Russian people with recognition for t h e i r g r e a t wartime sacrifices," Smith and Agarossi write...
...This too is difficult to square with the facts...
...brutal oak--the Soviet bureaucracy, the KGB, the system that usually assassinates its own chroniclers...
...A36 Indianapolis, Indiana 46250 the Allied forces finally crossed the Apennines and-the Po River and debouched into the Venezia Giulia region of northeastern Italy, the Allies themselves would have to make sure that Italy's pre-war borders remained intact, in other words, that Trieste remained under Italian jurisdiction...
...5.00 postpaid | (New York residents, please add ap| . plicoble soles tax...
...Deakin, head of a British mission to Tito during the war, in The Brutal Frtendship (another book that failed to make Mr...
...On the contrary, shortly before the surrender, Stalin sent a Soviet official to Stockholm to tell a Ribbentrop aide that Moscow was ready to sign an armistice with Hitler in eight days...
...Churchill was I " b u i l d i n g political sand c a s t l e s " ; I I Field Marshal Harold Alexander, I perhaps the greatest Allied comI maDder of the war, was an incompeI | tent muddler...
...and the arrival of Marshal Tito at Trieste, might well hinder the overall politico.military plans of ihe Soviet government in that part of Europe...
...Enclosed is my check for $ | Charge my [~ Visa [4 Mastercharge | $ Card # Expiration date | Signature | I understand that I may keep the | book(s) I've ordered for o full 30 days...
...he spells "hierarchy" as "heirarchy" and uses "enamored by...
...The true reason for Stalin's ire over the Bern negotiations is suggested by F.W...
...But it could not be...
...Gaibraith, this alone should have given him pause...
...Not without obstacle, not quite freely, yet sing he did...
...For instance: "[l]t would be too much to say that Sunrise [the code name for the Bern surrender negotiations] was a major factor in producing the cold war...
...X Large Please send me...
...As it turned out, the partisan "victories" were largely paper propaganda...
...After Solzhenitsyn, Russian literature-indeed, mankind--would never be the same...
...The authors go on to claim that Alexander "personally believed that Trieste should immediately be ceded to Yugoslavia when the Western powers no longer required it" but cite no authority for this...
...So trusting was Stalin of Hitler's good intentions that he dismissed all warnings of an impending German attack as "capitalist propaganda...
...Although many of the protagonists of Dulles's remarkable exploit are still alive and mentally alert, the authors did not think it important to get their views...
...Re-unites the left and right on the question of honest money...
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...copies of" Preventing Medicine" Enclosed is my check for...
...whoever occupies a territory also imposes his own social system...
...is expected to take no more than three minutes, and preferably contains only words of gratitude...
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...But if Solzhenitsyn was baffled by the narrowly selfish, cowardly capitalist businessmen, he became enraged at the spectacle of the hypocritical leftist intellectuals unable to face totalitarianism...
...In general, we get a | peculiar picture of the Second World I War: "For three and a half years the | Soviets had met and battered the I bulk of the German army while the I | Western powers nibbled on the eneI my flanks...
...Night after night the Bellinzona railway station was dotted with waiting figures conspicuously pretending not to have any connection with one another...
...he had to s e t t l e for publication in the West...
...He is presently Distinguished Visiting Professor of Economics at the University of Dallas...
...Moreover, it proved to the Allies beyond all doubt that Wolff had the power to act...
...Consider any one of his own monographs...
...Having got hold of such heady revelations, the authors are, needless to say, anything but anxious to ruin them by over-verification...
...The murders perpetrated by Tito's bands must thus be attributed to that very appeasement of Stalin that the authors and Professor Galbraith claim should have been the Allies' undeviating policy all along...
...When the racial composition of a basketball team becomes a bigger world event than the daily injections given to prisoners in psychiatric prisons, brain-destroying injections, then what can you feel but contempt toward an egoistic, shortsighted and...
...Born in 1899, W. H. Hutt graduated from the London School of Economics and based his academic career at the University of Cape Town...
...Taking on subjects like the CIA, Dulles, and the SS, especially after having wrested top-secret documents from the maws of the CIA, used to provide irreproachable credentials for any author, which is perhaps one reason why Smith and Agarossi felt no need to probe very deeply...
...Ours were democratic armies, not totalitarian robots mindlessly following orders...
...Smith in particular does not know the d i f f e r e n c e between " e f f e c t " and "affect" or between "principle" and "principal...
...Paris Green on White . . . . . . Large . . . . . . X Large Paris Green on Gold...
...Although the protracted negotiations produced a capitulation that preceded the general German collapse by only five days, those five days meant the saving of many, many lives...
...one wonders...
...Sluch were the results of what the authors, seconded by Professor Galbraith, call "disastrous" and "foolish" negotiations...
...The authors state that the Italian partisans did not gain political influence in the immediate post-war period, but, as I have already mentioned, Ferruccio Parri, whom Wolff had released, became liberated Italy's first prime minister...
...Nobody knew what the future would bring and how much trust to put in Hitler's boast of an Alpine redoubt where the Nazis would make their last stand...
...In 1944, when the Germans evacuated their troops from Greece by rail, they travelled the entire length of allegedly partisanheld Yugoslavia without suffering a single casualty...
...As it turned out, however, Solzhenitsyn was not so much handicapped as sharpened by his integrity...
...Thus, Dulles, by his "intrigue" and "bungling," set the pattern for the post-war world, wherein the Grand Alliance would be broken and America, rather than cherishing Russia's friendship, would ally herself with Germany, whose individual citizens, even while the fighting was still on, "were eager to do what they could to push the Western powers into a cold war stance as quickly as possible...
...He writes: The laureate's speech is delivered at a banquet .(was 1 to talk about our Russian tragedy while all around were merrily eating and drinking...
...9 The dilemma facing Alexander later when confronted with Tito's (and Stalin's) treachery is lucidly discussed in the third volume of Harold Macmillan's memoirs, Tides of Fortune...
...Early in 1945 Dulles was approached by the SS commander-inI NAME ! The American Spectator Reprint Department P.O...
...The heavens had allowed Orpheus to turn back arid embrace his Eurydice, to bring her into daylight for all to s e e - - to sing her song...
...Nevertheless, the politicians waffled and it was only later that Alexander was able to obtain Tito's agreement to set up an Allied military government in a part of Venezia Giulia delimited by the so-called Morgan line...
...After the award was announcect, he was sent a program for the c e l e b r a t i o n , with information about where to appear in dinner jacket and black tie, where in tails...
...Large...
Vol. 13 • August 1980 • No. 8
