Relations With Latin America
Sands, William Franklin
September 1, 1926 THE COMMONWEAL 401 RELATIONS WITH LATIN...
...believe, without daring to doubt or presuming to ask a To promote this event by all the moral influence which question...
...A portion of all this eagerofficial neutrality, and on the right of neutrals not to ness is doubtless the effect of momentary lures and will be made to suffer by the acts of the contending parties...
...But the Chilino, with not the oppression of the Spanish monarchy...
...William R. Manning, professor of Latin-American Europe for a century later as a revolutionary spirit, .history at the University of Texas and author of but rather quite truly, if one is to judge by the private several important works on international relations...
...ment to guard its wildernesses and unsettled coastlines permitted a recrudescence of "privateering" The role of Russia in Spanish relations with the amounting to real piracy, in which many very respect- Americas is more baffling, probably because it was able American citizens took secret but not unprofitable based upon ideals rather than upon dynastic or compart...
...States, assures James Madison, President, from New 402 THE COMMONWEAL September 1, 1926 Orleans, March 18, 1815, that "Your Excellency will a courage as determined and invincible, is as yet a stranger permit me to say that between us and these States [the to mental struggle and political controversy...
...But Europe has been neutral Peace a strong plea for aid in securing the publication with a leaning of inclination on the side of authority of material from the North-American state archives and Spain, while the United States have been neutral upon the period of Latin-American independence...
...the basis of all our intercourse with foreign "state secrets" it took the world war, and the pressure powers is reciprocity...
...not what was understood in Dr...
...They are endeavoring to link Britain to these new states The correct attitude of neutrals and their rights and these new states to Britain by every tie that excited with regard to both belligerants form a considerable cupidity can devise and enormous opulence carry into effect...
...Three volumes, $15.00...
...The united vigilance and cares of church clear whether British speculations portended a permaand state had tamed every restless spirit and checked nent ascendancy or a sort of false trade-boom like every wayward thought . . . When the wars arising our own some ninety years later...
...New York: Oxford Univer- Juan Pablo y Anaya, Mexican agent to the United sity Press...
...and the Napoleonic world war) could not be reshaped a policy which today is practised by all the senior na- for good except by a league of the principal powers, tions through the press and other agencies...
...There has been need of it for particular, to which we have since been constant in the many years...
...But a contrast of the Catholic by giving her positive sanction to the freedom of conestablishment in Chili with the established church and science, and by stipulating it in her first treaty with the toleration of our country under its colonial system will United States...
...Inger- many subjects at this turn of the cycle...
...The course of policy pursued by the European govIn 1916, Dr...
...Each The measure of recognition of Great Britain had unone . . . began calmly to think of self-government . . . doubtedly been urged on, not only by the general exnot in a spirit of rebellion, but as a deplorable necessity...
...interests, rights, etc., are alike...
...the League itown behalf against the same grievance, during our self, however, the Holy Alliance, they feared-and Civil War some fifty years later, and again another with good reason, for while the principles of Alexscant fifty years later, our repeated notes to Germany ander might be trustworthy and in accord with our on submarine warfare, and to Great Britain on trade own, their supercilious reception by the member narestrictions...
...Richard Rush writes out of the French revolution and disturbing all the na- from London, January 18, 1925 tions of Europe overwhelmed the peninsula of Spain and drove the ancient dynasty from the throne . . . the colonies could no longer be governed as formerly...
...their blood for national policies which they do not un- Our doctrine is founded upon the doctrine of derstand and over which they have not the slightest unalienable right...
...Florida, a complete swing from his early liberal tendencies Cuba, various attempts of European governments to absorbed from his French revolutionary tutor, to ultragain a territorial foot-hold in America kept our re- conservatism,, to an overinsistence on "legitimacy" in lations with Spain very tense...
...there is strict insistence on be doubled no one can tell...
...Meade, Mr...
...profitably employed in just such research work...
...The tendency of the spirit polemical exercise, as well as a house of adoration and of the age is so strong toward religious liberty that we prayer...
...Hence, from this cause among others in our own country, Without traveling through a long historical detail of the first revolutionary blow aroused multitudes of the most events, it will be sufficient to observe that in Chili as in adroit veterans in argument whose reasoning powers at- Buenos Aires the moving causes of the revolution were tracted the admiration of the world...
...United States] there is no other difference but that of Again, John Quincy Adams, Secretary of State, to language...
...but the Colombian constitution is honorably distinguished by exemption from The Christian religion, as has been justly observed, is, it...
...The European alliances of upon them of a spreading, urgent desire for security in emperors and kings have assumed as the foundation of peace of those who bear weapons in war and pay with human society, the doctrine of unalienable allegiance...
...but it serves to give warning of the vast At the same time, the inability of our young govern- commercial and political changes that are approaching...
...ReThe Spaniards had a case, but one badly presented cent students of Czar Alexander I, incline to believe in and defended petulantly and inefficiently...
...The rival sects in our country as of human nature and before the universal application of well as the church of the state (which was itself a deriva- which the colonial domination of Europe over the Amertion from the older establishment) made the cultivation of ican hemisphere has fallen and is crumbling into dust...
...Its fundamental principles, therefore, cor- prohibition of religious liberty, Colombia well deserves rectly understood, are exceedingly friendly to the culti- new honors in the veneration of present and future ages vation of the intellect...
...This record of diplomatic service men capable of development along fifteen years of anxiety, however, is a worthy record these lines, a plan completely overthrown by McKin- of national striving...
...I do not think it necessary Brazilian minister was gravely censured for the "im- to accept unqualified belief in the reactionary principroper procedure" of "passing by the government to ples of Alexander's later life...
...The colonist of our country thus had his mind cannot doubt it will soon banish from the constitutions of imperceptibly enlarged and integrated, his reasoning faculthe southern republics of this hemisphere all those intolerties sharpened and prepared on political as well as religious ant religious establishments with which they have hitherto subjects...
...It was There is no immaculate national record...
...needs, it might not be the best for all...
...control...
...mercial interests...
...Russia was deeply concerned...
...September 1, 1926 THE COMMONWEAL 401 RELATIONS WITH LATIN AMERICA By WILLIAM FRANKLIN SANDS T HE publication of The Diplomatic Correspond- with Latin America, but with all the world...
...the freedom of the press and the auspices...
...ample of the United States, but specially, I believe, by In the history of South-American independence there the knowledge of the fact that treaties of commerce were are two periods clearly distinguishable from each other in agitation between these new communities and the United The first, that of its origin when it was rather a war of States...
...We were ence of the United States Concerning the Inde- trying out, developing, and consolidating principles of pendence of the Latin-American Nations* could national policy, domestic and international, general and hardly be more timely...
...they yield reverence from habit...
...To break down the reserve of "The foundation of our municipal institution is equal chancelleries and their reverence for the sacredness of rights...
...The Portuguese- governmental succession...
...cerning the Independence of the Latin-llmerican Nations, com- t piled by William R. Manning...
...T. John Newton, for Rodney, our minister to Buenos Aires, lays down disforty-eight years in the Bureau of Indexes and tinctly the American belief Archives, who had been retired just at that time under civil-service rules...
...The tenth and eleventh articles of our treaty with in all its various forms, essentially an intellectual mode of Russia or articles to the .like effect may be proposed for worship...
...Our official eyes were turned uneasily to British they had always been quiet for more than two centuries monopoly of Latin-American trade...
...there is no definitely a part of the plan of Grover Cleveland, sainthood among nations nor means of canonization Richard Olney, and W. W. Rockhill to draw into the for consistent virtue in heroic degree...
...Rivadavia, the minister and effective member of the [Argentine] governthan Mr...
...controverted, seldom expounded, and stands in need of no vindication...
...The ciples of political life shall or can be completely assimSouth-American republics have been too much under the ilated by Latin America influence of the same intolerant spirit...
...and in the intercourse which is hereafter content in a kind of irrational silence...
...Intense a League of Nations, inspired by the principles laid dissatisfaction is expressed by Spain that in spite of down in his remarkable secret memorandum which professed neutrality, "representatives of the United was so uneasily and incredulously received by MetterStates omit no opportunity to urge European ministers nich and by Alexander's allied monarchs...
...Mifflin, and Mr...
...Civil liberty can be established on no foundation of human reason which will not at the same time demonstrate The church was made to every hearer a school of the right to religious freedom...
...security of personal liberty, appear to be duly appreciated The three volumes, comprising 2,200 pages, cover- by him as the only foundations of a social compact suited ing the period between 1815 and 1830 deal, not only to the wants of his country and with these fundamental principles no preference for European connections, much * The Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States Con- less predilections for European princes, can be entertained...
...Religious and military coercion will be On the other hand, the established church of Chili alike discarded, and all the institutions framed for the protolerates no rival, and suffers nothing like religious con- tection of human rights in civil society of independent troversy and is itself the congregated original, whose creed nations, and the freedom of opinion and faith, will be guarsuggests no inquiry nor challenges any investigation...
...But in Chili it is never with them, the reciprocal exercise of the same rights...
...ley's administration...
...In 1922 when restrictions were raised, he was so fortu- John Quincy Adams, in an instruction to Caesar nate as to find available, Mr...
...Contemof state to recognize the independence of the Spanish porary Americans were inclined (according to present colonies...
...been trammeled...
...Thus the ment are . . . American...
...Manning's compilation is valuable reading on townsmen, Mr...
...It is upheld by power...
...The people awakened feelings as keen and as strong, and animated by of Chili were not first awakened by persecutions and September 1, 1926 THE COMMONWEAL 403 sufferings to a sense of their power and their rights...
...The anteed by the same sanction as the rights of personal liberty mind hears the dogma dictated which it is commanded to and security...
...The people com- The causes of revolutionary unrest in Latin America ply with its ceremonies without presuming to question their were reported and emphasized with what would seem meaning, and consequently the great mass of them under- to be their true historical value stand little of the principles of the religion they profess...
...Men are faithful but not rational believers we can exercise, whether of example, of friendly counsel, the rich and shining ceremonies of the church glitter be- or of persuasion, is among the duties which devolve upon fore their senses...
...public are eagerly turning their eyes under this impetus from their government to the American hemisphere...
...Some of the older generation of our main, allowing for individual interpretation of the diplomats have long thought that the spare time of principle involved and for occasional pressing self-insecretaries of legations and of embassies might 'be terest, shaping interpretation and beclouding principle...
...tions and the general attitude of the League toward Richard Rush of the city of Philadelphia, at Lon- the United States were calculated to give pause to don, may have had some awkward moments through cautious men...
...It is in truth an essential part of the show how extremely different the effect and consequence system of American independence...
...soil...
...part of the correspondence...
...Alejandro Alvarez, of- Chile, ad- ernments and by the United States on this subject has dressed to the Carnegie Endowment for International been that of neutrality...
...Articles to this effect have been Americans should not be too sanguine that our prin- seldom admitted in Roman Catholic countries and are even interdicted by the present constitution of Spain...
...the mind and exercise of the intellect esssntially necessary as well for the pastor as for each of his flock...
...utterances of the men who guided our destinies at that When the United States entered the war and the state time, a firm belief in the right of nations to choose their archives were closed to the public, Dr...
...Newton with the older documents...
...with a leaning of inclination on the side of liberty and James Brown Scott, who, more than anyone, has con- South America...
...Manning, by a own form of government unhampered by other nations, stroke of the good sense which is beginning to charac- and a conviction that while the republican form is the terize the State Department, was drawn into the de- ideal and unquestionably the best suited to our own partment of the Division of Latin-American Affairs...
...there is no admonition to be been drawn into this vortex and how soon the sum will "neutral even in thought...
...a government by popular reprework has been brought out by the Oxford University sentation and periodical election ; the suppression of ecclesiPress, American branch, under the best possible astical supremacy...
...The sympathies of the . . . Twenty millions of pounds sterling have already United States are clear...
...spend itself...
...the partisan activities of his good friends and fellow Mr...
...In the meantime, British merchants and manuindependence against France than against Spain, and the facturers, British capitalists, in short, the whole British second, from the restoration of Ferdinand VII in 1814...
...All its different sects, more or less, inculcate insertion in the projected treaty, and after setting the first the communion of mind with infinitely amiable and benev- example in South America of a constitution unsullied by olent Mind...
...tributed to the diffusion of interest among us in matters At the same time, it was not negation of the prinwhich have so long been the field of specialists, suc- ciple of authority or of legitimacy that put us on the ceeded in arranging that this work be undertaken by side of the colonies...
...It was not quite and a half...
...Among the usual objects of negotiation in treaties of On the other hand, Theodorick Bland, American commerce and navigation are the liberty of conscience and agent, in his report of November 2, 1818, warns that of religious worship...
...There is no one living more familiar The principles always avowed by Mr...
...It is fair to admit to address himself to the country," in a word for fol- him a conviction closely paralleling that of Woodrow lowing a policy which later our own representative at Wilson, loo years later, that the destinies of a much the Versailles Peace Conference after the world war, shattered civilization (torn by the French Revolution used as a powerful adjunct to his diplomacy for peace...
...Civil, political, comof the same divine emanations may be, in proportion as mercial, and religious liberty are but various modifications they are mingled . . . with the sordid objects of gov- of one great principle founded on the unalienable rights ernments and of men...
...to subsist between us, as their citizens who may visit or The Catholic religion itself is better understood in our transiently reside with us will enjoy the benefit of religious country [remember that this was written in 18i8] because freedom in its utmost latitude, we are bound to claim for its principles are discussed and explained and much has our countrymen who may occasionally dwell for a time been published in its vindication...
...evidence) to accept his guiding principles for a League The protests of Spain against privateering recall of Nations soberly and in good part and by no means similar protests of a later Adams at London on our as a hypocritical cloak for aggression...
...I am quite Richard C. Anderson, our minister to Colombia, under sure that Your Excellency will agree with me that the date of May 27, 1823, in an instruction which is of plan we must adopt, agreeable to nature and our comvery present interest in connection with Mexico, says mon interests and rights, is that of absolute severance of America from Europe...
...and us in the formation of our future relations with our souththeir minds, overshadowed with a gloomy obeisance, rest ern neighbors...
Vol. 4 • September 1926 • No. 17
