Defending America, by Robert Conquest, et al.
Rosen, Stephen
BOOKS IN REVIEW - "Defending America, by Robert Conquest, et al." Defending America: Towards a New Role in the Post-Detente World / Basic Books / $13.95 John Wheeler-Bennett tells a story about two workers in Weimar Germany....
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...It is all in the newspapers and the public record...
...For all this it would be incorrect to assume that the dominant impression that will be left with the readers of this book will be one of a machine gun uncovered...
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...It is a collection of essays about Soviet foreign, military, and domestic policies which, when put together, are intended to leave in the reader's mind the image of a Soviet machine gun pointed in the general direction of the West...
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...Gregory Gross-man's article, "The Economics of Detente," demonstrates with official Soviet figures that the Soviet Union is, at bottom, a poor country, short of labor andcapital...
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...Albert Wohlstetter's essay in this book nicely demolishes the Warnke thesis...
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...Leonard Schapiro notes in his essay that the plans for economic decentralization that had started so boldly in 1965 were soon withdrawn, and were formally killed in 1971 at the Twenty-fourth Party Congress...
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...Instead, they steadily increased their defense budgets and procurement of nuclear weapons, continuing, for example, to build submarine-launched ballistic missiles all through the five years after the signing of the Interim Accord limiting offensive weapons in 1972...
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...During the same period, the United States radically decreased the total megatonnage of the nuclear weapons we could deliver to the Soviet Union...
...A different argument presented by advocates of kindlier relations with the Soviet Union suggests that the Soviet actions that we find so obnoxious are the result of demands made by the Soviet military, which lobbies for its pet projects the same way the Pentagon does...
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...This is, in brief, the "Apes on a Treadmill" thesis advanced by Paul Warnke, who is now the Director of the United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency and the chief negotiator at SALT...
...The two previous Plans had called for 43 and 42 percent increases...
...Many of those same people now condemn the Carter proposals as rash and unfair -to the Soviet Union, and there are very few people around to remind them of what they were saying two or three years ago...
...In 1952 the United States spent, in constant 1976 dollars, $32.6 billion on strategic offensive weapons...
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...If ending that competition were merely a matter of showing the Soviets a willingness to restrain ourselves, they might have reciprocated...
...Before Jimmy Carter advanced his proposals for deep cuts in the offensive forces of both sides in Moscow this year, the perennial cry of the left, and of Paul Warnke, was that the 1972 SALT agreement was worse than no agreement at all, that it did not reduce force levels but did increase the pressures for qualitative improvements...
...In retrospect, the Soviet danger of which he warned appears to have existed in the public mind only as one in a succession of fashionable terrors that tingled peoples' spines...
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...As Harrison Salisbury said of an earlier generation of Russian leaders, either they cannot control their generals or they will not...
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...Enclosed is my check for $10.00 X71 (please print) Name Address City State Zip Date of change BOOK REVIEW (continued from page 45) archipelago of camps have simply disappeared from the public prints...
...In this regard, it is useful to note, as Grossman does, that Soviet trade with the West has been directed toward achieving autarky rather than interdependence...
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...People do not like to remember uncomfortable facts, and this book, if it is read, will not be remembered...
...It is itself only a reminder of what we know already, and like most reminders, it will strike us as being tiresome and petty...
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...Their theme is also simple: One cannot argue about Soviet analogues to the Pentagon because the Soviet Union is not like the United States...
...Finally, it is heard that the Soviet Union is evolving into a more moderate, if not liberal, regime, but that unfriendly American actions will be used by the oligarchs to justify their retention of dictatorial powers...
...At the same time, the share of the gross national product devoted to military expenses has increased to 11-12 percent...
...First, the decision to spend one-eighth of the GNP on guns was a conscious sacrifice...
...Soviet Union, reassured of our good intentions, could then halt its own weapons programs, and the senseless race 'would come to an end...
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...This has achieved nothing, and was the result of mindless reactions to increases in the weaponry of the opposing side...
...Stephen Rosen also could have mentioned that in the 20 years during which the United States enjoyed massive nuclear superiority, we very consciously refrained from exploiting that superiority in order to obtain concessions from the Soviet Union and its allies...
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...Even worse, it has usually been the United States that has initiated these competitions, forcing the Soviet Union to build in order to catch up...
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...Unofficial memories must exist, although what one reads about young Germans' memories of Hitler gives some indication of what a puny political force private recollection may be...
...This is not to say that we did not take steps and build weapons that threatened the Soviet Union: Only something resembling complete disarmament could have avoided doing that...
...It is likely, therefore, that this book will earn only curt dismissals as "one more tirade on the Red menace...
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...If it had been called the Soviet Arms Control Agency, they would have paid more attention to controlling the Soviet Union...
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...Robert Conquest, the greatest Western scholar of the Stalin era, makes what is probably the most unsettling revelation of all when he writes that, officially, that memory does not exist in the Soviet Union: [Njo account, true or false, is now available about the Stalin terror, which was the vastest and most determining event to have molded the country in modern times...
...The Presidium placed immediate military strength ahead of maintaining the old rates of economic growth...
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...All this gives some substance to Herman Kahn's jibe that what was wrong with the United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency was that it was called the United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency: The people who worked there looked at the name and thought that their job was to disarm the United States...
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...For example, a favorite argument of the advocates of a less suspicious stance towards the Soviet Union is that both sides have engaged in an unnecessary competition in nuclear armaments...
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...Second, we can reasonably understand the Soviet push for better economic relations with the West as an attempt to get the capital and laborsaving technology which would permit the Soviet Union to strengthen its economy while continuing to give military spending first priority...
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Vol. 11 • November 1977 • No. 1
