A War Without End

...The economic system of market capitalism is connected in the popular imagination with mammoth corporations out to maximize profits for the sake of their investors...

...and (b) –international terrorism" is terrorism transcending national boundaries in the carrying out of the act, the purpose of the act, the nationalities of the victims or the resolution of the incident...

...He hadn't read anything at all...

...Walzer argues: 1. Terrorism is a totalitarian form of war and politics...

...Almost half of these occurred in Western Europe...

...1. In recent years, many behavioral scientists have argued that crime is sometimes the victim's fault, i.e., some personality trait of the victim "offends the offender," as one psychologist put it...

...A List of Countries Aiding Terrorist Enterprises (LOCATE) is to be drawn up by the president who is authorized to impose such sanctions as warnings against travel by U.S...

...Co-ops cater to demands (e.g., for agricultural petroleum) that most enterprises would find it unprofitable to cater to...

...The terrorist has made it quite clear by his actions that no compromise is ever possible, that a lull in the action is not the end of the game but a time-out for regrouping...

...Day and night he must have one thought, one aim—inexorable destruction...

...Reliable statistics on the incidence of terrorism are hard to find, due probably to the lack of an agreed-upon definition of terrorist acts...

...It is bourgeois society which drives them to their "propaganda of the deed" showmanship...

...3) It would be much easier to call the RAF "Stalin's children" than Hitler's since not only did Stalin invent the "legal terror" but he was enthusiastically supported by an enormous number of western intellectuals...

...Therefore, the blunderbuss, the shotgun method...

...One reason why is that cooperatives are really more capitalistic than many of their advocates and founders have imagined: Farmers the world over are in truth small businessmen, and in serving farmers' interests (for example, in supplying them with fertilizer even though prices are higher overseas), co-ops are primarily serving farmers' financial interests...

...Perhaps one reason why no such theory exists is that, analogously, no one has yet come up with an acceptable theory of crime...

...It has been noted that on occasion the liberated have resented their liberators...

...their logic redefines the universe so that a Baader-Meinhof sympathizer can say on a television interview program that Germany under the Social Democrats is the same as Germany under the Nazis...

...Another list, that of the CIA, includes the above plus others which have supported terrorism in the past or still do—the USSR, China, North Korea, Algeria, Yemen, Tanzania, Congo, Zaire, Egypt, Syria, and Lebanon...

...No apprehended terrorist has been executed in a western democracy in the 1970s...

...And yet it is significant that farmer cooperatives should prosper so much in countries with strong market economies...

...Aboveall they help to preserve small-scale ownership in an age of large-scale enterprise...

...Prime Minister Trudeau of Canada suspended some civil rights and assumed emergency powers in October 1970 when an openly avowed terrorist organization, Le Front de Liberation du Quebec (FLQ), kidnapped a British diplomat and the Quebec Minister of Labor...

...No opponent of capital punishment I know of opposes killing an enemy in wartime or the firing squad for the spy...

...delegation to the UN, explained why the U.S...

...4. Three international conventions—Hague, Tokyo, Montreal—have been submitted to the UN...

...The past year [1977] has put Italy at the top of the European league of sustained terrorist violence," said a recent leader in the Economist...

...The RAF is dedicated to the overthrow of the constitutional system of the Federal Republic of Germany, one which the majority of West Germans accept...

...6. Andreas Baader, the eponymous hero of the RAF, "hadn't read Marx or Marcuse or Mao...

...The terrorist has a psychological advantage over democratic societies, the advantage of a cost-benefit analysis which demonstrates to him that the returns of his "propaganda of the deed" are enormous...

...In a realistic sense, terrorism cannot be ended in the way one could hope to eliminate smallpox or measles...

...Opposition to capital punishment is not synonymous with pacifism...

...This branch of psychology now has its own name—victimology (New York Times, 18 December 1977, Section E, p. 8...

...West German terrorists, he said, are a "counter-reaction [to a] collapse of values" (Washington Post News Service, 8 October 1977...

...2. Terrorism shatters the war convention and political code...

...Iri actual fact, better statistics or more acceptable definitions would make little difference in our ability to deal with the problem of terrorism...

...How does it happen that these killers, arsonists, kidnappers, rapists, thieves, plane hijackers, robbers, bombers, torturers, even lunatics have managed to find so many allies and supporters in the realm of High Culture...

...Airplanes in danger of hijacking...

...if not as a cult of terror in society, then as a fierce defense of the terrorists...

...not criminality...

...Thus, Anthony Lukas' 1971 book on the student terrorists was titled Don't Shoot, We Are Your Children...

...William Vogel, director of Psychological Research at Worcester, Mass., State Hospital, said recently: The fact is those of us who study criminal behavior do not know the answer to the central question of why one person turns to crime when nine of ten persons raised in similar circumstances do not...

...Compare this phenomenon with the centrally-planned economies of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, where in several cases there used to be active cooperative movements, but where now—despite official nomenclature that calls collective farms "voluntary cooperatives"—farmers are employees of the state with little control over their own decisions...

...The phrase "bourgeois morality," George Orwell wrote, is a hostile translation of the phrase "common decency...

...Becker points out that "Ulrike's [Meinhof) rich and important helpers were numerous and ubiquitous...

...In this regard, Professor Edward Shils once wrote that "The ineffectiveness of authority is a stimulus to aggressiveness against it...

...and execution, his conviction...

...But while such institutions do dominate the marketplaces of many Western countries, they are accompanied by many alternative forms of organization...

...Russian supplies have even been traced to the Provisional IRA, as well as to the Palestinians...

...9) The FLQ had claimed responsibility for bombings over a period of seven years before the kidnappings...

...The single largest enterprise in Western Australia is a farmer co-op, cooperatives handle 80 percent of Canada's enormous wheat harvest, and in most West European countries, as well as Japan, cooperative movements are flourishing...

...5) 2. According to the CIA (the CIA now has a data bank called ITERATE—International Terrorism: Attributes of Terrorist Events), between 1968 and 1976 there were 1,152 terrorist attacks including 501 bombings, 146 plane and train hijackings, 137 kidnappings, 103 incendiary attacks, and 63 assassinations...

...3. Terrorism "breaks across moral limits beyond which no further limitation seems possible...

...A second reason is that cooperatives fill niches that market economies often leave open...

...Nevertheless, though terrorism (although not separatism) was halted in its tracks by Trudeau's exemplary action, Canada's liberal-left opinion is that at best he overreacted and at worst established a police state—even though he later lifted the restrictions and restored full civil liberties...

...Second, terrorism is a tactic to avoid engagement with the "enemy army" and thus represents a continuation of war by political means...

...6. With possible exceptions such as the PLO and the IRA, terrorist "programs" are nonexistent, therefore non-negotiable...

...I can find no such connection, nor any plausible theory to explain why people become terrorists...

...There is no way to negotiate with the rootless and self-expatriated ones (except during a hijacking incident), no way to arrange a final agreement because there can be no final terms...

...Arnold Beichman A War Without End The terrorist should be thought no different from the secret agent who when caught behind the lines in wartime is shot...

...But the data are frequently contradictory or warped because there seems to be no broad agreement—either among governments or political scientists—as to a definition of terrorism...

...Contrition, repentance—such primitive sentiments are what one might expect from ordinary criminals, not from terrorists...

...I imagine not even Professor Walzer, like many intellectuals, would favor a drumhead court-martial for the terrorist guilty of murder...

...The Quebec official, Pierre Laporte, was murdered by his kidnappers who were later arrested...

...The New York Times said that as of November 1977, there had only been 41 "terrorist attacks" in Italy...

...In fact, today's terrorist expects an apology from his intended victims and front-page publication of his manifestoes by the media...

...On 16 December f977, Edward Mezvinsky, a member of the U.S...

...I don't know what then, but I suggest that until doomsday the terrorist who attacks the innocent must know in advance that a drumhead court-martial will follow his apprehension...

...It usually involves a criminal act, often symbolic in nature and intended to influence an audience beyond the immediate victims...

...They keep prices in line by introducing more competition...

...Terrorism is primarily an avocation of the young—those in their twenties and thirties, according to Walter Laqueur...

...On the face of it, one might think it ridiculous to create a new bureaucracy to deal with a few hundred—or at most 3,000—terrorists scattered around the world...

...They were, to use Conor Cruise O'Brien's typology, secessionist/ irridentists like the Provisional IRA, not millenarians like the Weather Underground, the RAF, or the Symbionese Liberation Army...

...Jillian Becker, Hitler's Children, p. 73...

...If the RAF and all other terrorist gangs are anybody's children, they are the progeny of Che Guevara, Frantz Fanon, Herbert Marcuse, Sergei Nechayev, Regis Debray, Georges Sorel, Leon Trotsky, or horrors like Andrew Kopkind who in the New York Review of Books (24 August 1967) wrote: "Morality, like politics, starts at the barrel of a gun...

...The RAF has declared war against West Germany, as did the FLQ against the government of Canada in 1970...

...was all s--t...

...The mere threat of terrorism can be sufficient reason for widespread media publicity, e.g., "EUROPE FEARS HOLIDAY TERRORISM" read the New York Times headline 14 December 1977...

...If one carries the Walzer argument to a logical conclusion one finds that the terrorist is no different from the secret agent of conventional armies caught behind enemy lines...

...One man's terrorist is another man's freedom fighter," is the usual cliche but there is some truth to it...

...The movement is also advancing in many developing nations: Co-ops are partly responsible for the agricultural prosperity of Taiwan and Thailand, and a number of governments, e.g., Kenya, have established Ministries of Cooperatives, explicitly to encourage their formation and growth...

...First, it aims to destroy the morale and solidarity of a nation by "the random murder of innocent people," randomness being the "crucial feature" of terrorist activity...

...The enemy agent caught behind the lines in wartime is shot...

...Last year, 17 Western European countries signed an agreement to make extradition of terrorists easier...

...Italy's dilemma is that the Christian Democrats won't move without the support of the left-wing parties...

...For example, the Italian Interior Ministry said that in Italy alone there had been 2,080 "terrorist attacks" in 1977, compared with 1,352 in 1976 and 702 in 1975...

...The Canadian government declared the FLQ an outlawed organization and its members outside the civil-liberties umbrella...

...Professor Goldman, who last year taught in the Soviet Union, said that his students told him of "several explosions and near misses in recent months" (New York Times, 26 January 1978...

...terrorists are not our children...

...The odds, as the statistics show, are against anything serious happening to him...

...Who are these German terrorists...

...There is no way of studying terrorist ideology in any meaningful fashion...

...Another behavioral scientist, Richard Evans, after the murder of Robert Kennedy said that the Kennedys were "victims in search of assassins...

...In short, how can the evil of terrorism be ended...

...The phrase justified firebombing department stores in Germany, Belgium, and Japan because the terrorists were acting "on principle," not for personal gain...

...Conor Cruise O'Brien has described "the sense of guilt which many educated middle-class people feel about the privileges they possess and which of course they don't want to give up...

...One can be sure that, in time, Draft Resolution VI will be passed by a large UN General Assembly majority...

...are plaguing Soviet authorities...

...If the rules are fair, markets work on the principle of voluntary exchange...

...George Watson, Politics and Literature in Modern Britain, p. 134...

...The malignant intelligence—poisoning Israeli oranges with mercury—combined with criminal audacity—the assassination of Youssef Sebaei, editor of Al Abram—may be counterproductive by any logical analysis, but there may be a deeper emotional force at work which satisfies the terrorist, win or lose...

...Such a finding is not too different from that of Herbert Marcuse, the philosopher-provocateur, who has argued that western democracy is tainted by "repressive tolerance" and is, therefore, a modern form of fascism...

...Perhaps Lionel Trilling's view of democracy in his essay on "George Orwell and the Politics of Truth" explains our problem...

...The terrorist who has unilaterally declared 22 The American Spectator April 1978 war on innocent people cannot be regarded as a misguided utopian or benevolent revolutionary...

...On the other hand, the terrorists enjoy the constitutional protections of the very system they have sworn to destroy...

...Draft Resolution VI, he said, "could be interpreted by some as calling for the blanket release of terrorists, hijackers, and others who use political slogans to excuse their criminal acts as defined by international law...

...Much of the risk for terrorists has been eliminated...

...In this decade he has declared war against all perhaps because natural (to the terrorist) targets like national leaders have become harder and harder to assassinate, particularly in authoritarian countries let alone in totalitarian states, or even at the United Nations, which seems off-limits to assassins...

...8. Terrorism in the nineteenth and early twentieth century was directed against foreign imperialist rule...

...The millenarian terrorist has no stake in anything except terror, unlike the secessionist/ irridentist who might end his war were he granted a Palestine state or an independent Ulster...

...To save Manhattan the price demanded will be (fill in yourself...

...Such acts are individual, the acts of "loners," neither purposeful nor political nor menacing to society...

...Between 1970 and 1975, less than 20 percent of captured international terrorists actually served their prison terms, and the average sentence was only 18 months...

...La carrtere ouverte aux talents, even for terrorists...

...But the terrorist is no deity however much he would act, to use Freud's description, as a prosthetic god...

...Indeed, the American farmer cooperative movement belongs to a larger cooperative sector, parts of which, e.g., rural electrification co-ops, have generally been set up by government, but large parts of which, e.g., credit unions and mutual insurance companies, have arisen from private initiative...

...The Communists are afraid of supporting law-and-order measures lest they offend their revolutionary cadres...

...After all, they are willing accomplices of a society which has forced the terrorist to threaten apocalyptic murder when he'd rather be making careless love...

...Criminals will their criminality but terrorists do not will their terrorism...

...A battle may not necessarily act as a deterrent to war but the concomitant casualties may at least reduce the size of the enemy forces...

...Yet (see #2, above) the CIA reported only 544 terrorist attacks in Western Europe and a total of 1,152 in all the years from 1968 to 1976...

...He had had nothing to do with politics...

...For example, Sean MacBride, UN High Commissioner for Namibia and a Nobel Peace Prize winner, was recently quoted as follows: "The capitalist system is terrorism and the people are forced to take up arms and revolt against the system...

...5. At the request of Senator Jacob Javits, the State Department has identified three governments which aid and abet terrorism—Libya, Iraq, and South Yemen (Somalia used to be on the list but since the 1977 Mogadishu rescue mission by West Germany, some question exists as to its further inclusion...

...In Hitler's Children, Jillian Becker argues that the Baader-Meinhof terrorist band was granted absolution in advance by leading academicians and intellectuals in Germany because the Rote Armee Fraktion (Red Army Faction), as this band called itself, had engaged their sacred honor in a struggle against what they called "consumption fascism...

...7) It is not the fact that dictatorships are, by definition, more efficient and ruthless than democracies which grants the former their relative immunity...

...5. New York Times, 15 November 1977...

...How declare a whole people off-limits, a wholecontinent of humanity off-limits...

...We are baffled by the terrorist who dares all, but the terrorist is not...

...What then...

...Atremendous amount of data collected about mod- ern terrorism may afford some understanding of the phenomenon, even if the data provide not a clue to a theory of causation...

...There is much more in the 1977 bill than I have included in this summary, and the 1978 bill won't be too different...

...8. The suspension of civil liberties occurred only in the Province of Quebec and in contiguous areas of Ontario...

...He has no personal interests, no affairs, no sentiments, attachments, property, not even a name of his own...

...In foreign countries as in America, cooperative movements have drawn some of their fervor from anticapitalist ideologies...

...Despite the figures, it should be clear that the UN's majority favors terrorism as a political weapon, so long as it is directed against the democracies...

...55 have ratified none...

...Marx would have had the utmost contempt for Western cooperatives, regarding them as petty bourgeois institutions that impede the movement of farmers into the propertyless proletariat and therefore arrest the consciousness of class division within society...

...Sir Leon Radzinowicz, the distinguished British criminologist, concedes after a lifetime of research that the quest for the causes of crime has led nowhere...

...In addition, the bill calls for an Assistant Secretary of State and an Assistant Attorney General to be appointed to deal with terrorism and declares that "economic sanctions should be directed at countries which harbor, aid, abet or assist terrorists...

...Terrorism is different because every act is intended to have an intimidating global visibility...

...There can be no forgiving the literal killer of the literal innocent...

...He is working what in Las Vegas is known as the house "edge...

...It is the terrorist's sometimes warranted assumption that when apprehended he is not expected to express regret at what he's done but to raise his fingers in a victory salute...

...Democracy, said Trilling, has "told us that genius is available to anyone, that the grace of ultimate prestige may be had by anyone, that we may all be princes and potentates, or saints and visionaries and holy martyrs of the heart and mind...

...No one seems to know for certain whether the Soviet KGB has an organic connection with modern terrorism or what if any hierarchical structure exists—or even if there is a relationship—between the "left" terrorists and the KGB...

...Auden, but their words are beyond translation...

...Since the aim of terrorism is often simply terrorism, and the investment is small in proportion to the return, not only the act itself but the mere threat is enough to give the terrorist the feeling that victory will someday be his...

...Alexander Solzhenitsyn has noted the parallel between Russia in the nineteenth century and the West today, the same "universal adulation of revolutionaries...

...3. In his Catechism of the Revolutionist, Sergei Nechayev wrote: "The revolutionist is a doomed man...

...We must be prepared for that day when a note will arrive on the desk of the Mayor of the City of New York that a doomsday weapon is ticking away on the umpteenth floor of the Empire State Building in Room 3030 and that any attempt to stop its ticking will set it off...

...The constitutional right of the Canadian government to declare a state of national emergency had been upheld by the Supreme Court of Canada...

...That is precisely what cooperatives are and what cooperatives do, and that is precisely why it is so exciting that they should flourish in America and the Western world...

...At a judicial hearing in December 1972, Ulrike Meinhof asked from the dock: "How was Auschwitz possible, what wasanti-Semitism...

...In the face of unexpected and even undeserved calamities we can shrug that God in his wisdom moves in mysterious ways...

...The danger of the Italian government's incapacity "is not that [terrorism] will lead to an authoritarian response....The danger is that the checks on authoritarianism in Italy are so complete that the system is becoming incapable of enforcing any authority at all...

...citizens, suspension of direct commercial air service, and suspension or curtailment of trade...

...and it is difficult to say what government ought to do if one rejects the argument that the terrorist, being a self-declared enemy agent, deserves execution...

...What is more, we accept as a fact of human existence in a contingent universe that we shall always have with us madmen who hear voices and thereupon get atop college towers and shoot down passersby, or fathers who kill their children, or kidnappers who steal a busload of children...

...Becker's answer is a genealogical metaphor: The RAF terrorists are "Hitler's children...

...Says the Economist: Instead of acting against violence Italian political leaders congratulate themselves on doing nothing to infringe civil liberties, heedless of the fact that freedom from fear of violence is itself a central civil liberty [emphasis in original...

...4) Becker's book title exploits our sense of horror about Hitler, but it is seriously misleading because it implies a connection between what explains the Nazi phenomenon and today's anomic terrorism...

...The kidnapped British diplomat, James Cross, was later freed by arrangement with his kidnappers who were granted asylum in Cuba...

...Often organized by religious or quasi-socialist groups which object to the use of investment for purposes of making money, cooperatives have offered an alternative to traditional capitalist institutions—a way of serving, in the hackneyed phrase, the interests of "people, not profit...

...The American Spectator April 1978 23...

...It was well said by Moloch in Milton's Paradise Lost: ...and by proof we feel Our power sufficient to disturb his Heaven, And with perpetual inroads to alarm, Though inaccessible, his fatal throne: Which if not victory is yet revenge...

...Without such support, 20 The American Spectator April 1978 as well as an infrastructure to provide training, essential documentation, and safe housing, the Baader-Meinhof gang couldn't have operated...

...The bill calls for establishment of a Council for Combating Terrorism in the Executive Office of the President, one of whose purposes will be "to press for international sanctions against convicted terrorists...

...3. Of 146 international terrorists arrested by West European governments before 1975, 140 were released...

...4. Perhaps in one regard Hitler might bear some relationship to the RAF—anti-Semitism...

...6) 7. Most terrorists are products of upper middle-class families, at least those who have been publicly identified...

...As of early 1978, however, the agreement had not yet been tested...

...2) There is also a desire to spread the guilt of the terrorists among friends, relatives, class, society...

...As Dr...

...The secret agent has no rights under any of the codes of war such as a uniformed soldier-prisoner might have...

...Each day there are bank robberies but no one suggests deploying a new bureaucracy, national and international, to deal with the far greater problem, statistically, of bank holdups...

...People should have explained all that instead of accepting Auschwitz collectively as an expression of evil...Auschwitz meant that six million Jews were killed, and thrown on the waste-heap of Europe, for what they were: money-Jews IGeldluden]....Germans are anti-Semitic, and that is why they nowadays support the Red Army Faction...

...To date, according to Secretary of State Vance, 62 countries have ratified all three conventions...

...What the terrorist does is truly beyond comprehension, beyond any measurable, recognizable value system...

...A bill proposed by Senators Jacob Javits and Abraham Ribicoff attempts to deal with terrorism in an organized fashion, even to the extent of offering a definition: (a) "terrorism" includes but is not limited to the calculated use of violence or the threat of violence to obtain political goals through instilling fear, intimidation, or coercion...

...1) Their criminality is Arnold Beichman, associate professor of political science at the University of Massachusetts, Boston, teaches a seminar on politics and terrorism...

...The Baader-Meinhof gang demonstrates why it is difficult to suppress terrorism...

...Because the terrorist is the enemy agent operating behind the lines, the question of being for or against capital punishment does not arise...

...Had the Canadian government not acted in this fashion, it would have tacitly been accepting the FLQ as a quasi-legitimate actor in the Canadian polity with the right to compete for the loyalties of French- or Anglo-Canadians...

...These acts are usually designed to attract wide publicity to focus attention on the existence, cause or demands of the terrorists...

...About one-third of the attacks have been against Americans or their property...

...7. However, Professor Marshall I. Goldman, associate director of Harvard's Russian Research Center, has written that "terrorist attacks...

...Herbert Romerstein, formerly on the staff of the House Committee on Internal Security, has written that the USSR, "sometimes directly but more often through surrogates, provides training, support, and ideological justification for most of the world's political terrorism...

...both seem to be involved with terrorism in the West as well as in southern Africa...

...Justice Macklin Fleming, who wrote Of Crimes and Rights, agrees...

...Everything in him is absorbed by one exclusive interest, one thought, one passion—the revolution...

...9. There is no guarantee that statesmen or governments who act decisively against terrorist coups will be supported by the liberal-left or be granted an exculpatory benefit of the doubt if the The American Spectator April 1978 21 terrorists are or claim to be Marxists or of the left...

...Everybody is suspect and so-called "profiles" of potential terrorists—a revival of the discarded Lombroso approach to criminals—are useless because the terrorist can be the kid next door, driven to do the impossible and unspeakable...

...The concept of victimology may also apply to certain kinds of politico-economic systems...

...their deeds are mitigated by sacred inner drives and a utopian hatred of bourgeois values...

...Search everybody and sniff all baggage...

...These conventions provide for prosecution and extradition of commercial-aircraft hijackers and saboteurs...

...Nevertheless, here are some of the basic ideas, prophecies, and statistics which students of political terrorism must contend with: 1. Robert H. Kupperman, chief scientist of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, has warned that "there is no doubt that mass annihilation, is feasible, and resourceful, technically-oriented thugs are capable of doing it...

...2. See his "Liberty & Terror," Encounter (October 1977), p. 40...

...and if farmers (or other groups) want to organize cooperatives and do business with them, their organizations may freely enter the marketplace...

...Psychiatry and psychoanalysis have not brought us nearer to a theory of character that accounts for "great men" or criminals...

...Italy is an excellent example of what Shils is talking about...

...Kupperman has also estimated that there are 50 active terrorist groups and about 3,000 members around the world...

...Trudeau dealt successfully with the FLQ because the aim of the outlaw separatistes was definable—an independent Quebec—and containable...

...It is because the incidence of terrorism is tiny compared to crime generally that we find it difficult to evolve any foolproof method for dealing with threatened or actual terrorism...

...There are no uniformities or regularities in terrorism with which we might predict when, where, what, or who-whom...

...Being a terrorist means never having to say you're sorry...

...Therefore, even though not much can be accomplished through police work to end terrorism, every democratic society (since these are really the only ones against which terrorism is directed) must organize itself so as to protect the right of its inhabitants to domestic tranquility...

...had voted against a proposed resolution on the protection of detained or imprisoned persons...

...Did these terrorists appeal to some dark side of the German intelligentsia as did the Weather Underground to a surprisingly large sector of the American intelligentsia...

...Hostages, unharmed in body if not in spirit, often express concern after their release for the terrorist's welfare, or else they praise the terrorist's good manners, breeding, education, intelligence, fondness for children, and allowing airline passengers unrestricted access to the bathroom...

...Cesare Lombroso could not explain crime through 19th-century biology any more than can those geneticists who have sought a link between criminality and a chromosomal defect in man...

...For such a conclusion—the firing squad or the noose—to become acceptable there is required an elite public opinion to support whatever legislation is needed...

...Quoted in Lewis S. Feuer, The Conflict of Generations, p. 527...

...That, of course, is the problem with "solutions" or programs dealing with terrorism...

...Nor has sociology answered the question of what causes criminal behavior...

...And the hostage syndrome is well recognized...

...There is still a more important reason why cooperatives flourish in market economies—they are allowed to...

...Cuba and East Germany would fill the bill as surrogates...

...A report to the Christian Science Monitor said that the USSR is not "innocent of contacts with the transnational terrorists...

...But they aren't, any more than the Symbionese Liberation Army, the Weathermen, the Japanese Red Army, or the Italian Brigades are Hitler's children...

...They agreed that the death penalty was no deterrent, rehabilitation would not work, and imprisonment would have a limited effect...

...Fashionable madmen raise their pedantic boring cry," wrote W.H...

...Dictatorships, as far as is known, are free of terrorism...

...Today's terrorism is directed almost exclusively against permissive democratic societies and ineffective authoritarian regimes...

...In Just and Unjust Wars, Michael Walzer argues that the function of terrorism is twofold...

...A recent conference at the International Institute of Higher Studies in Criminal Sciences found "most of the experts at a loss to outline successful countermeasures against the political criminals...