American Spectator Archive - Counting by Race: Equality from the Founding Fathers to Bakke and Weber/Fair Game? Inequality and Affirmative Action

BOOKS IN REVIEW - "Counting by Race: Equality from the Founding Fathers to Bakke and Weber/Fair Game? Inequality and Affirmative Action" be pointed out, need not lead to a human rights campaign like Carter's. That campaign, too, has lost sight of freedom: Authoritarian countries like South Korea have been criticized more often...

...For having understood that the CIA has often acted as the agent of presidents, and not as the "rogue elephant" of Senator Frank Church's fantasies, Powers has won the gratitude of the CIA's employees and friends...

...policies in a context that includes Soviet policies, or to consider CIA activities in a context that includes the KGB...

...His conclusion was: not much about the case itself, but one could learn from Sindler that "all the elaborate arguments for racial p r e f e r e n c e imply a decisive break with traditional notions of equal opportunity," that "the public consensus on civil rights has already disintegrated," and that these two facts are probably related...

...After a three year Post-Doctoral Fellowship at Iowa State University, he joined the staff of the General Motors Research l,aboratories...

...They praise Lincoln and the firstJ ustice Harlan for deepening the Declaration's principle of moral equality, and describe (rather Whiggishly) the final " v i c t o r y of moral equality" in Brown and the 1964 Civil Rights Act, which reflected " t h e ultimate conversion of the people of the United States to the idea that color is irrelevant in the consideration of a man's worth...

...This is the subject of ongoing research...

...Stress-Strain, GM 980X ] ; 0 F GM 980X / 600 LO ~ ! 0 - - 200 0 0 1 _1 L I0 20 30 Percent Strain m Two Inch or 50.8ram Gage Length A comparison of the stress-strain behavior of GM 980X, SAE 980X, and SAE 950X steels...

...and he reminds us that our friendliness to inherited wealth suggests a refusal to abide simply or s t r i c t l y by the doctrine of equal opportunity and a willingness to take into account other criteria, including the family and luck, which are not fully consistent with equality of opp o r t u n i t y . Livingston makes clear that by his criterion "effort, but not natural endowment, should be rewarded," t h e r e b y indicating the potential radicalism of his critique, though he mutes his argument by pretending that his vision is merely an older, .Jeffersonian idea which has been c o r r u p t e d in the course of American history...

...Powers undersmn.,ts that the CIA did not and does not...

...If we use it in our ad, we w i l l send you a free bumpersticker of your choice...

...We would be led to challenge "the adequacy and the humanity of an ideal of equal opportunity that makes dignity a prize available only to the winners_9 It opens the possibility of r e t u r n i n g to a more radical idea of equality" which would make dignity available to all...

...A thin reed indeed on which to rest the West's survival...

...And the C o u r t ' s decision in Brown H, by failing to vindicate the rights of individual black piaintiffs while shaping remedies to vindicate the rights of other blacks at a future date, tended, as Eastland and Bennett say, to reinforce " t h e long-standing habit of thinking of blacks as members of a group and not as individuals...

...Even so, one cannot help being struck by his easy scorn for a society that gives scope to selfi n t e r e s t and to ambition and to inequalities, his confidence that the e f f e c t of trying to " a l t e r our consciousness or activate our consciences" will be to make the world "more m o r a l , " and his cavalier refusal to demonstrate e i t h e r that s e l f - i n t e r e s t and ambition and inequality can be overcome at all or that the effort to do so would not lead to tyranny...

...New hope for the increased utilization of HSLA steel has arisen, however, with the development of a new dual-phase steel, GM 980X, at the General Motors Research Laboratories...

...Rashid notes, "We found that the maximum total elongation resulted when the cooling rate was 9~ (16~ and the lowest total elongation resulted from the highest cooling rate (14~ or 26~ '' GM 980X steel has a high strain-hardening coefficient or n value, accompanied by a large total elongation...

...To encounter Livingston's discussion of this notion--including his praise of compassion as "the master political virtue, especially in a democracy," his defense of sympathy as opposed m self-interest, and his fondness for morality and disapproval of moral indignation-is to be forced to consider the fundamental premises separating liberal democracy from radical democracy...

...discouraging ; ,vr~ti~ ~ aF}.',{ i-~ . ~ a o , " t" l...

...It is, of course, that at the behest and with the permission of successive presidents, the CIA spied on the Soviet Union, c o r r u p t e d Italians and others with its filthy lucre, trained the Indochinese to fight the Vietcong, and attempted (however ineptly) to organize the assassination of Fidel Castro and to prevent the accession to power of Salvador Allende...

...re.q-..' t}~i:,, "y.,i.n.i of view, affi_.,rnative a'.u,'.iol~ v,.o~a!d bc likely t~' strengthe:l if'F-' ..r q : i o b ' r - A . s - . ; . - , F r ~.~-c ;tlS_,~Jg C'r ['Or a r r e d i s t r i b u t i o n of...

...Tests have proved that GM 980X distributes strain more uniformly than SAE 980X, has a greater resistance to necking, and thus has far superior formability...

...demands, in P r e s i d e n t J o h n s o n ' s words in 1965, "equality as a fact and as a result...

...This approach reminded me of the late Herbert Storing's essay on Booker T. 32 THE AMERICAN SPECTATOR JULY 1980 Washington (in One Hundred Years of Emancipation, edited by Robert Goldwin), the finest essay I have read on the subject of blacks in America...

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...Box 1969 Bloomington, Indiana 47402 about Saudi Arabia--Nixon calls the "Palestinian i s s u e . . , a rallying cry for radical f o r c e s " which can be "constantly exploited by the Soviet Union and its designs...

...The political side of Nixon comes through in the book as well, not so much in the book's content as in its timing, which has a certain quadrennial momentousness about it...

...It .also prepared the way for the f e d e r a l courts' unprecedented--and unjustif i a b l e - u s e of their remedial powers, beginning in 1966, to order the busing of black school children as a remedy for the deprivation of the T h a t it is not moy be suggested by the fact that numerical equality began to replace moral equality, as Eastland and Bennett note, just " a t a time when that principle finally [had] reached its finest and firmest articulation" in the Civil Rights Act of 1964...

...has chosen for itself in the world, a role imporrantly supported and implemented by the CIA...

...It is in that spirit that The Saturday Evening Club is now offering American Spectator Tee Shirts in blue and gold as well as the traditional (and ever fashionable) white...

...The "X" denotes a micro-alloyed steel-one containing on the order of 0.1% of other metals such as vanadium...

...GM" in the designation indicates that the steel is a variation of the conventional SAE 980X grade...

...This characteristic allows it to be formed into various complex shapes which were previously thought to be impossible with HSI.A steels...

...In the course of his r e s e a r c h e s , Powers may have revised his view of Richard Helms and the CIA--he seems to have developed a modicum of respect for their seriousness and professionalism--but his opinion of the role of the United States in the world did anything but improve...

...The pressures that (-onccrn Powers, however, a r e n o t .lean," Kirkpatrick is Leavey Univ~'rri/3' t~rofe.r,ror o/ Governmenl at George/own Univerrit3: and Resident Scholar at Ibe American l~nlezpri.re Inxtilule...

...Justice so understood must prevail, and all "utilitarian" consideration of effects must fall before the vindication of rights...

...He refuses to consider U.S...

...We also offer American Spectator Turkey Jackets, "Nuke The Whales" Tee Shirts, and a variety of bumpers.tickers and buttons...

...But where Eastland ~tnd Bennett find a decline from the idea of moral equality to that of numerical equality, Livingston finds the beginnings of an advance from meritocratic equality of opportunity to "a more humane and nobler vision of the egalitarian possibilities and promises of our own cultural past...

...Accordingly, his language fluctuates between the incantatory and the analytical...

...Unlike plastics and aluminum, however, HSLA steels have the same density as plain carbon steel...

...civil-rights movement help being potentially damaging, to some degree, to black self-respect, insofar as it was forced to ask white America to realize its obligations to t r e a t blacks justly as a precondition for black advancement...

...He is "uneasy" about programs of racial preference because thcy "would integrate the 'elite of merit,' notMng more . . . . And the very process of integrating the meritncracy may facilitate its triumph_9 Still, Livingston argues, the case for racial preference is so demanding as to outweigh this risk, even if racial Some years ago, a group of well-meaning civic enthusiasts tried to convey the image of the "new" Philadelphia...

...The blindness is surely related to the fact that the idea of people making it by themselves repels so many of today's "liberals," according to whom the moral legitimacy of success depends on one's being a ward of the government...

...Specimens of SAE 980X were heated in a neutral salt bath, then cooled to room tem...

...Nixon's The One--in 1980) THE SATURDAY EVENING CLUB'S MULTI-PURPOSE ORDER FORM PLEASE PRI NT Please send me my very own American Spectator Turkey Jacket (White on Navy Blue) Enclosed is $12 per jacket, Three jackets for $30...

...Each, though, has displayed inherent problems which limit its utilization...

...In sum, Powers disapproves of the efforts of the United States government to fend off the expansion of Soviet power...

...Now, in 1980, he's back at it, campaigning hard to become a former President of the United States...

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...I.ivingston, then, uses the issue of race to develop a critique of modern liberalism as egoistic and dehumanizing, not however by contrast with later doctrines of socialism but by contrast with an alleged "older liberalism" that is more egalitarian and less c o m p e t i t i v e , more concerned with an individual's developing his potential and less prone to consider life as a race...

...Why does Powers consider the American use of power to be callous, careless, and irresponsible...

...Admissions by race is above all else damaging to black s e l f - r e s p e c t : it institutionalizes low expectations for minority applicants, dampens motivation, and encourages blacks to believe they cannot make it, or, if they can, " i t is only through the charity or the payoffs [they] can extort from the white man...

...In the first half of their book, they intelligently and gracefully trace the fate of the idea of moral equality from the Declaration of Independence through Lincoln to the present, focusing on the battles over whether and how the Negro should be included within the bounds of that moral equality which requires that we render to a man "his due, as a man...

...The finding that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal" suggests that integration, not just an end to segregation, is r e q u i r e d as a remedy...

...GM 980X is the designation for a type of steel displaying mechanical properties similar to those of the samples first formulated at the General Motors Research Laboratories...

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...Livingston is :sensitive to this last argument, for hc s u p p o r t s such efforts...

...a reviewer of Allan Sindler's book on Bakke wondered a year ago in this journal...

...Rashid is continuing his investigatk)ns into the deveh)l)ment of even more (luctile high strength, low alh)y steels...

...He first tries to defend racial preference in terms of the traditional American understanding of equal opportunity, but his h e a r t is not really in it...

...X Large | Paris Green on Gold I...

...Is, as Tocque.ville claimed, the idea of rights anything other than the idea of virtue in the political world...

...C!I'U(" i [ i t . ! : . l i O l ! Z ' 'L';il...

...In the section of his book entitled "The Big Enchilada"--surprisingly not about John Mitchell at all but career opportunity CIRCULATION MANAGER The American Spectator has a challenging career position open for an intelligent, well-rounded person to work on the business end of magazine publishing...

...l.ixit~gsion's real case: that the policy of racial pt-efcrcnce will lead to "a fundamental reexamination of the x.'illucs and attitucles" o[ the Arnerican regime rather than to a sl rr hening of it...

...This leads one to wonder w h e t h e r , on a more fundamental level, racial preference does not also serve the i n t e r e s t s of the ruling establishment by skimming off the cr,.am ,.~f i-lack voudl and co-opting them in~.,,:, ihc ~.~ys~ern, thus averting ;pc,-.-,ibh.', n,aj,,~r H,reat at a small cost...

...Located as the)" are among the book's historical narrative and moral argument, such phrases are far more than g l i t t e r i n g g e n e r a l i t i e s , but even so, one does wish that Eastland and Bennett had e l a b o r a t e d upon them in somewhat g r e a t e r depth...

...They do go out of their way to remind the reader that "principles, in the absence of facts, do not decide specific cases": but is the principle of moral equality itself as unproblematic as they seem to imply...

...Counting by race is not the only means for getting minorities into the mainstream...

...The fact that the idea of numerical equality has come to flourish so soon after the triumph of moral equality, a fact amply documented in Counting by Race, might have led Eastland and Bennett to qualify their very sharp differentiation of the two ideas, and might even have tempered somewhat their enthusiasm for the first or their hostility toward the second...

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...Powers declares at the outset dam h( is less concerned with the moral stares of RichardHelms and the CIA than with that of the nation, less concerned with the CIA's crimes and fai!urcs...

...Thus, the "issue of racism is politically and morally prior to the issue of meritocracy...

...And he b i t t e r l y states that "too many of those who profess to be the guardians of our ideals have instead become the architects of our retreat" without allowing for unintended irony...

...We .are looking for a person with a good sense of humor and a desire to learn the business end of publishing...

...And the Brown decision, the limitations of which Eastland and Bennett note but do not perhaps sufficiently s t r e s s , while c o n s i s t e n t with the idea of moral equality, laid the basis for its degeneration into the idea of numerical equality...

...columt)ium, titanium, or zirconium as a strengthening agent...

...Slavery was unjust and, as Booker T. Washington said, "bad for the enslaved, and perhaps worse for the enslaver...

...Lighter materials, such as aluminum alloys and plastics and high strength, lbw alloy steels (HSLA), are being phased into new vehicle designs to .replace certain plain carbon steel components...

...Livingston i s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e of many of today's liberals who, usually so scornful of the past, tend to ignore considerations of p r e s e n t and future effects in a single-minded e-ffoi't to make up for the past, as if one could not pursue justice without compensating for all past injustices-indeed, as if justice is simply making up for past injustices...

...Affirmative action, with its programs of racial preference, seemed almost un-AmerThe Ductiliff Factor The use of high strength, low alloy steel has been severely limited, due to its low ductility Now, a simple heat treating and controlled cooling process, developed at the General Motors Research Laboratories, has successfully enhanced formability properties without sacrificing strength...

...The higher the n value, the more uniform the strain distribution and the greater the resistance of the metal to necking (localized hour-glass-shaped thinning that stretched metals display just prior to breaking...

...Philadelphia isn't as bad as Philadelphians say it is...

...The matrix (background) is ferrite...

...Since the formability (ductility) of most high strength steels is poor, though, it has only been possible to form simple shapes from it...

...They are right to emphasize that the problem of civil rights is fundamentally "a matter of moral p r i n c i p l e " ; but moral principles are not always simple principles...

...conning electron microscope micrograph of dual phase steel at a magnification of 2,000...

...But his example suggests that, while some do defend racial preference as necessary to the fulfillment of the traditional American understanding of justice, for many this is merely a "second-best a l t e r n a t i v e . " The a t t e m p t " t o squeeze out of the old ideal of equality of opportunity a little more 36 THE AMERICAN SPECTATOR JULY 1980 e q u a l i t y " is intended to open the door to " a renewed encounter" with a quite d i f f e r e n t and more farreaching notion of equality...

...Large ..X Large . . . . | Paris Green on Light Blue I...

...GM 980X offers greater ductility at the same strength as SAE 980X, and greater strength at the same " ductility as SAE 9SOX...

...In p a r t s , Nixon rehashes "the failures of America's leadership c l a s s , " of which he is surely an eminent member...

...One part biography, one part institutional history, it tells us less about Richard Helms and the Central Intelligence Agency than is required adequately to understand or evaluate eithcr, and more than anyone not interested in understanding or evaluating them would care to know, but enough that reviewers generally agree with Powers's publisher that hc has "written the first comprehensive inside history of the CIA...

...Bloomington, Indiana 47402 pr(:mrence may mea:', no more than '._i wiiiingr'css ~H whims :o slmie ri.cir . 1 2 0 I I " . . a,:mCl!r :(,ne,,n_ess fairiv with n,-nwbiws...

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...Those believing Nixon to be selfdestructive will also find evidence here: The book, so obviously written by an intellectual, denigrates intellectuals...

...Helms and the Agency seem bolh deluded and incomprehensible...

...Their focus on the importance of black self-respect, on the effects of policies on character, rather than on deriving policies from the latest theoretical understanding of the demands of abstract justice, is notable...

...Livington's critique of equality of opportunity is useful in reminding us thatequality of opportunity does imply inequality of resuits...

...American officials forget that, however faint, the glimmer of freedom in authoritarian countries seems like a s u n b u r s t when compared with the darkness of the totalitarian night...

...But if one faces the fact that at one time the choice was between the "status of nigger" in American civilization and African savagery, then one can also recognize, without ignoring the great injustice of the American treatment of blacks, that slavery, and then discrimination, was the hmg and harsh road to American freedom...

...The book is itself split between sections of cheering the United States back to greatness and sections of strategic analysis painting the gloomiest of geopolitical pictures...

...Rashid, "and now we're hard at work to find an even stronger and more ductile steel to meet the needs of the future...

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...They fear that the ascendancy of the idea of numerical equality is eroding that idea of moral equality which is at the heart of our historical experience, an idea which is, indeed, "the founding principle of self-government that honors men and pays tribute to their dignity and autonomy as individuals...

...The movement was quick: President Johnson's Howard University speech was in 1965, the first regulations to enforce affirmative action came from the Department of Labor in 1967, and by 1971 the Department of Labor was requiring affirmative action by government c o n t r a c t o r s r e g a r d l e s s of whether there was any history of discrimination...

...We should remember that this is a man who landed himself on the national ticket in five of the past seven presidential elections...

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...Who would voluntarily and freely agree to be bound by a covenant which assigned him the status of nigger in a white society...

...Though reverse discrimination is usually supported openly by arguments that at least plausibly fit into a traditional liberal context--for instance, making up for the consequences of past discrimination in order to give everyone an equal chance---much of its support in fact comes from those who see Jt as an er_,tering wedge in the attack on-the whole notion of "equal opportunity" and its implications of competition and unequal results...

...The thesis of Counting by Race is "that the Bakke case was supremely a conflict between two ideas of equality," which Eastland and Bennett call the ideas of "moral equality" and "numerical equality...

...The position involves managing the circulation and some business matters for The Spectator...

...Eastland and Bennett are friendly toward remedial programs for the economically or culturally deprived, but they stress the injustice o f " treating people as categories;' and the harm of patronizing to blacks as a group...

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...In the SAE 980X, failure occurs after the ferrite becomes highly strained, but when the GM 980X ferrite is highly strained, strain is apparently transferred to the martensite phase, and it also deforms...

...has chosen for itself...

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...Racial preference would then be one means to avert the "blueing" of America, to make the competition from the next generation less onerous for themselves and theh sons...

...That campaign, too, has lost sight of freedom: Authoritarian countries like South Korea have been criticized more often and more vigorously than t o t a l i t a r i a n countries like North Korea...

...After all, could the early THE AMERICAN SPECTATOR JULY 1980 33 rights of other blacks years before...

...Or are ~.hcy aski'.'..g ever> thJ,ag o:{" the sons of other wi'ires...

...THE MAN BEHIND THE WORK M.S...

...is a defense of racial preference in {he context of a broader attack on meritocracy, and, appropriately, it does not display more than its quota of merit...

...General Motors is not in the steel business, and GM 980X is not a brand of steel...

...The superior formability of GM 980X has substantially increased the utilization of IISI.A steel in the.nmnufacturing of automotive components such as wheel discs and rims, tramper face bars and reinforcem, ents, control arms, and steering coupling reinfoi-cements...

...Understandably, he much p r e f e r s the Chinese, whose extreme cultural snobbery determined that they "had n e i t h e r the need nor i n t e r e s t in foreign conq u e s t s , " in c o n t r a s t with the Russians, "whose whole history has been one of r e l e n t l e s s outward expansion...

...A t one point in Counting by Race Eastland and Bennett suggest that t h o s e who advocate c o u n t i n g by race often u n w i t t i n g l y d e l i v e r an i n s u l t to those whom they intend to serve...

...voids leading to failure do not form until after more extensive deformation has occurred and the martensite phase is also highly strained...

...Have You Slugged Your Kid Today...

...its "offenses against common decency" (however"rcal and deplorable") than with the crimes and failures of the American government: "l'hc problem thai ought to concern and THE AMERICAN SPF(7['ATOR JULY 1980 3"1...

...All of this might lead one to wonder how " f i n e and f i r m " the articulation of the principle of moral equality in 1964 really was...

...the second phase is martensite...

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...Victor F. B e r a r d e l l i , J r . , a resident of t h e C i t y of Brotherly Love, for providing us w i t h t h i s month's city slogan...

...ro o[i,:r fair shares {;[ cvc:n shoddy goods will rcav,'aken that egaliraria;;, _9 1 t i "C'JII!'qC...

...Under normal circumstances, nothing in this book would lead a r e a d e r to probe its a u t h o r ' s c h a r a c t e r , but every r e a d e r of The Real War is bound to carry into his reading experience strongly held notions about Nixon himself...

...In fact, much of The Man Who Kept the Secrets is a bill of particulars in Powers's indictment of "the role that the U.S...

...Obviously, the exact nature of these constituents must be important, and any variations in the nature of these constituents could influence formability...

...Rashid is a S e n i o r Research Engineer in the Metallurgy Department at the General Motors Research l.aboratories, lie was born in the city of Vellore in Tamil Nachl (Madras), India, and attended the College of Engineering at the U n i v e r s i t y of Madras-Guindy...

...Eastland and Bennett's treatment of the policy of numerical equality demonstrates the merit of their entire approach, as they .draw on their own historical account, as well as on the work of other writers (like Thomas Sowell), to make their case...

...Those who believe Nixon to have a split personality will find traces of it here...

...The superior formability of GM 980X compared to SAE 980X steel appears to depend on the nature of two microstructural constituents, a ferrite matrix (the principal microstructural component) with a very high strain-hardening coefficient, and a deformable martensite (the other crystalline structure) phase...

...D e s p i t e all this, Nixon is full of insight when talking about the Soviet Union and its designs...

...Livingston could be more radical and profound in his critique of the American doctrine of equal opportunity...

...How a history can be "comprehensive" when it takes no account of the context in which its protagonists acted, the problems and the adversaries rhey faced, or the consequences of ahernative courses ()pen to them neilher the publisher nor the revicwers bother to explain, but this is precisely tim case with Powcrs's history, and the result is that, abstracted from the approt>riatc cont(:xt...

...Are these achievements and prospects to be compromised for a policy of doubtful practical benefit to any but a very small number of blacks, a policy which runs the great risk of alienating the white majority and demeaning the accomplishTHE AMERICAN SPECTATOR JULY 1980 35 merits of b'acKs in rhcir own and in white eyes just when blacks have...

...Can rights be justified if their exercise does not at least tend to good results...

...His findings have opened the door to a new class of materials and have completely disproved the commonly held belief that high strength steel is not a practical material for extensive automotive application...

...General Motors People building transportation to serve people against racial preference: that the past cannot be changed, and that racial preference is a bad policy for almost all concerned because of the way it affects the present and future...

...t,tl[ = !-csloralion of i r t ' s l _9 "_li~d muttlalirx ." Thi.s i...

...s e t ',.IS , ' . ) D (lit" .road t...

...very controversial...

...Such an articulation, I believe, would support the distinction upon which Eastland and Bennett so eloquently insist...

...in Metalhlrgical En,~ineering from the University of Illinois at l.!rhanaChaml)aign in 1969...

...This has severely limited the widespread use of HSLA steels (such as SAE 980X) for auto components...

...Livingston intends, like Eastland and Bennett, to understand the current disputes over affirmative action by means of"an effort to clarify and evaluate the divergent meanings of equality underlying the conflicts...

...The two books under review here, Terry Eastland and William J . Bennett's Counting by Race and John C. Livingston's Fair Game?, confirm these points, and allow for some elaboration upon them...

...COUNTING BY RACE: EQUALITY FROM THE FOUNDING FATHERS TO BAKKE AND WEBER Terry Eastland and William J. Bennett Basic Books / $10.95 FAIR GAME ? INEQUALITY AND AFFIRMATIVE ACTION John C. Livingston/W.H...

...He disapproves of anti-Communism, of the Cold War, and of all efforts to oppose the spread of "socialist revolutions" and Soviet influence...

...L;,,ingston does not do justice to the notio:) that racial p r e f e r e n c e :nay be a program of the e s t a b l i s h e d upper class which is us'..d against the rising, "ethnic" middle classes who threaten its preeminence...

...The idea of a social contract, Livingston argues, "is incompatible with invidious group inequalities of any sort...

...Most of the argument--the appeals to constitutional p r i n c i p l e and to historic national ideals--have come from the other side...

...John C. Livingston's Fair Game...

...Eastland and Bennett are quite eloquent in their treatment of moral equality, the idea "that the claims of each man should be determined on the same basis as the claims of any other man regardless of color...

...In the standard SAE system for material identification, "9" designates that the steel is HSLA...

...So its supporters tried to avoid having to make an open and honest case for it, relying rather on a "manipulative d e f e n s e " which fudged the real issues...

...If, as Troy Duster of the University of California at Berkeley exclaims on the book's cover, "Now, finally, we have a thoughtful, wellreasoned, and judicious presentation of the case for affirmative action," then that case is remarkably weak indeed...

...The friends of affirmative action have had the power of the government, the threat of social disorder, the pressure of ethnic politics, and the weapons of public relations on their side...

...According to Livingston, racial preference is necessary "to establish - - f o r the first time in our history--the terms on which colored minorities might be expected to accept the legitimacy of the social order itself, and therefore to grant it their allegiance and loyalty...

...It might also have led to a more theoretical, though not necessarily a less historical, articulation of the idea of equality on which the American regime is based...

...But he probably overemphasizes China's importance when he states that whether Peking reverts to a " d o c t r i n a i r e communist economic model" or continues with modernization "might eventually determine whether the West surv i v e s . " This would mean that our very survival depends upon the internal course of a totalitarian regime which, during its three brief decades of existence, has enjoyed the internal chaos of the Let a Hundred Flowers Bloom campaign of the late 1950s, the Great Leap Forward of the early 1960s, the Cultural Revolution of the mid to late 1960s, and the Gang of Four exorcism of the mid 1970s...

...But such an approach does not take proper account of either the limits or the dignity of rights...

...Those he missed he managed to affect significantly--in 1964 by campaigning generously for Goldwater and in 1976 by travelling conspicuously to China, at the expense of the campaign of his pardoner, Gerald Ford...

...Unfortunately--or is it in fact f o r t u n a t e ? - - w i s h i n g does not make it so...

...It would be plausible, though as it happens not correct, to claim that the new policy of racial preference, founded on the principle of numerical equality, was part of a conspiracy by wh!ch white America sought to perpetuate the myth of black inferiority, by making it seem that recent black achievements are simply a gift from the government, not tile result of effort and merit...

...The facts suggest otherwise...

...Whatever c"sc ,.'-,n be :nude ;,, ierms of abstract justice for racictl !:,-cFcrence---arid ...his case wouM have to show w}:v you"iT whites should pay f o r the sins of t h e i r fhthc.'rs and grandfathers, or fbr the sins of other w h i t e s ' f a t h e r s and grandfathers--sureiy it is better to 1 _9 e.eclare a statute of limitations on the redress of past injustices so that we do not spend our lives trying to show how deserving of compassion and aid we are rather than trying to elevate ourselves and our posterity...

...those that arise, say, from the Soviet Union, but those that originate elsewhere in the government of the United States...

...operate in isolation bell instead responds to external l)ressurcs...

...Thus, the supporters of racial preference, "unwittingly perhaps, have t u r n e d the Constitution and the nation's conscience over to their opponents...

...So use the convenient order form to request your favorite i t e m . *P.S...

...c - . cFforts to turn American society as a whole away' from an excessive contern for wealth and power...

...Tit is fundamental reexamination would lead us to discover "the internal contradictions, the fhlse promises, and the alienating and dehumanizing consequences of some of our most cherished ideals...

...He argues that the gravity of the American history of racial injustice demands that the radical devices of quotas and explicit racial preference be used, but he fails to confront the decisive argument the technique to make GM 980X steel, comments, "I was working on another project using HSLA steel, when I noticed that if SAE 980X steel is heated above its eutectoid temperature (the temperature at which the crystalline structure of metal is transformed) for a few minutes, and cooled under controlled conditions, the steel developed significantly higher ductility and strain:hardening characteristics, with no reduction in tensile strength:' FRTItER experiments proved that the key variables to make GM 980X are steel chemistry, heating time and temperature, and the rate at which the steel is cooled...

...He points out that though it has been more than a decade since the "architects of affirmative action set out to short-cut the road to racial equality," they have yet to provide a good justification for their policy...

...This is an excellent opportunity for growth and advancement in an interesting work environment...

...But no sooner did moral equality triumph than it began to be replaced by the new and quite different concept of numerical equality, which William Kristo/ is asristant professor of political science at the University of Pennsylvania...

...The Real War should help him to win this, his final battle...

...The civil rights legislation of the I960's has.provided minorities a real chance and a real o p p o r t u n i t y , d e s p i t e a p o p u l a r notion that any achievement on the part of minorities must be credited to the beneficence of the government...

...perature with cooling rates ranging from 5 ~ to 14~ (9 ~ to 26~ sec...

...The heart of their case is that although "defenders of admissions by race insist that their motives are benign, and indeed they are," admissions by race is an impediment to the realization of true equality, that is, moral equality...

...THE MAN WHO KEPT THE SECRETS: RICHARD HELMS AND THE CIA Thomas Powers / Knopf/$12.95 Jeane Kirkpatrick trouble us is not primarily the existence of Agency wrongdoers who have escaped justice, bur the nature of the role that the U.S...

...Paris Green on White I...

...But blacks in America, more now than in Washington's time, are, as he emphasized, "in a stronger and more hopeful condition, materially, intellectually, morally, and religiously, than is true of an equal number of black people in any other portion of the globe," or, one might add, than is true of the vast majority of white people as well...

...Eastland and Bennett are so concerned to distinguish the early, admirable civil-rights movement from its degeneration in the last decade or so that they almost deny that it was a degeneration, that is, that the two civil-rights movements are not entirely distinct...

...This idea is based on and fosters a "condition of mutual respect among men" which insists on "the dignity of all men, their capacity for moral autonomy and responsibility...

...Send us t h e name of your favorite city and its slogan...

...But that gratitude only reflects the lowered expectations of those concerned with intelligence, for while Powers exonerates Helms and the CIA of the charge that they acted without authorization hc declares the American government guilty of all the crimes with which the CIA has been charged in recent years...

...And though he "tried to avoid the prosecutorial approach" toward Helms and the CIA, he makes no such effort with regard to the United States as an agent in international affairs...

...Rashid's discovery represents a significant breakthrough in the area of steel development...

...policies as Although it has been well received by most reviewers, Thomas Powers's Tt)e Man Who Kept t/ae Secrets is a deeply flawed and r a t h e r curious book...

...Freeman & Co./$12.95 William Kristol 1 I s there anything left to say about the Bakke case...

...Though Livingston cnncludes that the young do "share responsibility with all those living for amending that heritage to correct its fi~.ults a..'~d redress its mjusticcs," bc is awa,e, and does dcp!ore, fl"a~, older esiabfished whites seem ::o be giving up r..othing, asking e,,ery,.hir~g ,.)f their sons...

...One technique which has proved fruitful is materials substitution...

...Livingston's candor is impressive...

...When not in the lab, he enjoys relaxing by playing tennis and racquetball with his wife...

...In particular, numerical equality requires that blacks, to say nothing of other groups, be represented in various categories of society roughly in proportion to their percentage in the general population, and it endorses "counting by race" as a means to this end...

...Political Buttons at $1...

...Weight reduction is achieved because thinner sections (less volume) can be used to carry the same load...

...Instead of being uniquely guiliv in Powers's version of events, the CIA becomes a junior parmcr in a rnuch larger enterprise: the hit man in a big syndicalc...

...L i v i n g s t o n does his best to correct this...

...He is no less insightful when he turns his atbe in America's, Israel's, and Egypt's interests to resolve the whole business forthwith...

...He is no less insightful when he turns his attention elsewhere...

...Rashid, discoverer of 34 THE AMERICAN SPECTATOR JULY 1980 ican on its face," because it violated "the ideal of equal opportunky and the closely related principle of individual merit and achievement in gaining rewards...

...D e s p i t e all the wisdom of The Real War, it nevertheless remains true that Nixon the man is far more fascinating than anything he says or does...

...lle ('ame to the United States in 1963 and was awarcled a Ph.I...

...The n value gives a measure of the ability of the metal to distribute strain...

...It is striking that proponents of reverse discrimination have been so blind to the pernicious effects of reverse discrimination on white and black popular opinion...

...After describing the rise of this second idea of equality, and after presenting the case against it, Eastland and Bennett conclude by discussing the Bakke and Weber cases in the context of both ideas of equality, particularly as they seem to make manifest the victory of the second over the first...

...80" is the nominal yield strength of the metal in thousands of pounds per square inch...

...Caution: I Speed Up For Small Animals...

...In so regarding, he places himself somewhere between those, like Geotge Ball, who deem resolving the Palestinian issue key to stability throughout the area and those, like Eugene Rostow, who consider it peripheral if not irrelevant to regional tranquility...

...GM 980X displays the same strength, after strain hardening, as SAE 980X steel, but has far more ductility...

...It was the Kennedys who ordered the assassination of Castro, l,yndon Johnson who demanded Hae "pacification" of Vietnam, Richard Nixon who decided to lopple Sa Iwtdor A llendc...

...ER SOME TIME, automotive engineers and designers have been faced with the challenge of building cars light enough to get good gas mileage, but still roomy enough to comfortably transport four or five passengers...

Counting by Race: Equality from the Founding Fathers to Bakke and Weber/Fair Game? Inequality and Affirmative Action

Livingston, John C. & Bennett, William J. & Eastland, Terry