Remember Constantinople

Crocker, Brandon

Books in Review - "Remember Constantinople" In the final analysis, her burden was nothing less than to speak truthfully about the century that is "not what the calendars say/But the real Twentieth Century." Akhmatova saw it...

...Constantinople was uniquely situated to give it great advantage against besieging armies...
...The Arabs would try again, but by 727 A.D...
...Sophia...
...The "Great Schism" started in 1054 when attempts to resolve theological differences collapsed and a representative of the pope placed a bull of excommunication on the altar of St...
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...Other Russian writers, facing the same problem of totalitarian thought control, also obfuscated...
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...Anderson shows why it must be so...
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...The Venetians belatedly started diplomatic efforts to organize a European relief force, but without success...
...As soon as I turned on the lamp and began to read the newspaper I could see the wonderful difference...
...If Constantine had expected a new Christian crusade to come to the aid of his beleaguered city, however, he would be disappointed...
...After several years of holding the Arabs at bay on the doorstep of the great city, the Byzantines turned the continued on page 74 (HYPERION/MIRAMAX, 320 PAGES, $25.95) 72 THE AMERICAN SPECTATOR DECEMBER 2005/JANUARY 2006 Now get FREE new and improved Bulbs for Lifet A floor lamp that spreads sunshine all over a room, and pays for itself...
...Poem Without a Hero is undeniably a very difficult poem...
...She adds, "To lose one's memory—provided it was an honest one—is to lose touch with reality...
...It is those bitter seeds alone which might sprout and grow someday...
...Orban used his expertise to help the Ottomans construct several huge siege cannons...
...Much can be said against today's ideologically perverted pseudo-scholarship...
...Thank you so much...
...Good critics still exist, and their solitary days and years have not been passed in vain...
...Use your memory...
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...The dogged survival of Constantinople was a theological embarrassment to the Islamic world...
...Roger Crowley's 1453: The Holy War for Constantinople and the Clash of Islam and the West, chronicles Constantinople's final days as a capital of a Christian empire...
...But as we all know the sun, unfortunately, does not always shine...
...Byzantine ships attacked the Arab fleet with what became known as "Greek fire"—essentially the world's first flamethrower...
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...1.: Remember Constantinople Brandon Crocker is a writer living in San Diego...
...Perhaps the imagined "man from the coming age" would eventually see through her legerdemain and "break the cryptogram...
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...The Arab assault force was destroyed...
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...The Turks had largely left the Christian populations in Anatolia and the Balkans alone, except for the practice of taking levies of Christian boys at regular intervals, forcibly converting them to Islam, and turning them into a slave military force—the Janissaries...
...The fabled land walls would prove no 74 THE AMERICAN SPECTATOR DECEMBER 2005/JANUARY 2006...
...But the Ottoman Turks were as much imperialists asjihadists and they were interested more in traditional imperialist ambitions—plunder, power, and prestige—than forcing Islamic law on the infidels...
...But then comes along a book, such as Anderson's, that embodies old imperatives of academic work, and the heart is gladdened...
...And let any American in this present-minded age who does not worry about the loss of a people's memory look into Howard Zinn's widely used textbook The People's History ofthe United States and see what American schoolchildren are learning...
...Let your memory be your travel bag...
...So Mehmet, a devout Muslim, was keen to take up holy war...
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...In fact, in the 6th century, the emperor Justinian reconquered Italy and North Africa for the Empire...
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...This technological advancement, like Greek fire before it, was about to make a great impact on the story of Constantinople, and this time the Byzantines would be on the wrong end...
...BOOKS N REV I EW In the final analysis, her burden was nothing less than to speak truthfully about the century that is "not what the calendars say/But the real Twentieth Century...
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...Akhmatova saw it begin in 1914-1917, and we have seen it end in 1989-1991...
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...Akhmatova, needing concealment but fearing too much of it, considered the playful stratagem of attaching two sets of notes to Poem, the ostensible author's notes all being misleading and an editor's notes all being true...
...Pope Nicholas V outfitted a small advance force, which broke through Mehmet's naval blockade to reach the city early in the siege, but a planned larger force never set sail...
...they had had enough...
...Still, its final fall Clash of Islam and the West was cataclysmic to the by Roger Crowley Western psyche...
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...Nadezhda Mandelstam, Osip's wife and Anna's friend, in a chapter of Hope Abandoned entitled simply "Memory," calls memory "the one feature that distinguishes us as human beings...
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...Mikhail Bulgakov's great but baffling The Master and Margarita is a classic example of a novel in search of readers with eyes to see and ears to hear...
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...No invading force had breached the land walls since their construction in the 5th century (the knights of the Fourth Crusade were able to break into the Golden Horn and breach the weaker sea walls...
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...What he got was 700 Genoese soldiers led (and financed by) an experienced professional soldier, Giovanni Giustiniani Longo (to whom Constantine would give effective command of the city's defenses), and a few other small bands of fighters from various regions...
...Constantine, who had long seen the imminent threat posed by the Ottomans, sought reconciliation between the Orthodox east and the Catholic west, and supported the union with the Roman Catholic Church that had been achieved in 1439 but which was highly unpopular and all but ignored in Constantinople...
...By the 1400s, the principal holdings of the Byzan- Reviewed by Brandon Crocker tine Empire had dwindled to a portion of the Peloponnese in southern Greece, a narrow stretch of land on the western shore of the Black Sea, and the immediate environs of Constantinople itself...
...But as word of Mehmet's aggression and brutality spread through the city, the Orthodox clergy acquiesced and in December 1452 performed a liturgy in St...
...when the German general Odoacer deposed a boy emperor grandiosely named Romulus Augustus...
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...Akhmatova's great problem was how to express anti-Soviet views during Soviet times, and her solution was to resort to deliberate obscurity...
...Only...
...His counterpart in the historic showdown would be the young Mehmet II, who succeeded his father Murat in 1451 at the age of 19...
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...The height from the base of the trench to the towers on the inner wall was 100 feet...
...But the Eastern Roman Empire, headquartered in Constantinople, lived on...
...THE RISE OF THE OTTOMAN TURKS, however, brought another threat from Islam...
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...Though some of his father's advisers were leery of starting a war against Constantine, fearing that it would unite Christian Europe in a new crusade against them, Mehmet was less timid...
...After the armies of Islam swept out of the Arabian peninsula over North Africa and up through Syria, the great infidel capital of Constantinople was an obvious target...
...Many people believe that the quantity and quality of light can play a part in one's mood and work performance...
...But by the time that Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks, on May 29, 1453, the Eastern Roman Empire (known to us as the Byzantine Empire) had long been in decline and had not been 1453: The Holy War for a meaningful power for Constantinople and the centuries...
...The man destined to become the last Byzantine emperor, Constantine Palaiologos (Constantine XI), was crowned in Mistra in the Peloponnese (where he had proved an able military man) upon the death of his father Manuel II in 1449...
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...The city was a triangle of land, one side of which was bordered by the Sea of Marmara, one side by a narrow stretch of sea forming its harbor ("the Golden Horn"), and the third side, facing land to the west, was guarded by the famed "land walls" also known as the Theodosian Wall—an eight-mile long, threetiered defensive bulwark consisting of a brick-lined trench, followed by an outer wall, and a larger inner wall...
...THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE FELL (officially) in the year 476 A.D...
...At about the same time as the arrival of Giustiniani, a Hungarian mercenary and skilled maker of cannons named Orban, whom Constantine could no longer afford to pay, left the city to sell his services to Mehmet...
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...Its walls had kept Constantinople safe (it survived Ottoman sieges in 1422, 1430, and 1446), but after a crusade led by the Hungarians ended in disaster at Varna on the Black Sea in 1444, its position was extremely tenuous...
...Use your memory...
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...But Crowley also puts the story of the final siege in historical perspective, starting with a brief history of Constantinople's precarious existence from the first onslaught of Muslim holy warriors in 669 A.D...
...After the sack of the city by the wayward crusaders of the Fourth Crusade, earthquakes, and plague, Constantinople was, literally, only a shell of its former grandeur...
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...Sophia to celebrate the union...
...She settles on inserting a befuddled Soviet editor whose commitment to socialist realism leaves him blind and deaf to the poet's meaning, thus mocking at one stroke his obtuseness and her obscurity...
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...AKHMATOVA WAS JUST ONE among many Russian writers during the Soviet period who commended memory as a sure stay against the regime's attempted erasures and distortions of the truth of history...
...A newcomer to Akhmatova should not start with Poem, but the reader who is ready for it will find Anderson a reliable guide...
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...Mohammed had declared that the armies of Islam would be invincible, and so far they had been...
...The Turks gladly took up the call of jihad against the infidels and swept through Byzantine Anatolia and then across the Bosphorus into what is now Bulgaria, Macedonia, and Greece (down to the Gulf of Corinth...

Vol. 38 • December 2005 • No. 10


 
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